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Women and Politics in Presence: Case of Papua New Guinea A

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Women and Politics in Presence: Case of Papua New Guinea A Women and Politics in Presence: Case of Papua New Guinea A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Mary Fairio August 2014 © 2014 Mary Fairio. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Women and Politics in Presence: Case of Papua New Guinea by MARY FAIRIO has been approved for the Department of Political Science and the College of Arts and Sciences by Julie White Associate Professor of Political Science Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract FAIRIO MARY, M.A., August 2014, Political Science Women and Politics in Presence: Case of Papua New Guinea Director ofThesis: Julie White One area that presents challenge for democracy is women representation, an important dimension for gender equality. However, there are major variations among countries. Papua New Guinea is one of the countries with the lowest number of female representatives in parliament. Two questions are asked in regard to the representation of women. First, why is it difficult for women to be elected in Papua New Guinea? And second, how do we explain where women were able to challenge others to be elected? Formal institution such as the electoral system is just one way to discuss gender equality. There are other areas of gender inequality that interact with the formal system relating to social, cultural, and economic factors. An analysis of these factors shows that even improving formal institutions to increase the number of women in political participation, gender inequality is still a challenge within and outside the legislative office. The findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of democratic principles of participation, representation, and feminist theory to better explain the phenomenon; particularly the theory of “politics of presence” is used as a model to argue that not only increasing the number of women, but also “substantially” representing the women do matter. Hence, gender representation does not necessarily mean gender equality. 4 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 3 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8 Chapter Two: Historical Background ............................................................................................ 21 Limited Preferential Voting System .......................................................................................... 24 Electoral Process and Implementation ...................................................................................... 30 Election Voter Turnout, Political Participation ......................................................................... 33 Political Parties in the Electoral Process ................................................................................... 39 Brief History of Women in Politics ........................................................................................... 45 Chapter Three: Analysis of Election Trend ................................................................................... 53 Elected Women Trend (1964-2012) .......................................................................................... 54 Why is it Difficult for Women to be Elected? ........................................................................... 58 Colonization and the Electoral Politics ................................................................................. 59 Implications of Traditions and Customs on the Electoral Politics ........................................ 61 Power Politics ........................................................................................................................ 63 Party Politics ......................................................................................................................... 65 Money Politics....................................................................................................................... 66 Stereotype versus Intersectionality ........................................................................................ 70 Why did Few Women win the Elections? ................................................................................. 75 Matrilineal Society ................................................................................................................ 76 Supporter Base ...................................................................................................................... 77 Education ............................................................................................................................... 78 Women’s Movement ............................................................................................................. 80 Legislation Consideration ..................................................................................................... 82 International Support ............................................................................................................. 85 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 86 Chapter Four: Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 90 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 90 Equality and Fair Representation .............................................................................................. 90 5 Participation versus Representation ...................................................................................... 91 Symbolic versus Descriptive Representation ........................................................................ 93 Politics of Ideas versus Politics of Presence .............................................................................. 95 Mechanisms of Representation ............................................................................................. 97 Justice Argument ................................................................................................................... 98 Institutional Change/Reform ................................................................................................. 99 Limitations of the Politics of Presence ................................................................................ 100 Quota Mechanism .................................................................................................................... 101 Other applicable Theories ........................................................................................................ 102 Quota System Model at the Provincial Level ...................................................................... 103 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 107 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 109 Appendix A: Number of women candidates and number of women elected............................... 122 Appendix B: Party standing in the 2012 General Election .......................................................... 123 Appendix C: 2012 Election: Women Candidates by Region. ...................................................... 124 Appendix D: Political biography of women leaders. ................................................................... 125 Alice Wedega (Legislative Council 1961-1963) ................................................................. 125 Roma Isabelle Bates (Legislative Council 1961-1963) ....................................................... 125 Josephine Abaijah (1972, 1977-1982, 1997-2002) ............................................................. 126 Nahau Rooney (1977-1982, 1982-1987) ............................................................................. 127 Waliyato Clowes (1977-1982) ............................................................................................ 128 Carol Kidu (1997-2012) ...................................................................................................... 129 Loujaya Tony (2012) ........................................................................................................... 131 Delilah Gore (2012) ............................................................................................................ 132 Julie Soso (2012) ................................................................................................................. 133 6 List of Tables Page Table 1: Total Number of voters for each election year. ............................................................... 36 Table 2: Population by gender in provincial electorates. ............................................................... 37 Table 3: Party allegiance of women candidates. ...........................................................................
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