DOCSLIB.ORG

Austronesian Paths and Journeys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AUSTRONESIAN PATHS AND JOURNEYS AUSTRONESIAN PATHS AND JOURNEYS EDITED BY JAMES J. FOX TO THE MEMORY OF MARSHALL D. SAHLINS We would like to dedicate this volume to the memory of Marshall Sahlins who was a brilliantly productive and remarkably insightful ‘Austronesianist’. His Social Stratification in Polynesia was an early, important and provocative comparative study (1958); his Moala: Culture and Nature on a Fijian Island (1962) was a major ethnographic monograph of lasting value; and his Islands of History (1985) was an interpretive analysis that gave global significance to events in the history of the Pacific. His influence was profound on both students and colleagues. We have all learned much from him and his work. Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760464325 ISBN (online): 9781760464332 WorldCat (print): 1247151070 WorldCat (online): 1247150967 DOI: 10.22459/APJ.2021 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: A gathering of members of the clan Nabuasa in the village of Lasi in the mountains of West Timor to hear the recitation of the journey of their ancestral name. Photo by James J. Fox. This edition © 2021 ANU Press Contents Abbreviations . ix List of illustrations . xi 1 . Towards a comparative ethnography of Austronesian ‘paths’ and ‘journeys’ . .. 1 James J . Fox 2 . From paths to traditional territory: Wayfinding and the materialisation of an ancestral homeland . 29 Wen-ling Lin 3 . Testing paths in shamanic performances among the northern Amis of Taiwan . 53 Yi-tze Lee 4 . Funerary speeches and marital investigations in highland Madagascar . 77 Denis Regnier 5 . Journeys in quest of cosmic power: Highland heroes in Borneo . 93 Monica Janowski 6 . Life, death and journeys of regeneration in Saribas Iban funerary rituals . 127 Clifford Sather 7 . The long journey of the rice maiden from Li’o to Tanjung Bunga: A Lamaholot sung narrative (Flores, eastern Indonesia) . 161 Dana Rappoport 8 . Paths of life and death: Rotenese life-course recitations and the journey to the afterworld . 193 James J . Fox 9 . Winds and seas: Exploring the pulses of place in kula exchange and yam gardening . 231 Susanne Kuehling 10 . On the word ked: The ‘way’ of being and becoming in Muyuw . 275 Frederick H . Damon 11 . Walking on the village paths: Kanaawoq in Yap and rarahan in Yami . 303 Yu-chien Huang Contributors . 337 Index . 341 Abbreviations BP//MT Bula Pe//Mapo Tena BS//BT Buna Sepe//Boa Timu DK//SB Dela Kolik ma Seko Bunak ENSO El Niño–Southern Oscillation IA//ML Iu Ai//Maka Lopo KF//BT Koli Faenama ma Bunak Tunulama KL//LB Kea Lenga//Lona Bala LD//KK Leli Deak//Kona Kek LL//KP Lo Luli//Kalu Palu LL//PD Loma-Loma Langa//Pele-Pele Dulu LP//MS Liu Pota//Menge Solu MK//TN Manu Kama//Tepa Nilu ML//BS Malungi Lai//Balokama Sina NE//FN Ndao Eli-Sama//Folo No-Do’o NL//LE Ndi Lonama//Laki Elokama PAN Proto-Austronesian PB//BL Pau Balo ma Bola Lungi PMP Proto-Malayo-Polynesian PP//SL Pinga Pasa ma So’e Leli TT//BL Tetema Taenama and Balapua Loni ix List of illustrations Figures Figure 3.1 The Amis’s spatial conception of the house and the location of spirits ....................................58 Figure 3.2 Household orientations for the Nangshi Amis ..........70 Figure 3.3 The major spirits (kawas) Amis shamans encounter during the Mirecuk ritual. As well as the eight directions on the plane, there is also a pasakudol (upper level) and a pasasaan (underground level) ..........................72 Figure 7.1 The ancestors of Nogo Ema’ according to the narrative (Waiklibang, 2006) .................................174 Figure 9.1 Going up and down for kula ......................249 Figure 9.2 The mwatui of kula .............................251 Figure 9.3 Overlapping gardening cycles in the kula region .......262 Figure 11.1 Diagrammatic icons of Beluan social relations ........305 Figure 11.2 The plan of a traditional Yami house ...............318 Figure 11.3 The profile of a traditional Yami house compound .....318 Maps Map 2.1 Map of Laipunuk .................................31 Map 7.1 The journey of Nogo Ema’ according to the sung narrative (Waiklibang, 2006) .................................167 Map 9.1 The kula region .................................237 xi AUSTRONESIAN PATHS AND JOURNEYS Map 9.2 Map of Dobu Island, with clans from census taken in 1993 ..........................................245 Map 9.3 Languages and winds of the kula region (red spots are kula communities) ..................................248 Map 11.1 Map of Ivalinu village ...........................320 Plates Plate 2.1 Bunun raise the banner of the first year of Laipunuk in 2002 in an old settlement ...........................41 Plate 2.2 Sacrifice to the ancestors ...........................46 Plate 3.1 Two shamans prepare a male bird trap for the Misatuligun ritual ...................................55 Plate 3.2 During the Mivava ritual, elders and shamans symbolically sweep away filth to reorder the main