DOCSLIB.ORG

PAPUA NEW GUINEA Disaster Management Reference Handbook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PAPUA NEW GUINEA Disaster Management Reference Handbook PAPUA NEW GUINEA Disaster Management Reference Handbook February 2019 Acknowledgements CFE-DM would like to thank the following organizations for their support in reviewing and providing feedback to this document: Ms. Richarest Barretto (U.S. Agency for International Development) Ms. Gabrielle Emery (International Federation of the Red Cross) Ms. Julie Hulama (USAID Pacific Islands) Captain Annette M. Von Thun (U.S. INDOPACOM Surgeon's Office, J07) Major Susan W. Wong (U.S. INDOPACOM Oceania Country Director, J53) Cover and section photo credits Cover Photo: “SingSing Wabag Enga PNG” by Jialiang Gao is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. August 2008. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:JialiangGao#/media/File:SingSing_Wabag_Enga_PNG.jpg Country Overview Section Photo: Numannang Sunset by Kahunapule Michael Johnson. January 27, 2006. https://www.flickr.com/photos/kahunapulej/352232683/in/album-72157594420558576/ Disaster Overview Section Photo: UN Responds to the Earthquake in Papua New Guinea by United Nations PNG. April 30, 2017 https://unitednationspng.exposure.co/un-responds-to-the-earthquake-in-papua-new-guinea/photos/4814958 Organizational Structure for Disaster Management Section Photo: US Navy photo #080805-N-9689V-004 Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. August 5, 2008 by MC3 Joshua Valcarcel. http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/12/09121940.jpg Infrastructure Section Photo: Madang Town by eGuide Travel/Flickr. February 15, 2011. https://www.flickr.com/photos/eguidetravel/5502162260/in/album-72157626206744674/ Health Section Photo: Port Moresby General Hospital by AusAid/DFAT. June 4, 2013. https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfataustralianaid/10728153063/in/album-72157637431518595 Women, Peace, and Security Section Photo: National Colors by Kahunapule Michael Johnson. September 15, 2007. https://www.flickr.com/photos/kahunapulej/1392399812/in/album-72157594420558576/ Conclusion Section Photo: Asaro Mudman by Robert and Bianca. June 3, 2010. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mojotrotters/4716121099/in/photolist Appendices Section Photo: Volcano Erupting” Kahunapule Michael Johnson. September 24, 2005. Volcanic ash still falls on Rabaul, East New Britain, Papua New Guinea. https://www.flickr.com/photos/kahunapulej/326098304/in/pool-84196260@N00/ 2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Table of Contents Welcome - Note from the Director ...........................................................................................................9 About the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ............10 Disaster Management Reference Handbook Series Overview ...................................................11 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................12 Country Overview ..........................................................................................................14 Culture .......................................................................................................................................................15 Demographics .........................................................................................................................................16 Ethnic Makeup .................................................................................................................................16 Key Population Centers ................................................................................................................17 Language ...........................................................................................................................................17 Religion ..............................................................................................................................................17 Vulnerable Groups .........................................................................................................................18 Economics ................................................................................................................................................22 Government .............................................................................................................................................23 Environment ............................................................................................................................................23 Geography ........................................................................................................................................23 Borders ...............................................................................................................................................25 Climate ...............................................................................................................................................25 Climate Change ...............................................................................................................................25 Disaster Overview .........................................................................................................28 Hazards ......................................................................................................................................................28 Recent History of Natural Disasters .................................................................................................29 Country Risks ...........................................................................................................................................30 Country Risk Profile ........................................................................................................................31 Papua New Guinea Disaster Management Reference Handbook | February 2019 3 Organizational Structure for Disaster Management ..................................................34 Lead Government Agencies in Disaster Response ....................................................................34 Key Disaster Management Partners ................................................................................................37 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ..............................38 U.S. Government Agencies