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Orthography Paper for Mekeo Language ORTHOGRAPHY PAPER FOR MEKEO LANGUAGE In Central Province of Papua New Guinea SIL (OCT. 1995) JE-SOON CHUNG Mekeo Orthography Paper 2 Table of Contents 1. Existing Orthography ........................................................................................................... 3 1. 1 Linguistic Work Chart Phonemes & Existing Phonemes........................................... 3 1.2 Discussion of these Phonemes......................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Phonemes [t] & [ts]................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 The New Phoneme /s/ ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 The Glottal Stop /’/................................................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Phonemes [f] and [v] ................................................................................................ 4 1.2.5 The Velar Nasal Phoneme /g/ .................................................................................. 5 2. How Morphophonemic Rules Process Affect the Orthography........................................ 5 2.1 Verb Suffixes and Genitive Suffixes .............................................................................. 5 2.2 Word Break ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Verb Mode and Person Markers ............................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Prefixes...................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Reduplication and Compound Words.................................................................... 8 3. Psycholiguistic Factors.......................................................................................................... 9 4. Dialect Factors....................................................................................................................... 9 5. Present Literacy Situation.................................................................................................. 10 [Appendixes] ............................................................................................................................ 12 Appendix A: Phoneme Contrast ........................................................................................ 12 Appendix B: Contrast between short vowel and long vowel ........................................... 16 Appendix C: Borrowed Words .......................................................................................... 17 Appendix D: /s/ Insertion Environment ............................................................................ 18 Appendix E: More Than Three Vowel Sequences............................................................ 19 Appendix F: The Relationship Between Pronouns And Suffixes.................................... 20 Appendix G: Verb Mode Paradigm................................................................................... 21 Mekeo Orthography Paper 3 1. Existing Orthography 1. 1 Linguistic Work Chart Phonemes & Existing Phonemes The East Mekeo Dialect: The Central Dialect LWC Phonemes Existing Orthography p t k i u p ts* k i u f s / e o f (v)* s ’ e o m n N a m n g a l l 1.2 Discussion of these Phonemes The existing Mekeo orthography, as designed by the Catholic mission, is fairly well- established and has been used by the Mekeo people for more than 70 years. The Catholic Mission (M.S.C) has published Bible stories books, a Catholic prayer book, a catechism, and a lectionary book in the existing orthography. Every Sunday they also print out Bible readings and other information related to church activities using this orthography. The Catholic Church's orthography is almost the same as my linguistic work chart of phonemes, with the exception of /t/ and /f/ which are being adopted by pre-school teachers. Consider the following: 1.2.1 Phonemes [t] & [ts] [t] is pronounced as [ts] only in front of /i/. Mekeo speakers find it hard to pronounce /t/ in front of /i/ as [th] or [t], because of their phonological palatalization. When the P.N.G Trust literacy team started their program in Mekeo, I met the literacy coordinator and teachers and suggested a more efficient orthography. Nowadays all pre-school teachers are teaching this /t/ phoneme instead of /ts/. When I published the Gospel of Mark three years ago, I used /t/ instead of /ts/. Many people raised questions at that time, but in the interim most people have grown to accept this. Since that time, whenever there have been literacy workshops, whether run by the P.N.G Trust or by other local people, I have attended and presented items related to the phonology and grammar of the language. This has resulted in the willingness of people to replace /ts/ with /t/, a change which has been reinforced with the help of of Bible study group members as well as literacy teachers. 1.2.2 The New Phoneme /s/ The /s/ phoneme was not used in the materials published originally such as the catechism, Old Testament stories, and New Testament stories. The addition of the /s/ phoneme occurred around 60 years ago. Nowadays, almost everyone under the age of 65, will use /s/ in certain phonological environments. This has been discussed fully in my Mekeo Phonology Essentials paper. At present it is impossible to predict whether or not a new phoneme will emerge in the Mekeo Orthography Paper 4 future. Many young people use English loan words and this might result in the introduction of new phonemes. However, it is impossible to do any more than speculate due to the lack of historical evidences. 1.2.3 The Glottal Stop /’/ The glottal stop /’/ is gradually being omitted by young people. This glottal found can be found only in the East Mekeo dialect. (See four dialect variations in section 4. Dialect Factor). The East Mekeo dialect is the ‘standard’ dialect which is in widespread use and is also the prestigious dialect which the Catholic church has adopted for writing all religious materials.1 However, nowadays, people who use EM-dialect often omit this glottal stop when speaking, particularly in the environment where the presence of the glottal or lack there of makes no change in the meaning of the word. For examples, afe’ai ‘all’, meke’o ‘mekeo’ e’inoka ‘it is hard’, e’agege ‘he forgets’, kapa’ina ‘what’ etc. All these words are often pronounced without the glottal stop. Many people omit this sound when speaking and as a result have a tendency to be inconsistent in their writing. However, when people pronounce and write the words where the presence or absence of the glottal results in contrastive meanings, they prefer to keep the glottal stop. For example, mai ‘come’ and ma’i ‘wallaby’, ea ‘light’ and e’a ‘house’, koa ‘likely’ and ko’a ‘truly’, uu ‘post’ and u’u ‘breast’, lai ‘we(ex)’ and la’i ‘many tombs’, etc. Word initial glottal stops are never written because it appears awkward and causes punctuation problems. From a linguistic standpoint, the glottal is phonemic and should be included in spite of these complications. Verbs may contain a word initial glottal when used in nominalised form. For example, in the form of ke’afa’afalaina, ke- is ‘they (realis)’, afa’afalai’ ‘sell’, and - na ‘it’. This verb can have a nominalised form like ’afa’afalaina which means ‘selling’. However, people prefer afa’afalaina instead of ’afa’afalaina. It is only for the practical reasons related to punctuation and the idea that inclusion of the glottal makes the language ‘hard to read’ that the literacy teachers are teaching people not write the glottal stop word initially. Omitting the glottal stop whenever possible, makes people feel that it is easier to read the scripture and we have no objection to this as long as the meaning is not changed. For these reasons, the present literacy teachers observe the following rules and teach them to students: First, omit the glottal stop /’/ in front of words. Second, omit /’/, if unsure whether it occurs or not. Thirdly, mark /’/ if the word without a glottal has a contrastive meaning. Although these rules present some difficulty for those writing the language, it also avoids some confusion that might occur if people tried to read the Scripture were every glottal stop written. My five full time co-translators and Bible study group members are considering all these factors when checking literacy materials and the Scripture portions written in the Mekeo language. This group is representative of Mekeo speakers and includes those ranging in age from 15 years to 50+ years old. 1.2.4 Phonemes [f] and [v] [f] and [v] are in free-variation in all environments. The Bible study members and literacy team have chosen to write /f/ instead of /v/. However, some borrowed words, such as place and person names which have been used for long time such as ‘Ave Maria’ and ‘Veifa’a (place name) may still be written using the /v/ . And the North Mekeo dialect has also the /v/ sound, but not /f/. 1 The reason why the East Mekeo dialect becomes the stardard one has been mentioned in Mekeo dialect Situation for the Translation Project paper. Mekeo Orthography Paper 5 1.2.5 The Velar Nasal Phoneme /g/ This was designed for the East Mekeo dialect to represent the velar nasal, since the EM dialect did not have /g/ sound. However, /g/ was not suitable for the West Mekeo and North Mekeo dialect which needs /g/
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