United States Department of Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement BOEMRE Biostratigraphic Chart of the Gulf of Mexico Offshore Region, Jurassic to Quaternary

Recent through Oligocene Eocene through Jurassic Time Time CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY BIOSTRATIGRAPHY CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY BIOSTRATIGRAPHY (mya) BOEMRE (mya) BOEMRE (not to Foraminiferal planktic & benthic regional and Calcareous nannoplanktic regional and CHRONOZONE (not to Planktic & benthic foraminifera & ostracod (O) Calcareous nannoplanktic regional and CHRONOZONE System Subsystem Series Stage System Subsystem Series Stage scale) local markers local markers scale) regional and local markers local markers Holocene Globorotalia inflata 33.70 P Globorotalia cerroazulensis cocoaensis, Discoaster saipanensis, Globorotalia flexuosa Emiliania huxleyi (base of acme) r Hantkenina alabamensis Micrantholithus altus Upper Pontosphaera indooceanica i Textularia hockleyensis Discoaster barbadiensis U Q Sangamon fauna Gephyrocapsa oceanica flood PLU a Globorotalia cerroazulensis pomeroli I p Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica flood b Textularia dibollensis ———0.20——— o p u Helicosphaera inversa o Globigerinatheka tropicalis / mexicana Chiasmolithus consuetus EU n e P M Pseudoemiliania lacunosa "A" n Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta i i r a Globorotalia truncatulinoides coiling change, right-to-left Pseudoemiliania lacunosa "B" i Camerina moodybranchensis, Cribrocentrum reticulatum l d a Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica increase a Camerina jacksonensis e d n PLM t Gephyrocapsa omega n Sphenolithus obtusus i l ——37.00—— e Trimosina "A" Gephyrocapsa parallela Nonionella cockfieldensis Micrantholithus procerus, s Pseudoemiliania ovata Chiasmolithus grandis, ———0.78——— e t Stilostomella antillea Pseudoemiliania lacunosa "C" acme Pemma papillatum r o Globorotalia incisa Gephyrocapsa aperta acme Truncorotaloides rohri C Sphaeroidinella dehiscens acme "A" Scyphosphaera pulcherima, B Discorbis yeguaensis Pemma basquensis c a Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica (large) a Eponides yeguaensis Pemma stradneri n e L l Trimosina "A" acme r Nodosaria mexicana o a n Angulogerina magna t Ceratobulimina eximia Pemma balium a w b Hyalinea balthica / Trimosina "B" PLL E o Morozovella lehneri e e r Globorotalia tosaensis tosaensis o M n Eponides guayabalensis r r i i Helicosphaera sellii c i Globorotalia bullbrooki a d Sphaeroidinella dehiscens acme "B" Lithostromation perdurum T a Truncorotaloides topilensis n e d EM y Angulogerina "B" Calcidiscus macintyrei n Clavulinoides guayabalensis n l Uvigerina hispida Operculinoides sabinensis ———1.77——— e e Globorotalia crassula acme, Discoaster brouweri, e P Orbulinoides beckmanni Sphenolithus radians G Globorotalia praehirsuta Calcidiscus macintyrei increase Subbotina frontosa Chiasmolithus solitus Cristellaria "S" Discoaster brouweri "A" a Acarinina broedermanni Chiasmolithus gigas e ——41.30—— l Globorotalia menardii coiling change, left-to-right r L Cyclammina caneriverensis Discoaster sublodoensis, l u a Globorotalia exilis t Sphenolithus spiniger s Globorotalia miocenica Discoaster pentaradiatus e e Discocyclina advena t t i Globorotalia pertenuis o Morozovella aragonensis Rhabdosphaera inflata a i Bolivina imporcata / "P" Discoaster surculus a Haplocytheridea stenzeli (O) n Lenticulina 1 g n Discoaster lodoensis U ——49.00—— i Textularia crassisepta / "P" Chiasmolithus californicus ———2.60——— p e Ceratobulimina pacifica Discoaster asymmetricus Y Acarinina soldadoensis p p Cassidulina laevigata carinata acme / "L" PU n L Morozovella quetra e P a r Haplophragmoides emaciatum o Acarinina angulosa r i e e Saracenaria "H" w Morozovella rex / subbotinae P a s EL Globorotalia multicamerata Cycloperfolithus carlae, e Morozovella formosa formosa Tribrachiatus orthostylus c r i l e Discoaster tamalis r Globorotalia wilcoxensis Toweius crassus i a n Globoquadrina altispira = Valvulineria "H" n Morozovella acuta Tribrachiatus contortus o z Cyclammina sp. Discoaster multiradiatus ——54.50—— y c i Arenaceous fauna Morozovella velascoensis Fasciculithus tympaniformis a e Cibicides grosseperforatus Cytheridea sabinensis (O) Heliolithus kleinpellii n Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina T Discorbis washburni Heliolithus reidelii n Textularia 1 h Planulorotalites pseudomenardii ———3.58——— a e Buccella (Eponides) hannai acme Sphenolithus abies Toweius eminens P U n Cibicides marsi Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, Chiasmolithus bidens a p e Discoaster intercalcaris, Morozovella angulata Discoaster diastypus p t Dictyococcites antarcticus l Planulorotalites pusilla pusilla LU Z e i a Globorotalia margaritae e Planulorotalites compressa L r a n Uvigerina rustica Pseudosphenolithus abies "B" acme o Vaginulina longiforma, o n c Globigerina druryi / nepenthes "B" Subbotina pseudobulloides w c l Globigerina nepenthes PL Morozovella uncinata e ——57.90—— e i Buliminella 1 Sphenolithus abies "B" Vaginulina midwayana, r Selandian a Siphotextularia jugosa / "J" Amaurolithus tricorniculatus n Globorotalia inconstans ——60.90—— n Sigmoilina "P" / cf. schlumbergeri e L Globorotalia trinidadensis Sphaeroidinellopsis multilobata o Globoconusa daubjergensis Cruciplacolithus edwardsii Globigerinoides mitra Ceratolithus acutus w Danian Robulus pseudocostata LL Globorotalia plesiotumida acme Discoaster quintatus e Markalius inversus astroporus ——-5.32——— M Globorotalia menardii coiling change, right-to-left Discoaster quinqueramus r Globigerina eugubina ——65.00—— e Discoaster berggrenii M Micula decussata s a s Globorotalia margaritae primitiva Abathomphalus mayaroensis Micula prinsii FAD a i Globorotalia juanai Reticulofenestra rotaria Globotruncana contusa Micula murus FAD s n Textularia "X" Discoaster berggrenii "A" Watznaueria barnesae FAD i t a Textularia tatumi r Nephrolithus frequens FAD n Bolivina denticulata i Gansserina gansseri ———7.12——— Textularia 6 Discoaster neohamatus c Rosita fornicata Bigenerina irregularis / 6 h Globotruncana ventricosa Reinhardites levis t Discoaster loeblichii i Tetralithus trifidus Globorotalia acostaensis coiling change, right-to-left a Tranolithus phacelosus Planulina renzi n Globotruncana lapparenti Aspidolithus parcus constrictus ——71.30—— Reophax davepopei, MUU Globotruncana calcarata Reinhardites anthophorus "A" Robulus "E" Globorotalites micheliniana Eiffellithus eximius Bigenerina floridana / "A" Minylithus convallis C Globotruncana elevata Aspidolithus parcus parcus Cristellaria "K" Catinaster mexicanus a Archaeoglobigerina bosquensis m Melonis pompilioides increase Discoaster bellus, Stensioina exsculpta exsculpta Reinhardites anthophorus "B" p Discoaster calcaris Marginotruncana marginata a KUU N Cibicides trincherasensis Lithastrinus grillii U n Uvigerina carapitana Marginotruncana coronata p i e T p Amphistegina "E" a Whiteinella baltica o G e Cyclammina 3 n Planoglobulina taylorana Bukryaster