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The Wooden Architecture Route As an Example of a Regional Tourism Product in Poland

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The Wooden Architecture Route As an Example of a Regional Tourism Product in Poland sustainability Article The Wooden Architecture Route as an Example of a Regional Tourism Product in Poland Małgorzata Zdon-Korzeniowska * and Monika Noviello * Department of Entrepreneurship and Spatial Management, Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Cracow, 30-084 Cracow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.Z.-K.); [email protected] (M.N.) Received: 12 July 2019; Accepted: 10 September 2019; Published: 19 September 2019 Abstract: In the modern economy, there is a significant increase in interest in tourism, both at the level of states, regions, communes and individual places. Tourism is seen primarily as an opportunity for economic development, but also for social development and activation of local communities. Well-managed tourism can become a way to preserve and protect the natural, cultural and historical heritage of specific places or regions by exploring and nurturing it. Heritage elements become, on the one hand, attractions around which unique tourism products are created, and on the other hand, a kind of distinguishing feature of a given place or region, based on which local communities build their identity and sense of belonging. The concept of creating regional tourism products could integrate these two factors, i.e., tourism and heritage. The article presents the concept of a regional tourist product on the example of the Wooden Architecture Route (case study). Keywords: heritage; heritage interpretation; Poland; regional development; sustainable tourism; tourism 1. Introduction Many countries identify in tourism an opportunity of socio-economic development. It is perceived as an effective tool within the policy of countries and regions to equalize the differences in their socio-economic development. Tourism is often regarded as an important factor not only for the development of touristically attractive areas or regions, but also for the activation of territories where the function of tourism has not yet played a significant role, if any at all. Tourism-related activities become a supplement or an alternative to unprofitable agricultural activities, unsuccessful health-resorts or industrial agglomerations. As an ecological and environmentally friendly “industry”, tourism is an alternative to other developmental trajectories, the choice and application of which in a given area would result, for various reasons (for example ecological), disadvantageous or simply not possible. In addition to stimulating the socio-economic development of towns and regions, tourism also contributes to the exploration and cultivation of the cultural and natural qualities and resources of such sites. Well-managed tourism can even become a way of preserving and protecting the natural, cultural and historical heritage of given areas or regions through its discovery and cultivation. Heritage elements are, on the one hand, attractions around which unique touristic products are formed, while on the other hand they become a sort of identity traits of a given place or region, based on which local communities are building their own identity and sense of belonging. The concept of creating regional tourism products consists of a methodological approach integrating these two factors, i.e., tourism and heritage. In recent years, different kinds of touristic routes turned into a popular form of presenting and interpreting the local and regional heritage. They become an essential factor in initiating social and civic change at the local level [1]. The Wooden Architecture Route (WA Route), which is the subject of analysis of the present study, was chosen as an Sustainability 2019, 11, 5128; doi:10.3390/su11185128 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 5128 2 of 13 example of regional tourism product since as demonstrated by the research, touristic routes based on a given local heritage are most frequently indicated as examples of regional tourism products [2]. The second important reason for choosing the WA Route as an example of regional tourism product is the fact that about 10% of historical monuments in Poland are constituted by wooden buildings and transom structures. Retaining such objects lies in the interest of society for the sake of their historical, artistic and scientific value [1]. The issues associated with the creation and the development of tourism products with the use of the historical, cultural or natural heritage of a given place are important from the point of view of the local and regional development because these products themselves can be thought of as a kind of activation tools of development. 2. Materials and Methods The purpose of the article is to present the concept and the way of development of the regional tourism product in the case of The Wooden Architecture Route operating in four provinces in Poland. The aim of the present work is to illustrate, based on source literature, the conception of regional tourism product as well as its definition. However, for the realization of the latter task, the following guidelines were assumed: the general, territorial (spatial) way of presenting and defining the tourism product is the closest • to what the tourist understands as “product” therefore the entire experience associated with the arrival and stay in a given place; within the framework of the integrated regional tourism products occurs the activation of the • development of the region and the local communities through tourism in accordance with the principles of sustainable development and the protection of the heritage of the region through its cultivation and preservation for future generations; in the process of creating and shaping a regional tourism product there are several subjects • involved: the private, public, and non-governmental sectors as well as the local community. On the other hand, in part, the empirical work consists of an analysis of the idea of the creation of the WA Route, the structure of the itinerary and its functioning. An analysis of the marketing activities undertaken in connection with the shaping of the tourism product of the WA Route was as well carried out. The primary research method applied is the case study. It’s a qualitative research method, whose main purpose is the mostly thorough illustration of a certain phenomenon, object, action, or in accordance with the name-specific case. According to A. Lee [3] it is comparable to the natural experiment. Such method could be applied in many research fields it is often used, for instance, in law or medicine. Since the 90ies of the last century it is applied in Management sciences as well [4–6] both as a scientific method and a method of Management education [7] p. 8. W. Gregorczyk, with reference to Management sciences, defines the case study as an in-depth detailed description, usually real, of a given economic phenomena e.g., the organization, the management process, its elements or business environment, in order to provide conclusions about the causes and results of its course [7] p. 10. As the author indicates, this method is empirical because it analyses and evaluates real-world phenomena and is used especially for descriptive research topics. It gives the answer to the question what, where and how did a given phenomenon happen. This type of scientific research focuses more on an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon than on the analysis of variables. R. Yin recommends using the case study method to find answers to questions that are revealing, and therefore concerning the “how” and “why” a given phenomenon occurs [8] p. 8. For the needs of carrying out the case study, various techniques and tools for collecting and analysing data are used. These can be observations, participatory observations, interviews, surveys, documentation of the organization under study, press sources, Internet sources, databases run by various institutions, etc. [7] p. 10. Therefore, for the purposes of this study, in order to provide a rich information material for a more detailed analysis other complementary testing methods have been used, namely: Sustainability 2019, 11, 5128 3 of 13 desk research-study of existing materials: folders, multimedia presentations, maps, guides and • other promotional materials issued by Marshal’s offices of the provinces through which the WA Route runs, as well as the internal materials of such offices on the WA Route; participant’s observation it consists on the planned gathering of observations on the functioning • of the WA Route from the point of view of the consumer-tourist visiting the WA Route. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Regional Tourism Product—Nature and Definition The idea of using the heritage and culture of given places or regions for their sustainable development has been present in source literature for several decades [2,9–20]. Regional tourism product is a concept used both in the scientific literature on tourism [21–23], as well as in the economic practice (Regional Tourism Product Development Program, Guidelines 2017–2018 Financial Years). Such notion is understood quite diversely, as confirmed by Zdon-Korzeniowska (2009). The regional tourism product is regarded as either a specific area (town, region), a tourist route or a local event, as well as a single product constituting a product of the local food processing, a craft tradition or a material element of the culture belonging to a given place. Regional (lat. regionalis) means as follows: “Associated with a given region, characteristic of, known, used, occurring in a specified region, originating from a given region” [24]. The essence of the regional tourism product is therefore related to its close connection with the given region, not only by the fact that it is located in the area of such region. This relationship is primarily marked by reference to the idea of regionalism, to the spiritual and material heritage of a given region the historical, cultural and natural heritage. The regional tourism product is characterized by its peculiarity, dissimilarity and uniqueness. It is an original product, strongly identified in the region in which it is offered, typical of the latter, referring to its identity and idea of regionalism.
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