Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, Volume 355 Expedition 355 methods, Figure F9. A–C. Geomagnetic polarity timescale (Gradstein et al., 2012), biostratigraphic zonation, and microfossil events used during Expedition 355. Planktonic foraminifer zonation from Berggren et al. (1995) and Wade et al. (2011); calcareous nannofossil zonation from Martini (1971; NN) and Okada and Bukry (1980; CN); diatom zonation for A and B from Barron (1985a, 1985b), Baldauf and Iwai (1995), and Barron (1992; NTD); diatom zonation for C from Fenner (1984, 1985); and radiolarian zonation from Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1996). B = base, T = top, Bc = base common, Tc = top common, Ba = base acme, Ta = top acme, Br = base regular, Tr = top regular, X = crossover in abundance. http://dx.doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.355.102.2016 A B C

Calcareous Foraminifer Nannofossil Diatom Radiolarian Calcareous Calcareous nannofossils Diatoms nannofossils Datum/Event (Ma) Secondary datum/event (Ma) Ma Period Epoch Age/Stage Polarity Chron Planktonic foraminifers Ma Radiolarians Diatoms nannofossils Diatoms Datum/Event (Ma) Secondary datum/event (Ma) Radiolarians Ma Period Epoch Age/Stage Polarity Chron Planktonic foraminifers Age/Stage Radiolarians datum/event (Ma) datum/event (Ma) datum/event (Ma) datum/event (Ma) Period Epoch Polarity Chron Planktonic foraminifers 0 2 C5An Holo. Taran- RN17 T G. flexuosa (0.07) 12.5 b RN6 Bc Calcidiscus macintyrei (12.46) 26 2 C8n NN21 CN15 NTD T G. ruber pink (0.12) B B. invaginata (0.18) 1 M9 Coscinodiscus NTD B Diartus petterssoni (12.60) B Globigerinoides primordius (26.12) tian Fragilariopsis B G. calida (0.22) B E. huxleyi (0.29) gigas var. B Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus (12.83) C8r b b 17 RN16 T P. lacunosa (0.44) C5Ar 7 B Globorotalia lenguanensis (12.84) C1n NN20 dolliolus B G. flexuosa (0.60), G. ruber pink (0.33) T S. universus (0.44) 2 diorama T Coscinodiscus lewisianus (12.98) NP25 0.5 B G. hirsuta (0.45) T Geph. sp. 3 (0.61) 3 NN6 CN5a B Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens (13.02) O6 RN15 B C. tuberosa (0.59) 13 B Thalassiosira brunii (13.01) B Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (13.27) 26.5 Bc Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus (26.57) CN14 T G. tosaensis (0.61) T F. reinholdii (0.62) C5AAn B Fohsella robusta (13.13) Ionian T A. nosicaae (0.70) T Cassigerinella martinezpicoi (13.27) LO C. mukhinae (26.71) a B G. hessi (0.75) Tc R. asanoi (0.91) T F. fossilis (0.70) a Tc Cyclicargolithus floridanus (13.28) Pt1 Ta Geph. spp. small (1.02) T P. hertwegii (0.74) C5AAr T Sphenolithus distentus (26.84) B Dorcadospyris papilio (26.86) 1 RN14 T P. campanula (0.80) Coscinodiscus NTD B Fohsella fohsi (13.41) B Calcidiscus macintyrei (13.36) C9n T Paragloborotalia opima s.s. (26.93) T