hayi r o r Discoaster prepentaradiatus u Broinsonia enormis t Globorotalia lenguaensis, Discoaster prepentaradiatus increase l Marthasterites furcatus o ——83.50—— g Bolivina thalmanni U S Dicarinella asymetrica n f Discorbis 12 a Whiteinella inornata Eprolithus floralis e i p i n Bigenerina "B" Marginotruncana sinuosa Zeugrhabdotus noeliae a p a t n n Eponides mansfieldi o Hedbergella delrioensis Textularia "G" C n n Stensioina granulata granulata e i e Globoquadrina dehiscens Discoaster bollii, a Dicarinella concavata, Lithastrinus moratus Catinaster calyculus r n Marginotruncana renzi ——85.80—— Robulus 15 Discoaster hamatus r Dicarinella imbricata Quadrum gartneri T Textularia "L" Coniacian Whiteinella paradubia Catinaster coalitus MLU Hedbergella amabilis Stoverius achylosus ——89.00—— Cibicides inflata Discoaster exilis T Dicarinella hagni e Cibicides carstensi, Helicosphaera walbersdorfensis e u Planulina eaglefordensis Bigenerina 2 r Chiastozygus platyrhethum Globorotalia mayeri Parhabdolithus achlyostaurion M o r Globorotalia siakensis n Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica i Uvigerina 3, Coccolithus miopelagicus t i Praeglobotruncana stephani, Calculites axosuturalis o Cibicides carstensi increase a Helvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica ——11.20—— Globorotalia fohsi robusta Discoaster kugleri n Parhabdolithus asper t c ——93.50—— e S Robulus 5 / 55 Microstaurus chiastius e C n Textularia "W" Discoaster kugleri acme a Globigerinelloides bentonensis Axopodorhabdus albianus KLU i r Globorotalia fohsi lobata Calcidiscus premacintyrei MUM e Rotalipora cushmani Lithraphidites acutus e r Globorotalia fohsi praefohsi Cyclicargolithus floridanus n Rotalipora greenhornensis Lithraphidites pseudoquatratus a o Globorotalia fohsi fohsi Discoaster sanmiguelensis Rotalipora appenninica Coriollithon kennedyi v m a Globorotalia peripheroacuta c Rotalipora reicheli a a M Bigenerina humblei Lenticulina gaultina, i l n Gyroidina miocenica Fossocytheridea lenoirensis (O), d l i r Globorotalia peripheroronda Favusella washitensis d i a Cristellaria "I" Sphenolithus heteromorphus MMM e Textularia rioensis l a n Praeorbulina glomerosa Discoaster petaliformis Rotalipora gandolfii e n ——98.90—— y Cibicides opima Sphenolithus heteromorphus acme Hayesites albiensis ——14.80—— C L Robulus 53 Helicosphaera ampliaperta o Planomalina buxtorfi a Amphistegina "B" Discoaster deflandrei acme o Braarudosphaera africana n m g Globorotalia siakensis coiling change, left-to-right Rotalipora ticinensis h Globigerinatella insueta MLM m A Ticinella roberti i a Robulus "L" / 43 Discoaster calculosus a l Cythereis fredericksburgensis (O), Cyth. brevis (O) Braarudosphaera hockwoldensis KUL n Cibicides 38 u b Prediscosphaera columnata ——16.40—— n Camerina 1, c i Cytheridea goodlandensis (O), C. oliverensis (O) Crucicribrum anglicum Robulus 54B = Cristellaria 54 a Biticinella breggiensis h B Saracenaria sp. / "D" Sphenolithus belemnos MUL s n Ammobaculites goodlandensis u Gyroidina "K" / 9 / 4 Reticulofenestra gartneri e Dictyoconus walnutensis r Catapsydrax stainforthi Sphenolithus disbelemnos a Eocytheropteron trinitiensis (O) Rucinolithus irregularis d Catapsydrax dissimilis, Orthorhabdus serratus n Orbitolina texana KML i Robulus chambersi, Rehacythereis ? aff. R. glabrella (O) g ——112.20—— Discorbis bolivarensis / "B", Ticinella bejaouaensis a Cristellaria "A" L Planomalina cheniourensis Eprolithus antiquus l L i Marginulina ascensionensis / "A" Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus, MML