POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 the Mission Frontier 41 3.3 the Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 the Government Frontier 56
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re . I /VA �I (its story) by Tom Dutton The University of Papua New Guinea Press 1985 Published by the University of Papua New Guinea Press Copyright T. E. Dutton 1985 © All right reserved CONTENTS First published 1985 FOREWORD Vll ISBN 9980-84-007-2 PREFACE Vlll Printed in Hong Kong by Colocraft Ltd. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY X-lV Cover design by Takus David ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS and OTHER CONVENTIONS xv GLOSSARY XVI Produced within the framework of the Languages for Intercultural Australian Academy of the THE LANGUAGE TODAY Communication in the Pacific Area Project of the 1. Humanities and under the academic auspices of the Union Academique 1.1 Introduction Internationale as publication No. 3 under the Project. 1.2 Distribution and Varieties No royalties are paid on this book. 1.3 General Overview of the Structure of Hiri (formerly Police) Motu 4 1.4 Pidgin Features of Hiri Motu 7 1.4.1 Sounds 7 1.4.2 Grammar 8 1.4.3 Vocabulary 16 2. IN THE BEGINNING: THE PRE-EUROPEAN SETTING 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The HTL(E) 22 2.3 The HTL(K) 29 2.4 Simplified Motu 36 3. INVASION AND THE NEW FRONTIER: SIMPLIFIED MOTU TO POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 The Mission Frontier 41 3.3 The Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 The Government Frontier 56 4. LAW AND ORDER: THE SPREAD OF POLICE MOTU 59 To Corinne, Brett and Anna 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 MacGregor's Armed Native Constabulary 62 4.3 The Village Constable System 71 4.4 The Prison System 74 4.5 Conclusion 78 ECONOMIC AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT: 5. CONSOLIDATION AND COMPLICATION 82 5 .1 Introduction 82 5 .2 Administration 82 5.3 Economic Development 86 5.4 The Pattern of Labour Movements 1870- 1920s 88 5.4.1 Western Division 88 5.4.2 Gulf Division 93 5.4.3 Central Division 94 5.4.4 Eastern and South-Eastern Divisions 98 5.4.5 Northern and North-Eastern Divisions 100 5.5 Language Policy and Education 103 Contents v iv Police Motu NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 241 6. THE WAR AND AFTER: RECOGNITION, NAME CHANGE, 108 NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 245 NATIONAL IDENTITY AND THE FUTURE 108 NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 256 6.1 War 108 NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 262 6.1.l Army Administration - ANGAU 6.1.2 Papuans in the War 111 NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 267 6.1.2. 1 The Port Moresby-Kokoda Trail-Mambare Area 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY 269 6.1.2.2 The Milne Bay Area 119 1. PRIMARY SOURCES 269 6.1.2.3 The D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands Area 119 1.1 Correspondence and interviews with descendants of early 6. 1 .2.4 The Bulldog-Wau Area 120 European and non-European visitors and/or residents to 6.2 After the War: Recognition, Name Change, National Identity the Port Moresby, Darn and Samarai areas 269 and the Future 123 1.2 Correspondence and interviews with residents or one-time 6.2.1 Recognition 123 residents in and/or visitors to Papua pre-World War II 6.2.2 Name Change and National Identity 127 and/ or during the war 270 6.2.3 The Future 129 1.3 Manuscripts and Unpublished Material 271 1.3.1 Official 271 7. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 131 1.3.2 Other 272 7 .1 Introduction 131 1.4 Published Material 273 7 .2 The Relationship between Police Motu and 'broken' English 131 1.4.1 Official Papers 7 .3 The Continuity Hypothesis and the Observed Similarities 273 1.4.2 Other 273 Between Police Motu and Pidgin English 131 2 . SECONDARY SOURCES 278 7.4 'Broken' English After the Second World War 132 2.1 Books and Articles 278 7. 5 Final Overview 134 2.2 Unpublished Theses and Papers 283 Appendix A. OUTLINE HISTORY OF CONTACT WITH INDEX PAPUANS 137 List Tables Appendix B. COMPARISON OF HIRI MOTU WITH POSSIBLE of SOURCE L,i\NGUAGES 146 Table 2-1: The Hiri Trading Language, Eleman Variety, Compared Appendix C. EUROPEAN AND NON-EUROPEAN FOREIGNERS with Toaripi 22 IN THE PORT MORESBY AREA BETWEEN 1870 Table 2-2: Stative Verb Forms in Toaripi 27 AND 1890 149 Table 2-3: The Hiri Trading Language, Koriki Variety, Compared Appendix D. OTHER FOREIGNERS IN THE PORT MORESBY with Koriki 31 AREA ABOUT 1890 192 Table 2-4: The Hiri Trading Languages and Police Motu Compared 33 Appendix E. EXPANSION OF MACGREGOR'§ ARMED Table 3-1: LMS South Sea Island Pastor-Teachers and Wives in the NATIVE CONSTABULARY 195 Port Moresby Area 1870-90 45 Appendix F. VILLAGE CONSTABLES AND PAID CHIEFS, Table 3-2: Unofficial (i.e. non-Government, non-Mission) 'Visitors' 1885-1921/22 197 to the Port Moresby Area between 1874 and 1890 48 Appendix G. PRISON STAFF, BRITISH NEW GUINEA, Table 4-1: Motu, Fijian and some Solomon Islands Languages 1886-1906/7 203 Compared 74 Appendix H. MOVEMENT OF PRISONERS BETWEEN AND Table 6-1: World War II Native Labour Recruitment Figures 113 WITHIN DIVISIONS 206 Table 6-2: Labour Recruited and Allocated in December 1943 121 Appendix I. STATISTICS ON MOVEMENT OF PRISONERS 210 List Figures Appendix SPREAD OF GOVERNMENT INFLUENCE: of J. Figure 5-1: Plantation Development in Papua 190617-1940/ 1 95 GOVERNMENT STATIONS 213 Figure 5-2: Labour Recruitment by Area, 190617-1927 /8 96 Appendix K. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS AND DISTRICTS, Figure 5-3: Labour Recruitment by Occupation 190617-1927/8 1884-1930 215 103 Figure 5-4: Total Labour Recruited 190617-1927/8 104 Appendix L. MOVEMENT OF LABOURERS BETWEEN Figure 7-1: Diagrammatic Representation of the History of DIVISIONS 217 Police/Hiri Motu 136 Appendix M. RECRUITMENT AND ALLOCATION OF NATIVE List Maps LABOUR TO SECTIONS OF THE ALLIED 235 of FORCES 1943-44 Map 1: British New Guinea/Papua 2 Map 2: Austronesian and Non-Austronesian language areas in NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 237 239 British New Guinea 3 NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 VI Police Motu Map 3: Port Moresby and Surrounding Areas 30 Map 4: The Hiri Trading Area 30 Map 5: John Green's Map of Port Moresby in 1892 60 Map 6: British New Guinea/Papua and the South-West Pacific 60 FOREWORD Map 7: Central and Western British New Guinea/Papua 91 Map 8: Eastern and North-Eastern British New Guinea/Papua 92 It is with very great pleasure that I write this short foreword to Dr Dutton's Map 9: Military Districts and Main Areas of Military Activity book on the history ofPolice Motu (now Hiri Motu). I do sobecause this book Involving Papuans During World War II in Papua 112 makes an outstanding contribution not only to what is known about this colourful and extraordinary langauge that is today the second major lingua List Plates of franca in Papua New Guinea, but also to the study of pidgin and creole Plate 1: Motu Man 21 languages in general. This book is an excellent example of how the study of the Plate 2: Motu lagatoi 21 origin and development of languages of this kind needs to be interdisciplinary Plate 3: Two Motumotu (Toaripi) Men 26 in approach and to take into account social conditions that give rise to them Plate 4: Two Koita Men 35 and determine their nature. It is very clearly and convincingly demonstrated in Plate 5: Dr W.G. Lawes 37 this book how important the study of social factors is in understanding the Plate 6: An early photograph of the LMS Station, Port Moresby 43 story of Police (now Hiri) Motu. Undoubtedly, as Dr Dutton rightly points Plate 7: H.O. Forbes with party of Malays and Ambonese and out, this language is one of the most important languages in the history of others 50 Papua New Guinea and his book constitutes a very much needed major Plate 8: Mr A. Goldie, first storekeeper 52 extension of our knowledge of it. Plate 9: Descendants of some early non-European Residents of the Having been associated with this work in an earlier form I am fully aware of Port Moresby area 53-55 the enormous amount of solid research work that has gone into the Plate 10: Descendants of some of Governor MacGregor's first preparation of it over a long period of time, and the findings in the book bear Solomon Islander Policemen 65-67 testimony to the meticulous care and untiring devotion which Dr Dutton has Plate 11: A typical member of the Armed Native Constabulary 68 put into the preparation of this important publication. The detailed story Plate 12: Village Constables, Maopa of 73 Police (now Hiri) Motu has long needed telling, not only because it is a very Plate 13: Some early prison warders, Port Moresby 76 interesting one, but also because, as Dr Dutton points out, some myths have Plate 14: Papuan prisoners at work 77 grown up about it concerning its origin, true nature and source of its elements Plate 15: Port Moresby town c.1900 . 83 In this book Dr Dutton attempts to set down the story as he sees it based upon Plate 16: Port Moresby from Government House, c.1900 83 the linguistic and other findings that have emerged from his long research Plate 17: The LMS Mission Station and Government House from into this interesting and important language. Port Moresby town, c.1900 85 Plate 18: Patrol Officer Jack Hides with some of his police 85 Professor S. A. Wurm, Plate 19: Black labourers pearling in the Torres Straits 89 Department of Linguistics, Plate 20: Papuan plantation labourers 97 Research School of Pacific Studies, Plate 21: Port Moresby town before the Second World War 110 The Australian National University Plate 22: Papuan 'fuzzy-wuzzy angels' on the Kokoda Trail, 1942 117 Plate 23: Raphael Oambari gives a helping hand to a wounded Australian soldier 118 Plate 24: A carrier line on the move in Papua, 1942 121 Preface ix become (with a name change) one of the most important languages in Papua New Guinea today, indeed, one of its recognized national languages.