in PNG ..................................................................................................38 Participation in International Organizations ................................................................................39 Foreign Disaster Relief and Emergency Response .....................................................................39 Laws, Policies, and Plans on Disaster Management ..................................................................42 Education and Training ........................................................................................................................43 Disaster Management Communications.......................................................................................43 Early Warning Systems ..................................................................................................................44 Responsible Agencies for Hazards and Warnings ...............................................................44 Armed Forces Role in Disaster Response ...............................................................................44 Information Sharing ..............................................................................................................................45 Infrastructure .................................................................................................................50 Airports ......................................................................................................................................................50 Seaports ....................................................................................................................................................51 Land Routes .............................................................................................................................................53 Roads ...................................................................................................................................................53 Railways ..............................................................................................................................................54 Waterways .........................................................................................................................................54 Schools ......................................................................................................................................................54 Disaster Risk Reduction in the Education Sector ................................................................55 Communications ....................................................................................................................................55 Utilities .......................................................................................................................................................56 Power ..................................................................................................................................................56 Water and Sanitation .....................................................................................................................56 4 Center
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lx1/Rtetcanjviuseum
    lx1/rtetcanJViuseum PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK 24, N.Y. NUMBER 1707 FEBRUARY 1 9, 1955 Notes on the Birds of Northern Melanesia. 31 Passeres BY ERNST MAYR The present paper continues the revisions of birds from northern Melanesia and is devoted to the Order Passeres. The literature on the birds of this area is excessively scattered, and one of the functions of this review paper is to provide bibliographic references to recent litera- ture of the various species, in order to make it more readily available to new students. Another object of this paper, as of the previous install- ments of this series, is to indicate intraspecific trends of geographic varia- tion in the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands and to state for each species from where it colonized northern Melanesia. Such in- formation is recorded in preparation of an eventual zoogeographic and evolutionary analysis of the bird fauna of the area. For those who are interested in specific islands, the following re- gional bibliography (covering only the more recent literature) may be of interest: BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO Reichenow, 1899, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 1, pp. 1-106; Meyer, 1936, Die Vogel des Bismarckarchipel, Vunapope, New Britain, 55 pp. ADMIRALTY ISLANDS: Rothschild and Hartert, 1914, Novitates Zool., vol. 21, pp. 281-298; Ripley, 1947, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 37, pp. 98-102. ST. MATTHIAS: Hartert, 1924, Novitates Zool., vol. 31, pp. 261-278. RoOK ISLAND: Rothschild and Hartert, 1914, Novitates Zool., vol. 21, pp. 207- 218.
    [Show full text]
  • Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History
    Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics by Jiang Wu Student ID: s1609785 Supervisor: Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second reader: Dr. E.I. Crevels Date: 10th January, 2017 Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv List of tables ................................................................................................................... v List of figures ................................................................................................................ vi List of maps ................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Background literature ................................................................................... 3 2.1. Plural words as nominal plurality marking ....................................................... 3 2.2. Plural words in Austronesian languages ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gulf & Western Provinces