Sphenolithus predistentus (26.93) 1 B Geph. sp. 3 (1.02) T R. matsuyamai (1.05) 13.5 C5ABn T Sphenolithus heteromorphus (13.53) B Neogloboquadrina nympha (13.49) 27 B Geph. spp. >4 µm reentrance (1.04) B A. euryclathrum (0.91) Serravallian M8 lewisianus 6 B Calocycletta cladara, T C. virginis (13.67) Nitzschia Bc R. asanoi (1.14) B R. matsuyamai (1.16) C5ABr a NN19 B NTD T A. angulare (1.21) B Fohsella praefohsi (13.77) T Fohsella peripheroronda (13.80) C1r reinholdii T G. obliquus (1.30) T Geph. spp. >5.5 µm (1.24) B L. nigriniae (1.26) RN5 Tr Clavatorella bermudezi (13.82) Chattian RP21 2 b 16 T N. acostaensis (1.58) Ba Geph. spp. small (1.24) C5ACn T Globorotalia archeomenardii (13.87) 1.5 CN13 T H. sellii (1.26) T L. neoheteroporos (1.28) 14 M7 T Cestodiscus peplum (14.06) 27.5 O5 Calabrian T G. apertura (1.64) T A. michelinae (1.49) C5ACr B Didymocyrtis laticonus, T D. mammifera (14.07) C9r RN13 T C. macintyrei (1.60) NN5 CN4 B Fohsella peripheroacuta (14.24) Rocella T Lithocyclia angusta (27.75) T G. fistulosus (1.88) B Geph. spp. >5.5 µm (1.62) T R. praebergonii var. robusta (1.74) B A angulare (1.81) B Globorotalia praemenardii (14.38) CP19 a A B G. truncatulinoides (1.93) B Geph. spp. >4 µm (1.73) B P. zancleus (1.85) C5ADn vigilans Pleistocene C2n B F. doliolus (1.99) 14.5 T Praeorbulina sicana (14.53) 28 1 Quaternary T D. brouweri (1.93) T Globigeriantella insueta (14.66) 2 T G. extremus (1.98) T P. prismatium,T. vetulum (2.04) B C10n Tc Chiloguembelina cubensis (28.09) 1 T P. finalis (2.04) T D. triradiatus (1.95) M6 T Carpocanopsis bramlettei (14.69) PL6 NN18 d C5ADr T Praeorbulina glomerosa s.s. (14.78) 2 NP24 C2r B T G. pertenuis, G. woodi (2.30) Ba D. triradiatus (2.22) Rhizosolenia NTD 1 T Helicosphaera ampliaperta (14.91) T Praeorbulina circularis (14.89) 2 c b T G. pseudomiocenica (2.39) T D. pentaradiatus (2.39) T T. convexa s.l. (2.41) 15 C5Bn Cestodiscus NTD B Dorcadospyris alata, T Dorcadospyris dentata (15.03) T Calocycletta costata, B Lithopera renzae (15.00) 28.5

Gelasian NN17 B L. neoheteroporus (2.65) 2.5 praebergonii 15* RN12 T D. surculus (2.49) 2 B Orbulina suturalis (15.10) T Dorcadospyris forcipata (15.03) O4 B Dorcadospyris ateuchus, T Tristylospyris triceros (28.64) B C. davisiana (2.58) peplum 5 C10r T Sphenolithus pseudoradians (28.73) b A T G. decoraperta (2.75) B T. trachelium trachelium (2.69) Langhian T N. jouseae (2.77) A T Eucyrtidium diaphanes (15.46) CN12 a T G. multicamerata (2.98) T D. tamalis (2.80) T A. jenghisi (2.74) 15.5 B Clavatorella bermudezi (15.73) 29 B Theocyrtis annosa (29.10) 1 T S. peregrina (2.87) C5Br Ta Discoaster deflandrei group (15.80) T Theocyrtis tuberosa (29.10) 3 b B Globigerina angulisuturalis (29.18) C2An PL5 NN16 B G. fistulosus (3.33) T A. ehrenbergi (2.94) M5 B Discoaster signus (15.85) 2 b B G. tosaensis (3.35) B R. praebergonii (3.17) B D. tetrathalamus