o A Epistomina sp. Conusphaera mexicana, o a Triquetrorhabdulus challengeri p Globigerinelloides algerianus Micrantholithus obtusus w n Globigerina binaensis Discoaster calculosus increase w t Globigerinelloides blowi Nannoconus kamptneri e Gyroidina 8 e i Micrantholithus hoschulzii r Siphogenerina fredsmithi a Schackoina cabri Nannoconus steinmanni ——20.52—— A Siphonina davisi Discoaster saundersi r n Globuligerina hoteriva Conusphaera rothii q Planulina palmerae Hedbergella sigali u Globigerinoides primordius Choffatella decipiens ——121.00—— i Sphenolithus dissimilis C Schuleridea lacustris (O) Nannoconus colomii t Lenticulina hanseni o Clavihedbergella eocretacea Nannoconus abundans KLL a MLL Barremian n Lenticulina jeffersonensis, a Calcicalathina oblongata Cristellaria "R", Cyclicargolithus abisectus Lithraphidites bollii i ——127.00—— h a Globorotalia kugleri, Helicosphaera recta Speetonia colligata u Hauter. n Globigerina angulisuturalis Cruciellipsis cuvillieri ——23.80—— ——132.00—— Robulus "A" Dictyococcites bisectus i Everticyclammina virginulina Tubodiscus verenae Discorbis gravelli l Rucinolithus wisei Valang. Globigerina ciperoensis ciperoensis a Schuleridea acuminata (O) Diadorhombus rectus Heterostegina texana Sphenolithus delphix, Micrantholithus speetonensis ——137.00—— n Ericsonia fenestrata Hutsonia vulgaris / callahani (O) Polycostella senaria Berriasian Cibicides jeffersonensis Pentaschuleridea pentagonalis (O) Polycostella beckmanni C ——144.20—— h Bolivina perca Gallaecytheridea postrotunda (O) U a Marginulina idiomorpha Zyghrablithus bijugatus Buccicrenata italica increase Hexalithus noelae p t Marginulina vaginata Sphenolithus ciperoensis U Tithonian Eoguttulina amygdalina, p J t Marginulina howei OU Epistomina uhligi e u p i Camerina "A" Epistomina stellacostata r ——150.70—— a Miogypsinoides "A" r p Epistomina mosquensis Stephanolithion bigotii bigotii JU Kimmer. P n Cibicides hazzardi Alveosepta jaccardi Stephanolithion bigotii maximum ——154.10—— a e a O Globorotalia opima nana Sphenolithus distentus Globuligerina oxfordiana Globorotalia opima opima s r Oxfordian Lenticulina quenstedti Discorhabdus jungii l l Cristellaria "H" Paalzowella feifeli Stephanolithion speciosum ——159.40—— s i Marginulina texana Reinholdella crebra e g Bolivina mexicana i Epistomina regularis ——28.50—— o o Nonion struma c Middle Callovian Stephanolithion hexum JM c Nodosaria blanpiedi Epistomina coronata g e Discorbis "D" Sphenolithus predistentus 164.40 Watznaueria crucicentralis Chiloguembelina cubensis e n Textularia mississippiensis seligi BOEMRE Gulf of Mexico Resource Evaluation For public release May 1, 2003 n e Anomalina bilateralis Robert B. Witrock (504) 736-2718 or 1-800-200-GULF R Globigerina ampliapertura http://www.gomr.boemre.gov/homepg/whatsnew/speeches/PPDM-2002.html u e L Spiroplectammina mississippiensis Helicosphaera compacta p o Globorotalia increbescens e w Textularia warreni Sphenolithus pseudoradians, l OL e Pseudohastigerina micra Reticulofenestra hampdenensis i r a Loxostoma "B" n Cibicides pippeni Reticulofenestra umbilica Reticulofenestra hillae Ericsonia formosa Ericsonia subdisticha Cibicides mississippiensis Discoaster nodifer 33.70 Ismolithus recurvus