    © Lonely Planet Publications 200 Gulf & Western Provinces GULF & WESTERN PROVINCES GULF & WESTERN PROVINCES Rain drenched, sparsely populated and frighteningly remote, the Gulf and Western Provinces are the Wild West of PNG. A vast and mangrove-pocked coastline arches around the Gulf of Papua from one isolated community to the next. Inland the rich wetlands and seasonally flooded grasslands eventually give rise to the foothills and mountains of the Highlands. Locals hardy enough to survive the thriving population of malarial mosquitoes and end- less meals of sago get around by foot, canoe and small plane. There is barely a sealed road to be found, and roads of any description are rare. Because of this limited infrastructure, few travellers reach the area and even fewer do so independently. Those that do seldom venture far beyond the sleepy provincial capitals of Kerema and Daru, which attract a small, but growing, trickle of nature enthusiasts. In the forests and riverside wetlands around Kiunga and Tabubil, adventurers are discover- ing a dizzying array of some of the island’s most exotic birds. Similarly, two of the country’s greatest rivers, the Fly and the Strickland, along with Tonda Wildlife Management Area, are receiving rave reviews from fishermen with the resources and tenacity to get there. In the remote northwest corner of Western Province, the Ok Tedi Mine is of major eco- nomic importance to Papua New Guinea, and subject to considerable litigation by traditional landowners who are concerned about environmental degradation and the validity of royalty payment calculations. In a country often considered the last frontier for adventure seeking travellers, it is only fitting that these provinces have the final word in the Papua New Guinea section of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Palms of the Bismarck
    l99sl ESSIG:PALMS OF BISMARCKARCHIPELAGO Principes,39(3), I995, pp. 123-129 A Checklistand Analysisof the Palmsof the Bismarck Archipelago FneoenlcrB. Essrc Institutefor Systematic Botany, Department ofBiology, (Jniuersity ofsouth Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 This analysisof the palm flora of the Bismarck them. However,surprisingly few New Guineapalms Archipelago, although certainly incomplete, is have crossedthe small gap. The Solomon Islands intended both as a practical guide to the palms, begin officially with Bougainville, some 120 miles and as a small contribution to the phytogeography east of New Ireland, with only a few very small of the region. The Bismarck Archipelago is a sub- islandslying betweenthe two archipelagos.A num- stantial chain of islands off the north-east coast ber of palms have apparently migrated from the of New Guinea, and is part of the independent Solomonsto the Bismarck Archipelago. nation of Papua New Guinea. The chain itself is Most palm fruits in the western Pacific region "U," bent into I Iying on its side just south of are fleshy and rather heavy, and are presumably the equator. The two large islandsof New Britain dispersedonly short distancesby animals (Nypo and New Ireland form the bulk ofthe archipelago, and Cocosare obvious exceptions).Some genera but both sidesof the U-shapedchain extend west- with large fruits, such as Orania, are absentfrom ward in strings of small islands. The chain ter- the Bismarck Archipelago,although abundantand minates on the north side with Manus Island (the diverse on New Guinea and some of the islands Admiralty Islands), and on the south side with a to the southeast.Even genera with smaller fruits seiies of small volcanic islandslying closely along (e.9., Calamus, Gulubia, Gronophyllum, the north coast of New Guinea (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Pol I T Ical Reviews ‡ Melanesia 491 Papua New Guinea
    pol i t ical reviews melanesia 491 $LUNR3DSXDKWWSZZZSDSXDEDUDWQHZV swaps in ministerial portfolios, the FRP replacement of two deputy prime min- Pembebasan PapuaKWWSSHPEHEDVDQ isters, and a constitutional blunder in SDSXDEORJVSRWFRP the reelection of the governor-general. In spite of the political rollercoaster, 3ROLWLN,QGRQHVLDKWWSZZZ .politikindonesia.com the Somare government successfully thwarted numerous attempts by the Presiden Republik Indonesia. Opposition to remove Sir Michael KWWSZZZSUHVLGHQULJRLG Somare as prime minister, thus making Radio Republik Indonesia. the government more confident than KWWSZZZUULFRLG ever to assert its grip on power until Rakyat Merdeka. Daily. Jakarta. Online at the national elections in 2012. It was KWWSZZZUDN\DWPHUGHNDFRLG also a year of legal battles and protests on controversial constitutional amend- 5HSXEOLNDFRLGKWWSZZZUHSXEOLND FRLG ments and environmental issues. The concerned public, landowner groups, Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. and nongovernmental organizations KWWSZZZVHWNDEJRLG have become a fortified mouthpiece of Suara Pembaruan. Daily. Jakarta. Online the people on issues of human rights, DWKWWSZZZVXDUDSHPEDUXDQFRP equality, environment, and the consti- Survival: The Movement for Tribal tutionality of amendments to laws that 3HRSOHVKWWSZZZVXUYLYDOLQWHUQDWLRQDO seem to favor politicians and multina- RUJ tional companies over people’s rights. Tabloid Jubi Online: An Alternative Media Unlike in previous years, these interest LQ7DQDK3DSXDKWWSWDEORLGMXELFRP groups showed the government
    [Show full text]
  • Supply Response of Cocoa in Papua New Guinea Boniface Aipi* Tanu
    Supply Response of Cocoa in Papua New Guinea Boniface Aipi* Tanu Irau† and Ludwig Aur Aba‡ Working Paper BPNG2012/02 November 2012 Bank of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Papua New Guinea The Working Paper series is intended to provide the results of research undertaken within the Bank to its staff, interested institutions and the general public. It is hoped this would encourage discussion and comments on issues of importance. Views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of PNG. This paper must be acknowledged for any use of the work and results contained in it. * Boniface Aipi is the Manager for Projects Unit of the Research Department at the Bank of Papua New Guinea. † Tanu Irau is a Senior Research Analyst with the Projects Unit of the Research Department at the Bank of Papua New Guinea. ‡ Ludwig Aur Aba is a Research Analyst with the Research Analysis Unit of the Research Department at the Bank of Papua New Guinea. Acknowledgements Many people have assisted us with this research project. First and foremost special thanks go to the smallholder cocoa farmers of Tokiala, Taui, Ramale, Ulaulatava, Bitavavar, Warangoi Floodway Block, Unamami, Kokopo, Rapopo in East New Brit- ain (ENB) province. The same gratitude is also extended to smallholder farmers of Autonomous Region of Bougainville, and East Sepik province, especially farmers in the following council wards; Boiken/Dagua, Turubu, Wewak, Numbo, Yarapos and Kanawagi. In Madang, we are grateful to smallholder farmers in the following corpo- rative societies; Banab, Iyal, Jahil, Mesam and Bargam.