tetrathalamus (3.18) B Liriospyris parkerae,T L. stauropora (15.88) 1 a T D. avita (3.18) B Praeorbulina circularis (15.96) B Tenuitellinata juvenilis (29.50) T D. altispira (3.47) T A. pliocenica (3.40) 16 29.5 RN11 B Globigerinoides diminutus (16.06) B Sphenolithus ciperoensis (29.62) T Lithocyclia crux (29.56) B G. pertenuis (3.52) T P. fistula (3.49) 1 C11n 3.5 Piacenzian 3 B Praeorbulina glomerosa s.s. (16.27) PL4 T Sphenolithus spp. (3.54) T L. audax (3.60) a RN4 B Globorotalia archeomenardii (16.26) 2 O3 T S. seminulina (3.59) C5Cn B Cestodiscus peplum (16.35) B Praeorbulina curva (16.28) CP18 FO R. vigilans (29.9; Barron 2004) T Subbotina angiporoides (29.84) a T P. primalis (3.66) T R. pseudoumbilicus (3.70) 2 NN4 CN3 B Praeorbulina sicana (16.38) PL3 B T. convexa var. convexa (3.82) 16.5 b T Carpocanopsis favosa (16.31) 30 B Sphenolithus distentus (30.00) B Lychnocanoma trifolium (30.02) NN15 Nitzschia NTD T G. plesiotumida (3.77) B T Globorotalia incognita (16.39) C2Ar b T A. tricorniculatus (3.92) T P. doliolum (3.89) 3 B Fohsella birnageae (16.69) 4 NN14 jouseae T G. margaritae (3.85) B A. elegans (4.0) B A. ypsilon (4.01) B Globorotalia miozea (16.70) T Turborotalia ampliapertura (30.28) 14* RN10 Oligocene C11r PL2 CN11 T P. spectabilis (4.21) Bc D. asymmetricus (4.13) B S. tetras tetras, T S. pentas (4.13) M4 Denticulopsis NTD B Didymocyrtis prismatica (16.73) B Didymocyrtis prismatica (30.48) 17 C5Cr T Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio (30.48) 1 a B G. crassaformis s.l. (4.31) T S. berminghami, S. klingi (4.22) nicobarica 4 30.5 T G. nepenthes (4.37) T D. penultima, B D. avita (4.24) a A B Carpocanopsis cristata, T C. cingulata (17.16) Pliocene B G. exilis (4.45) B Globorotalia zealandica (17.26) B Paragloborotalia opima (30.72) 4.5 T A. primus (4.50) T Globorotalia semivera (17.26) C12n NP23 B Centrobotrys thermophilia (30.94) 2 NN13 T S. kochi (4.53) C5Dn T Centrobotrys petrushevskayae (30.94) C3n T G. cibaoensis (4.60) 17.5 T Catapsydrax dissimilis (17.54) 31 CP17 Cestodiscus

Zanclean T Lychnocanoma elongata (17.59) c 1 B Globigeriantella insueta s.s. (17.59) 3 T N. cylindrica (4.89) B P. prismatium (4.91) B Calocycletta (Calocyclissima) costata (17.59) B Sphenolithus heteromorphus (17.71) Rupelian O2 reticulatus RP20 T C. acutus (5.04) C5Dr B Crucidenticula nicobarica s.l. (17.66) B Didymocyrtis mammifera (17.80) 5 PL1 CN10 2 Triceratium NTD 4 B C. rugosus (5.12) B N. jouseae (5.13) T Sphenolithus belemnos (17.95) T Coscinodiscus excavatus (31.47) B Lychnodictyum audax (31.40) 18 Miocene 3 B Calocycletta caepa (18.01) b T S. omnitubus procera (5.31) Neogene pileus 31.5 T T. rugosus (5.28) T S. omnitubus omnitubus (5.31) NN3 RN3 T Craspedodiscus elegans (18.18) NN12 B Dorcadospyris dentata (18.22) B Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio (31.86) B S. dehiscens s.l. (5.53) B