References used for Mesozoic and Cenozoic age determination and stratigraphic units Depth in Armentrout, J. M., 1996, High resolution sequence biostratigraphy: examples from the Gulf of Mexico Frizzell, D. L., 1954, Handbook of Cretaceous foraminifera of Texas: Bureau of Economic Geology Report meters Plio-Pleistocene, in J. A. Howell and J. F. Aitken, eds., High-resolution sequence stratigraphy: innovations of Investigations 22, 232 p. Sea Level 0 and applications: Geological Society Special Publication 104, p. 65-86. 100 Transitional – 200 Gradstein, F. M., 1976, Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Jurassic Grand Banks foraminifera: Maritime Inner Shelf Middle Shelf Outer Shelf Ascoli, P., 1984, Epistominid biostratigraphy across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary on the northwestern Sediments Special Publication, v. 1B, p. 557-583. 1 2 3 Upper Slope 500 Atlantic shelf: Benthos 83, International Symposium on Benthic Foraminifera, Pau, p. 27-34. 4 Gradstein, F. M., F. P. Agterberg, and M. A. D'Iorio, 1990, Time in quantitative stratigraphy, in T. A. Cross, ed., Bathymetric Zonation Middle Slope Ascoli, P., C. W. Poag, and J. Remane, 1984, Microfossil zonation across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary on Quantitative dynamic stratigraphy, p. 519-542. 1000 the Atlantic margin of North America, in G. E. Westermann, ed., Jurassic-Cretaceous biochronology and Code Zone Depth Range in meters 5

paleogeography of North America: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 27, p. 31-48. Gradstein, F. M., F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang, 1995, A 1 Transitional – Inner Shelf 0 – 20 1500 Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous time scale, in W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and J. Hardenbol, 2 Middle Shelf 20 – 100 Bergen, J. A., and P. J. Sikora, 1999, Microfossil diachronism in southern Norwegian North Sea chalks: Valhall eds., Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation: Society of Economic Paleontologists 3 Outer Shelf 100 – 200 Lower and Hod fields, in R. W. Jones and M. D. Simmons, eds., Biostratigraphy in production and development and Mineralogists Special Publication 54, p. 95-126. 4Upper Slope 200 – 500 Slope 2000 geology: Geological Society Special Publication 152, p. 85-111. 5 Middle Slope 500 – 1000 6 Jones, R. W., 1996, Micropalaeontology in petroleum exploration: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 432 p. Abyssal 6 Lower Slope 1000 – 2000 Berggren, W. A., D. V. Kent, C. C. Swisher III, and M.-P. Aubry, 1995, A revised Cenozoic geochronology and 7 2500 7 Abyssal >2000 chronostratigraphy, in W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and J. Hardenbol, eds., Geochronology, Jones, R. W., and M. D. Simmons, eds., 1999, Biostratigraphy in production and development geology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Geological Society of London Special Publication 152, 318 p. Special Publication 54, p. 129-212. Lawless, P. N., R. H. Fillon, and R. G. Litton III, 1997, Gulf of Mexico Cenozoic biostratigraphic, Bolli, H. M., J. B. Saunders, and K. Perch-Nielsen, eds., 1985, Plankton stratigraphy, volume 1: planktic lithostratigraphic, and sequence stratigraphic event chronology: Gulf Coast Association of Geological foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and calpionellids: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 509 p. Societies Transactions, v. 47, p. 271-282.

Bolli, H. M., J.-P. Beckmann, and J. B. Saunders, 1994, Benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the south Lord, A. R., ed., 1982, A stratigraphic index of calcareous nannofossils: Chichester, British Caribbean region: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 408 p. Micropalaeontological Society, 192 p.