    [Show full text]
  • POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 the Mission Frontier 41 3.3 the Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 the Government Frontier 56
    re . I /VA �I (its story) by Tom Dutton The University of Papua New Guinea Press 1985 Published by the University of Papua New Guinea Press Copyright T. E. Dutton 1985 © All right reserved CONTENTS First published 1985 FOREWORD Vll ISBN 9980-84-007-2 PREFACE Vlll Printed in Hong Kong by Colocraft Ltd. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY X-lV Cover design by Takus David ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS and OTHER CONVENTIONS xv GLOSSARY XVI Produced within the framework of the Languages for Intercultural Australian Academy of the THE LANGUAGE TODAY Communication in the Pacific Area Project of the 1. Humanities and under the academic auspices of the Union Academique 1.1 Introduction Internationale as publication No. 3 under the Project. 1.2 Distribution and Varieties No royalties are paid on this book. 1.3 General Overview of the Structure of Hiri (formerly Police) Motu 4 1.4 Pidgin Features of Hiri Motu 7 1.4.1 Sounds 7 1.4.2 Grammar 8 1.4.3 Vocabulary 16 2. IN THE BEGINNING: THE PRE-EUROPEAN SETTING 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The HTL(E) 22 2.3 The HTL(K) 29 2.4 Simplified Motu 36 3. INVASION AND THE NEW FRONTIER: SIMPLIFIED MOTU TO POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 The Mission Frontier 41 3.3 The Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 The Government Frontier 56 4. LAW AND ORDER: THE SPREAD OF POLICE MOTU 59 To Corinne, Brett and Anna 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 MacGregor's Armed Native Constabulary 62 4.3 The Village Constable System 71 4.4 The Prison System 74 4.5 Conclusion 78 ECONOMIC AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT: 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Health&Medicalinfoupdate8/10/2017 Page 1 HEALTH and MEDICAL
    HEALTH AND MEDICAL INFORMATION The American Embassy assumes no responsibility for the professional ability or integrity of the persons, centers, or hospitals appearing on this list. The names of doctors are listed in alphabetical, specialty and regional order. The order in which this information appears has no other significance. Routine care is generally available from general practitioners or family practice professionals. Care from specialists is by referral only, which means you first visit the general practitioner before seeing the specialist. Most specialists have private offices (called “surgeries” or “clinic”), as well as consulting and treatment rooms located in Medical Centers attached to the main teaching hospitals. Residential areas are served by a large number of general practitioners who can take care of most general illnesses The U.S Government assumes no responsibility for payment of medical expenses for private individuals. The Social Security Medicare Program does not provide coverage for hospital or medical outside the U.S.A. For further information please see our information sheet entitled “Medical Information for American Traveling Abroad.” IMPORTANT EMERGENCY NUMBERS AMBULANCE/EMERGENCY SERVICES (National Capital District only) Police: 112 / (675) 324-4200 Fire: 110 St John Ambulance: 111 Life-line: 326-0011 / 326-1680 Mental Health Services: 301-3694 HIV/AIDS info: 323-6161 MEDEVAC Niugini Air Rescue Tel (675) 323-2033 Fax (675) 323-5244 Airport (675) 323-4700; A/H Mobile (675) 683-0305 Toll free: 0561293722468 - 24hrs Medevac Pacific Services: Tel (675) 323-5626; 325-6633 Mobile (675) 683-8767 PNG Wide Toll free: 1801 911 / 76835227 – 24hrs Health&MedicalInfoupdate8/10/2017 Page 1 AMR Air Ambulance 8001 South InterPort Blvd Ste.