C. acutus (5.35) C5En T Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus (18.28) B Globorotalia praescitula (18.26) 5.5 a B S. pentas (5.49) M3 B Centrobotrys petrushevskayae,T C. gravida (31.86) C B G. tumida [Pacific] (5.57) T D. quinqueramus (5.59) T A. tritubus (5.55) CN2 B Liriospyris stauropora (18.43) C3r 18.5 32 C12r T Reticulofenestra umbilicus [low-mid latitude] (32.02) d B T. humilis (5.81) B S. oestrupii (5.73) B P. campanula (5.67) C5Er Craspedodiscus NTD B Stichocorys wolffii (18.64) B Siphostichartus corona (18.64) T Pseudohastigerina naguewichiensis (32.10) Thalassiosira Burdigalian T Dorcadospyris ateuchus (18.64) B Lithocyclia crux (32.32) M14 NTD T G. dehiscens (5.92) T N. amplificus (5.94) elegans 2 B Artophormis gracilis,T A. barbadensis (32.32) 6 convexa RN9 B G. margaritae (6.08) T T . miocenica (5.97) B 13 T G. lenguaensis (6.14) T C. caepa (6.14) 19 B Sphenolithus belemnos (19.03) 32.5 NP22 c T N. miocenica (6.20) T Globiquadrina binaiensis (19.09) 1 B G. conglobatus (6.20) T Bogorovia veniamini (19.24) C3An T T. praeconvexa (6.31) T A. tritubus (6.34) C6n B Globigerinatella sp. (19.30) B Globiquadrina binaiensis (19.30) B Centrobotrys gravida (32.78) c RN2 B Didymocyrtis tubaria (19.34) 6.5 19.5 T Coccolithus formosus (32.92) 2 A B P. primalis (6.60) B T. miocenica (6.72) C 33 O1

Messinian B Phormostichoartus fistula (33.24) B T. convexa var. aspinosa (6.74) b B T S. johnsoni (6.79) CP16 T Dictyoprora pirum (33.24) B N. amplificus (6.91) B T. praeconvexa (6.89) C6r C3Ar NN11 CN9 NTD 20 Paleogene C13n Ta Clausicoccus subdistichus (33.43) T Dictyoprora mongolferi (33.71) 7 Nitzschia T N. porteri (7.28) T Theocyrtis annosa (20.05) B Globigerinoides altiaperturus (20.03) 33.5 T Lychnocanoma amphitrite (33.71) b A 12 M2 LO C. excavatus (33.69) C3Bn miocenica T C. cladara (7.29) NP21 B Lithocyclia angusta, T Lithocyclia aristotelis group (33.71) T Cryptocarpium ornatum (33.71) 1 b 1 B T Calocycletta serrata (20.40) B Cassigerinella chipolensis (33.89) B S. omnitubus procera (7.41) C6An 2 C3Br B A. primus, Amaurolithus spp. (7.42) B N. miocenica (7.41) B S. omnitubus omnitubus (7.41) 20.5 B Helicosphaera ampliaperta (20.43) a T Hantkenina alabamensis; Hantkenina spp. (33.89) Tc Pseudohastigerina micra (33.89) 7.5 T D. loeblichii (7.53) T R. palacea (7.51) 2 NN2 34 T Turborotalia cerroazulensis (34.03) 1 T Calocycletta robusta (20.76) T Dictyoprora armadillo (34.13) Nitzschia B NTD B N. reinholdii (7.69) T Tenuitella munda (20.78) E16 T Cribrohantkenina inflata (34.22) C4n a Bc D. surculus (7.79) B S. peregrina, T S. delmontensis (7.78) C6Ar c RN1 X Helicosphaera euphratis -> H. carteri (20.92) C13r 2 porteri 11 B G. miotumida-conomiozea (7.89) T T. burckliana (7.89) B A. tritubus, T D. ontongensis (7.94) 21 B Globorotalia incognita (20.93) T Discoaster saipanensis (34.44) 8 M13 CN1 T Paragloborotalia kugleri (21.12) T Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis (20.94) 34.5 RP19 T Lophocyrtis jacchia (34.55) A RN8 B N. cylindrica (8.11) C6AAn Rossiella T Globigerinatheka index (34.61) B D. quinqueramus (8.12) NTD B Carpocanopsis favosa (21.11) Coscinodiscus