Bralower, T. J., R. M. Leckie, W. V. Sliter, and H. R. Thierstein, 1995, An integrated Cretaceous microfossil Picou, E. B., Jr., B. F. Perkins, N. C. Rosen, and M. J. Nault, eds., 1999, Gulf of Mexico basin biostratigraphic LEGEND biostratigraphy, in W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, M.-P. Aubry, and J. Hardenbol, eds., Geochronology, time index microfossils - a geoscientist's guide: foraminifers and nannofossils, parts I and II, Oligocene through scales and global stratigraphic correlation: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Pleistocene foraminifers: Gulf Coast Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Foundation, All foraminiferal markers are extinction points (LADs) unless otherwise indicated. Special Publication 54, p. 65-79. 215 p., 3 charts, 2 tables of synonyms (Text and CD-ROM). (O) indicates an ostracode species. The calcareous nannoplanktic markers are mainly coccolith species LADs. Dinoflagellates and palynomorphs (pollen) are occasionally used. Breard, S. Q., M. Nault, and A. D. Callender, 1994, Biostratigraphy and paleoecologic tolerances of Oligocene Prothero, D. R., 2001, Magnetostratigraphic tests of sequence stratigraphic correlations from the southern LAD: Last Appearance Datum Paleocene foraminiferal assemblages of the Gulf Coast basin: Gulf Coast Association of Geological California Paleogene, Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 71, p. 526-536. FAD: First Appearance Datum Societies Transactions, v. 44, p. 111-116. Species LADs separated by a virgule (the diagonal mark "/") indicates either synonymous species or synchronous species. Simmons, M. D., W. D. Berggren, R. O. Koshkarly, B. J. O'Neill, R. W. Scott, and W. Ziegler, 1997, Species LADs separated by "=" indicates synchronous species. Breard, S. Q., A. D. Callender, and M. Nault, 1997, Application of bathyal foraminiferal events to the Neogene Biostratigraphy and geochronology in the 21st century: Paleontology in the 21st century, an International Two or more species LADs separated by a comma indicate synchronous species LADs. through Pleistocene biostratigraphic framework of the Gulf of Mexico basin: Gulf Coast Association of Senckenberg Conference and Workshop, reports and recommendations. (for example, Discoaster bollii, Catinaster calyculus are two separate but time-equivalent coccolith extinction points). Geological Societies Transactions, v. 47, p. 66-73. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites//paleonet/paleo21/biostrat.html BOEMRE Chronozone: A body of rock formed during the same time span, bounded by biostratigraphic or correlative seismic markers.

Breard, S. Q., A. D. Callender, and M. Nault, 2000, Gulf of Mexico basin Late Tertiary deep-water biostratigraphic Stainforth, R. M., J. L. Lamb, H. Luterbacher, J. H. Beard, and R. M. Jeffords, 1975, Cenozoic planktonic forami- zonation: relationship to standard shelf foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil marker terminology: Gulf niferal zonation and characteristics of index forms: University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Article 62, 162 p. Coast Section Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Foundation Twentieth Annual Research Conference Deep-water Reservoirs of the World, December 3-6, 2000, Houston. Styzen, M. J., 1996, Late Cenozoic chronostratigraphy of the Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Foundation, chart, 2 sheets. Brenchley, P. J., and D. A. T. Harper, 1998, Palaeoecology: ecosystems, environments and evolution: London, Chapman and Hall, 402 p. Total Biostratigraphic Services, 1994, Miocene/Oligocene biostratigraphic chart (Gulf of Mexico): Total Biostratigraphic Services, Inc., New Orleans. Catalano, R. E., E. Di Stefano, A. Sulli, F. P. Vitale, S. Infuso, and P. R. Vail, 1998, Sequences and system tracts calibrated by high-resolution bio-chronostratigraphy: the central Mediterranean Plio-Pleistocene record, Waterman, A. S., 1999, Biostratigraphic chart, Gulf of Mexico Neogene (version 9909): Paleo-Data, Inc., New Orleans. References to this chart should be as follows: in P.-C. de Graciansky, J. Hardenbol, T. Jacquin, and P. R. Vail, eds., Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence Witrock, R. B., L. D. Nixon, P. J. Post, and K. M. Ross, 2003, Biostratigraphic chart of the Gulf of Mexico offshore region, stratigraphy of European basins: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Wood, L. J., 2000, Chronostratigraphy and tectonostratigraphy of the Columbus basin, eastern offshore Trinidad: Jurassic to Quaternary, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Publication 60, p. 155-177. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 84, p. 1905-1928. Enforcement, New Orleans.