    [Show full text]
  • Madang's Plans to Boost Its Numbers in Australia's Seasonal Worker
    Madang’s plans to boost its numbers in Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme PNG UPDATE 8-9 AUGUST 2019 | PORT MORESBY The image part with relationship ID rId13 was not found in the file. Outline . Overview: Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme . PNG missing out on potential jobs . Regional Initiative response . Initial research design . Preliminary key findings . Case study: South Ambenob – Ward 19 . Alignment to PNG Government policy & SDGs . Medium Term Development Plan (III): Inform policy . Conclusion The image part with relationship ID rId13 was not found in the file. Overview: Australia’s Seasonal Worker Programme • Commenced in 2012 and aims to generate “triple wins” (benefits) for: 1. Worker + family + community 2. Australian Employers 3. Economies of Sending & Receiving country • Nine participating PICs and Timor-Leste • Targets unskilled and low skilled workers The image part with relationship ID rId13 was not found in the file. PNG missing out on potential jobs 107 PNG workers out of 11,638 PNG is a low-mobility country jobs (1.05%) ranked 8/10 How can PNG secure PNG workers not as attractive for PNG has a reputation of sending more jobs? Aust. employers unproductive workers Only 1/3 selection & recruitment Prediction: Demand in of workers is implemented through Australia to reach 37,500 Government (Dept. Labour & work opportunities by 2030 Industry) work-ready pool Modify the existing Evidence based data to monitor & assess impact of the modified & selection & recruitment method to inform policy for greater development impact for recruitment method Papua New Guineans. The image part with relationship ID rId13 was not found in the file.
    [Show full text]
  • Consultation Document
    Leaving behind a better future Porgera Joint Venture Porgera Mine Closure Consultation Document December 2002 Leaving behind a better future Porgera Mine Closure Consultation Document December 2002 CR 257_44_v3 NSR Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd NSR Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Porgera Joint Venture Unisearch Limited 124 Camberwell Road P.O. Box 484 UNSW, Rupert Myers Building Hawthorn East, Victoria 3123 Mt Hagen Gate 14, Barker Street Australia Papua New Guinea Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia Tel: 61 3 9882 3555 Tel: 675 547 8200 Tel: 61 2 9385 5555 Fax: 61 3 9882 3533 Fax: 675 547 9579 Fax: 61 2 9385 6524 Published by © Porgera Joint Venture 2002 Acknowledgements: Chapter 1 Porgera Joint Venture NSR Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Chapter 2 Porgera Joint Venture NSR Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Chapter 3 Porgera Joint Venture Unisearch Limited Dr. Glenn Banks, with Richard Jackson, Susanne Bonnell, Gary Simpson Contents Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Proposed Process for Closure Planning and Sustainability 2 1.3 Partnerships for Sustainability 3 1.4 Stakeholders in Closure Planning and Sustainability 3 1.5 PJV’s Vision and Objectives for Mine Closure 3 1.6 Corporate Requirements 5 1.7 Regulatory Requirements and Agreements 5 1.8 Impact of Premature Closure 5 1.9 Structure of this Document 5 2. Biophysical Considerations 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Biophysical Setting 7 2.3 Biophysical Closure Issues 10 2.3.1 Public Safety and Human Health 10 2.3.2 Environmental Impacts 11 2.3.3 End Land Use and Lease Relinquishment 14 2.3.4 Small-scale Mining 17 2.4 Biophysical Components 19 2.4.1 Underground Mine and Open Pit Mine 19 2.4.2 Low-grade Ore Stockpiles 21 2.4.3 Waste Rock Dumps 22 2.4.4 Minesite Infrastructure 25 2.4.5 Satellite Infrastructure 27 3.
    [Show full text]
  • 15. VCA4D Papua New Guinea Cocoa March 2019 V.3.Pdf 6.16 MB
    Value Chain Analysis for Development (VCA4D) is a tool funded by the European Commission / DEVCO and is implemented in partnership with Agrinatura. Agrinatura (http://agrinatura-eu.eu) is the European Alliance of Universities and Research Centers involved in agricultural research and capacity building for development. The information and knowledge produced through the value chain studies are intended to support the Delegations of the European Union and their partners in improving policy dialogue, investing in value chains and better understanding the changes linked to their actions VCA4D uses a systematic methodological framework for analysing value chains in agriculture, livestock, fishery, aquaculture and agroforestry. More information including reports and communication material can be found at: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/value-chain-analysis- for-development-vca4d- Team Composition Economist: Guillaume Lescuyer Social expert: Ivo Syndicus Environmental expert: Roel Helmes National expert: William Kerua The report was produced through the financial support of the European Union. Its content is the sole responsibility of its authors and does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. The report has been realised within a project financed by the European Union (VCA4D CTR 2016/375-804). Citation of this report: Lescuyer, G., Helmes, R., Kerua, W., Syndicus, I., 2018. Cocoa Value Chain Analysis in Papua New Guinea. Report for the European Union, DG-DEVCO. Value Chain Analysis for Development Project (VCA4D CTR 2016/375-804),
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
    Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources.
    [Show full text]