Neogene T Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri (21.31) 1 B D. berggrenii (8.29) T T. yabei (8.26) T B. miralestensis (8.23) 1 paleacea 1 T Discoaster barbadiensis (34.76) B S. berminghami (8.35) C6AAr B Globoquadrina dehiscens forma spinosa (21.44) excavatus T Calocyclas turris, Cryptocarpium azyx (34.97) B N. humerosa (8.56) 21.5 B Cyrtocapsella cornuta (21.46) 35 T Thyrsocyrtis bromia (max), T. rhizodon (34.97) 8.5 C4r B D. penultima, S. delmontensis (8.39) 2 T Calocyclas bandyca, C. hispida (35.40) 2 B G. plesiotumida (8.58) T M. convallis (8.68) T D. hughesi, D. antepenultima (8.39) 3 C15n T Lychnocanoma bellum, Podocyrtis papalis (35.40) B RN7 B D. loeblichii (8.77) b A B Cyrtocapsella tetrapera (21.82) B Calocycletta serrata (21.82) B D. hughesi, D. antepenultima (8.84) 1 T Thyrsocyrtis lochites (max) (35.40) Bc R. pseudoumbilicus (8.79) T C. loeblichii (8.94) B Rosiella paleacea (21.82) T Dentoglobigerina globularis (21.98) E15 T Thyrsocyrtis tetracantha (35.40) T Reticulofenestra reticulata (35.40) T D. petterssoni, D. laticonus (8.84) 22 C6Bn M1 Bc Helicosphaera carteri (22.03) NN10 CN8 NTD B G. extremus (8.93) B T. burckliana (8.99) B L. bacca, T L. neotera (8.87) 35.5 C15r C4An Aquitanian 2 T Turborotalia pomeroli (35.66) 9 Thalassiosira NP19- 10 T Artophormis gracilis (22.41) 20 B Turborotalia cunialensis (35.71) yabei T D. bollii (9.21) B Globoquadrina dehiscens (22.44) T Orthorhabdus serratus (22.42) T Thyrsocyrtis triacantha (max) (35.73) 1 C6Br 1 B Cribrohantkenina inflata (35.87) a Bc D. pentaradiatus (9.37) 22.5 B Sphenolithus disbelemnos (22.76) 36 C4Ar A B G. cibaoensis (9.44) T D. hamatus (9.53) T Globigerina ciperoensis (22.90) Priabonian B Theocyrtis tuberosa (36.06) 9.5 T D. simonsenii (9.54) a C16n T Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta (36.18) Miocene 2 T C. calyculus (9.67) 1 B Discoaster druggi s.s. (22.82) B Globigerinoides trilobus s.l. (22.96) CP15 RP18 B G. juanai (9.69) T C. coalitus (9.69) B C. loeblichii (9.73) T Sphenolithus capricornutus (22.97) C6Cn NN1 a/b B Paragloborotalia kugleri (22.96) B Eucyrtidium diaphanes (23.00) 2 T Eusyringium fistuligerum (36.39) B N. acostaensis (9.83) B M. convallis (9.75) T A. moronensis (9.81) 23 2 RP22 Tortonian T C. japonica (9.86) T Reticulofenestra bisecta >10 µm (23.13) T Globigerina euapertura (23.03) 36.5 1 X D. hamatus -> T Sphenolithus delphix (23.11) 10 NN9 CN7 T G. challengeri (9.99) D. neohamatus (9.76) 3 B Sphenolithus delphix (23.21) T Podocyrtis goetheana (36.72) M12 Bc Globigerinoides primordius (23.50) C16r B D. bellus (10.40) 23.5 T Rocella gelida (23.51) T Tenuitella gemma (23.50) 37 B Isthmolithus recurvus (36.97) B D. neohamatus (10.52) C6Cr T Dorcadospyris papilio (23.59) B Calocyclas bandyca (37.05) C5n T P. mayeri (10.46) B D. hamatus (10.55) T Zygrhablithus bijugatus (23.76) E14 NP18 T Podocyrtis chalara (37.22) 10.5 2 Bc H. stalis (10.71) B A. ellipticus f. lanceolata (10.54) Actinocyclus NTD Bc Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (37.32) B G. limbata (10.64) Tc H. walbersdorfensis (10.74) T C. cristata (10.68) 24 1 RP17 B Lychnocanoma amphitrite (37.40) NN8 CN6 moronensis 9 RN6 B D. brouweri (10.76) 1 O7 Rocella 37.5 Eocene T C. chipolensis (10.89) B C. calyculus (10.79) B Lychnocanoma elongata (24.18) B Carpocanopsis cingulata (24.18) B Calocyclas turris, T C. hispida (37.58) 2 C7n gelida C17n 11 M11 B G. apertura (11.18) B C. coalitus (10.89) B Cryptocarpium azyx (37.75) T Acarinina spp. (37.75) 1 T C. miopelagicus (10.97) T D. punctata (11.12) T Sphenolithus ciperoensis (24.43) B G. challengeri (11.22) T C. premacintyrei (11.21) 24.5 T Chiasmolithus grandis (37.98) Br G. obliquus (11.25) C7r X Triquetrorhabdulus longus ->T. carinatus (24.67) 38 2 T C. gigas var. diorama (11.33) Tc Cyclicargolithus abisectus (24.67) B Chiasmolithus oamaruensis (rare) (38.09) NN7 b T P. m a y e r i [temperate] (11.40) B R. paleacea var. elongata (11.33) 11.5 2 B G. decoraperta (11.49) C7An CP19 B Bogorovia veniamini (24.90) 3 T Morozovelloides crassatus (38.25) B Reticulofenestra bisecta >10 µm (38.25) C5r T G. subquadratus (11.54) Tc D. kugleri (11.58) T C. coscinodiscus (11.55) 25 NP25 M10 T C. jouseanus (11.63) C7Ar B Dorcadospyris forcipata (25.07) 38.5 C17r NTD B G. nepenthes (11.63) Chattian B Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri (25.21) T Lychnocanoma trifolium (25.07) B Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta (38.62) T Acarinina mcgowrani (38.62) Oligocene 1 3 Craspedodiscus T F. fohsi, T F. plexus (11.79) T C. floridanus (11.85) Paleogene NP17 8 Bc D. kugleri (11.90) B H. cuneiformis (11.92) RP21 Baxteriopsis 12 coscinodiscus T C. bermudezi (12.00) 25.5 T Chiasmolithus altus (25.44) RP16 1 T C. nitescens (12.12) Tc A. ingens s.s. (12.27) C8n 39 E13 CP14b brunii C5An CN5 T C. pulchellus (12.32) B L. neotera, T L. renzae (12.19) 2 Bogorovia T T. brunii (12.36) veniamini 1 2 Tc C. premacintyrei (12.38) Bartonian Coscinodiscus NTD Bc C. macintyrei (12.46) B N. porteri (12.40) B Calocycletta robusta (25.97) C18n 12.5 T C. nicobarica (12.54) 26 O6 T Turborotalia frontosa (39.42) 1 M9b gigas var. B D. petterssoni (12.60) B Globigerinoides primordius (26.12) 39.5 a 7 T2 A. californicus (12.60) C8r NN6 diorama 2 C5Ar B G. lenguanensis (12.84) B R. pseudoumbilicus (12.83) Serravallian T C. lewisianus (12.98) 13 3 RN5 B S. subdehiscens (13.02) 26.5 2 B T. brunii (13.01) C9n Bc Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus (26.57) 40