border path of the village. One shaman holds an invisible calai thread. ................55 Plate 3.3 During the Mirecuk ritual, shamans help a crippled man hop over the fire stack to cure his problem leg ..............65 Plate 5.1 Tuked Rini Luun Atar shimmering with lalud (cosmic power) and only semi-visible .....................94 Plate 5.2 Aruring Menepo Boong, Tuked Rini’s wife, carried inside his earring on the way to a feast Above the Sky (Palaii Langit) ......................................95 Plate 5.3 Baye Ribuh (‘One Thousand Crocodiles’) with Tuked Rini’s sharpening stone (batuh iran Tuked Rini) ............105 Plate 5.4 Kaya with giant batu angan (stones used to support a cooking pot over a fire) near Ba’ Kelalan, which is said to have been used by the culture hero Upai Semaring ........105 Plate 7.1 A rice maiden, dokan gurun ritual, Waiklibang, 2006 .....168 Plate 7.2 A rice maiden, helo nikat ritual, Waiklibang, 2007 .......169 Plate 7.3 Ema’ Klara Kesi Liwun, the opak narrator, performing the song of the origin of rice, 2006 .....................170 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Plates 8.1 and 8.2 Rotenese funerals are generally convivial gatherings spent in meeting, talking and feasting, often interspersed with drumming, gong-playing and dancing ...................194 Plate 9.1 Mwali named Lala, picture taken in Wabununa (Woodlark Island) at the house of Chief Dibolele in February 2016 .....234 Plate 9.2 Bagi named Komakala’kedakeda, held by Toulitala in Bihawa (Duau, Normanby Island) in February 2016 ........235 Plate 9.3 Chief Dibolele of Wabununa (Woodlark Island) displays some of his bagi valuables for inspection .................240 Plate 9.4 A kula canoe from Egom Island .....................256 Plate 9.5 Bagi Dilimeyana ................................259 Plate 9.6 Mwali Lagim (centre), held by Edward Digwaleu from Tewatewa .....................................263 Tables Table 3.1 Yearly ritual cycle of Nangshi Amis ...................54 Table 3.2 Comparisons of items in family and tribal rituals ........67 xiii 1 Towards a comparative ethnography of Austronesian ‘paths’ and ‘journeys’ James J . Fox Introduction The expansion and dispersal of Austronesian languages from Taiwan to Timor and across the Indian Ocean and through the Pacific, stretching from Madagascar to Easter Island, demonstrate a remarkable social mobility. Exploration of this mobility has been the implicit theme in the majority of the various volumes of the Comparative Austronesian series. This exploration has included not just the delineation of the distribution of Austronesian languages and the examination of the archaeological evidence for the spread of plants, people and their products, but also the consideration of the social factors underlying this mobility: technologies of travel, systems of exchange, forms of subsistence and their implications, trade patterns, demographic pressures on small islands, the reception of distant strangers, the role of status systems that propel individuals outward, the prestige of founder status and the recognition and celebration of multiple ancestral origins. This volume is a further, explicit exploration of this critical idea of mobility focusing on the concepts of the journeying and the paths this journeying implies. In addressing this topic, each of the individual chapters in this volume opens a path or paths to a wide range of other comparative issues. 1 AUSTRONESIAN Paths AND JOURNEYS The focus in this volume is as much on actual journeying on specific paths as it is on spiritual journeys in the realm of memory and imagination. Some of the most locally established Austronesian populations embrace the idea of distant journeying and may indeed perform such journeys in their ritual celebrations, as in practice, such journeys tend to be path specific and are often highly embellished in their details. There may even be an underlying basis for this path specificity. In a stimulating paper that examines motion events in several Austronesian languages, the linguists Shuanfan Huang and Michael Tanangkingsing argue that ‘path salience in the encoding of motion clauses appears to exhibit a strong diachronic stability, suggesting that Proto- Austronesian was probably also a path-salient language’ (2005: 307).1 Essentially, this argument provides a semantic-typological predilection for the prevalence of attention to path information in motion events. Of more general relevance is recent research on cognitive mapping. Based on the foundational identification of place and grid cells, Bellmund et al. have, in a recent paper in Science (2018: 8), titled ‘Navigating cognitions: Spatial codes for human thinking’, proposed ‘cognitive spaces as a primary format for information processing in the brain’. In this model, ‘cognitive spaces enable generalization and can reveal novel trajectories via the representation of positions along defined dimensions’ (Bellmund et al.
Recommended publications
  • Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History

    Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History

    Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics by Jiang Wu Student ID: s1609785 Supervisor: Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second reader: Dr. E.I. Crevels Date: 10th January, 2017 Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iv List of tables ................................................................................................................... v List of figures ................................................................................................................ vi List of maps ................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Background literature ................................................................................... 3 2.1. Plural words as nominal plurality marking ....................................................... 3 2.2. Plural words in Austronesian languages ..........................................................
  • Reconstructing the Case-Marking and Personal Pronoun Systems of Proto Austronesian

    Reconstructing the Case-Marking and Personal Pronoun Systems of Proto Austronesian

    Streams Converging Into an Ocean, 521-563 2006-8-005-021-000082-1 Reconstructing the Case-marking and Personal Pronoun Systems of Proto Austronesian Malcolm Ross The Australian National University Since Blust presented his reconstruction of Proto Austronesian and Proto Malayo-Polynesian personal pronouns in 1977, more data relevant to their reconstruction have become available. This paper takes account of relevant publications since 1977 and sets out a fresh reconstruction of Proto Austronesian personal pronouns, with supporting data from Formosan languages and interpretive arguments. Since personal pronoun systems in Formosan languages often incorporate the case-markers more generally used in noun phrases, and it is impossible to interpret the histories of the pronouns without taking account of the case-markers, a reconstruction of Proto Austronesian case-markers is also presented here. The goal of Blust’s 1977 paper was to show that all Austronesian languages outside Taiwan are characterized by certain innovations in their personal pronoun system, thus providing evidence for the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian. Blust’s findings are confirmed and augmented in the present paper. Key words: Proto-Austronesian, reconstruction, pronouns, case-markers 1. Introduction Blust (1977) reconstructs the pronoun system of Proto Austronesian (PAn) as part of his account of the internal subgrouping of the Austronesian language family. He describes pronominal innovations that occurred in Proto Malayo-Polynesian (PMP), the ancestor of all non-Formosan Austronesian languages, and that are reflected in its many daughter-languages. In the years since 1977, more data relevant to the reconstruction of PAn pronouns have become available, and in Ross (2002a) I published a revised reconstruction as part of a sketch of PAn morphosyntax.
  • POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 the Mission Frontier 41 3.3 the Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 the Government Frontier 56

    POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 the Mission Frontier 41 3.3 the Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 the Government Frontier 56

    re . I /VA �I (its story) by Tom Dutton The University of Papua New Guinea Press 1985 Published by the University of Papua New Guinea Press Copyright T. E. Dutton 1985 © All right reserved CONTENTS First published 1985 FOREWORD Vll ISBN 9980-84-007-2 PREFACE Vlll Printed in Hong Kong by Colocraft Ltd. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY X-lV Cover design by Takus David ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS and OTHER CONVENTIONS xv GLOSSARY XVI Produced within the framework of the Languages for Intercultural Australian Academy of the THE LANGUAGE TODAY Communication in the Pacific Area Project of the 1. Humanities and under the academic auspices of the Union Academique 1.1 Introduction Internationale as publication No. 3 under the Project. 1.2 Distribution and Varieties No royalties are paid on this book. 1.3 General Overview of the Structure of Hiri (formerly Police) Motu 4 1.4 Pidgin Features of Hiri Motu 7 1.4.1 Sounds 7 1.4.2 Grammar 8 1.4.3 Vocabulary 16 2. IN THE BEGINNING: THE PRE-EUROPEAN SETTING 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The HTL(E) 22 2.3 The HTL(K) 29 2.4 Simplified Motu 36 3. INVASION AND THE NEW FRONTIER: SIMPLIFIED MOTU TO POLICE MOTU 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3 .2 The Mission Frontier 41 3.3 The Unofficial 'Visitors' Frontier 47 3.4 The Government Frontier 56 4. LAW AND ORDER: THE SPREAD OF POLICE MOTU 59 To Corinne, Brett and Anna 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 MacGregor's Armed Native Constabulary 62 4.3 The Village Constable System 71 4.4 The Prison System 74 4.5 Conclusion 78 ECONOMIC AND OTHER DEVELOPMENT: 5.
  • Custom and Laws in Contemporary Land Disputes Among the Motu-Koita of Papua New Guinea, 323-349

    Custom and Laws in Contemporary Land Disputes Among the Motu-Koita of Papua New Guinea, 323-349

    BRAMELL'S RULES: CUSTOM AND LAW IN CONTEMPORARY LAND DISPUTES AMONG THE MOTU-KOITA OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Michael Goddard Macquarie University, Australia Jurisprudence in Papua New Guinea acknowledges "custom," "customary law" and "customary title." Also, courts accept oral history, legends, and mythology as legitimate evidence in the investigation of land claims. At the same time it is generally acknowledged by legal scholars that custom is fluid, flexible, and adaptive to changing circumstances. When contemporary law courts investi­ gate local custom, conceived to be manifest in traditional practices, paradoxes arc inevitable when the legal pref(,rence for consistency engages with the vicissitudes of orally transmitted understandings of land rights. Europeans established themselves on the territory of the Motu-Koita, on the southeast coast, in the 1870s, and local systems of "land tenure" linked to kinship prin­ ciples were described by various authors in subsequent decades. A document on "Native Land Custom" composed by a European land commissioner in 1964 has become the standard resource on Motu-Koita land customs for legal purposes in Land Courts and Higher Courts in the postcolonial period. Two sets of "custom" are now observable in the settlement of land disputes among Motu-Koita villagers. One is visible in informal procedures, which do not involve the land court. The other is the "official" version of traditional land custom used in the land court. This paper discusses the effects on postcolonial intragroup land disputes and conceptions of descent principles when Motu­ Koita have recourse through the courts to a colonial-era representation of their customary attitudes to land rights.
  • Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No

    Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No

    AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA Working Paper No. 6 MILNE BAY PROVINCE TEXT SUMMARIES, MAPS, CODE LISTS AND VILLAGE IDENTIFICATION R.L. Hide, R.M. Bourke, B.J. Allen, T. Betitis, D. Fritsch, R. Grau, L. Kurika, E. Lowes, D.K. Mitchell, S.S. Rangai, M. Sakiasi, G. Sem and B. Suma Department of Human Geography, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia REVISED and REPRINTED 2002 Correct Citation: Hide, R.L., Bourke, R.M., Allen, B.J., Betitis, T., Fritsch, D., Grau, R., Kurika, L., Lowes, E., Mitchell, D.K., Rangai, S.S., Sakiasi, M., Sem, G. and Suma,B. (2002). Milne Bay Province: Text Summaries, Maps, Code Lists and Village Identification. Agricultural Systems of Papua New Guinea Working Paper No. 6. Land Management Group, Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra. Revised edition. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry: Milne Bay Province: text summaries, maps, code lists and village identification. Rev. ed. ISBN 0 9579381 6 0 1. Agricultural systems – Papua New Guinea – Milne Bay Province. 2. Agricultural geography – Papua New Guinea – Milne Bay Province. 3. Agricultural mapping – Papua New Guinea – Milne Bay Province. I. Hide, Robin Lamond. II. Australian National University. Land Management Group. (Series: Agricultural systems of Papua New Guinea working paper; no. 6). 630.99541 Cover Photograph: The late Gore Gabriel clearing undergrowth from a pandanus nut grove in the Sinasina area, Simbu Province (R.L.
  • Manual for Alphabet Design Through Community Interaction for Papua New Guinea Elementary Teacher Trainers

    Manual for Alphabet Design Through Community Interaction for Papua New Guinea Elementary Teacher Trainers

    Manual for Alphabet Design through Community Interaction for Papua New Guinea Elementary Teacher Trainers Catherine Easton and Diane Wroge Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial ShareAlike license. You may freely copy, distribute and transmit this work and you may also adapt the work under the following conditions: 1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). 2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes. and 3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. September 2002 Trial Edition November 2002 First Edition June 2012 Second Edition SIL – Ukarumpa Eastern Highlands Province Papua New Guinea Table of Contents Purpose ......................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................1 What is an alphabet?..................................................................................................................2 The Alphabet Principle........................................................................................................2 Which sounds need to be written?.................................................................................2 Types of symbols...........................................................................................................3
  • Papers from AFLA 25 - Chen & Jiang the Organization of This Paper Is As Follows

    Papers from AFLA 25 - Chen & Jiang the Organization of This Paper Is As Follows

    WAYS OF TALKING ABOUT THE PAST: 1 THE SEMANTICS OF -IN- AND =IN IN BUNUN Sihwei Chen Haowen Jiang Academia Sinica Peking University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract This paper assesses the semantics of two homophonous markers, -in- and =in in Isbukun Bunun (Formosan, Austronesian). While both markers are used to express some kind of anteriority reading, there is no consensus about their semantic category. By presenting new empirical evidence, we offer an alternative analysis for both markers. We argue in detail that -in- is an existential past tense marker, which is in line with Jeng (1999) and De Busser (2009) but differs in many important details. We also suggest that =in is a discourse-level change-of-state marker, in contrast to the dominant view. This study not only suggests that temporal components can be associated with different categories cross-linguistically, but also has implications for analyzing similar markers in other Formosan languages. Keywords: past tense, perfect aspect, inchoativity, Isbukun Bunun, existential past ISO 639-3 codes: bnn 1 Introduction This paper assesses the semantics of two homophonous markers, -in- and =in in Isbukun Bunun (Formosan, Austronesian). The former is an infix and has an allomorphemic variant -i-,2 while the latter is an invariant enclitic attachable to various lexical words. We choose to look at the two markers for a number of reasons. First, their phonological identity raises the question of how their use differs. Second, while both markers are used to express some kind of anteriority reading, there is no consensus about their semantic category.
  • Unpacking My Collection

    Unpacking My Collection

    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2019 Unpacking My Collection Newell Marcel Harry University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Harry, Newell Marcel, Unpacking My Collection, Doctor of Creative Arts thesis, School of the Arts, English & Media, University of Wollongong, 2019. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/794 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong.
  • Black, White & Gold

    Black, White & Gold

    4 Woodlark a people free to walk about Woodlark Island, over 40 miles in length and greater in area than Sudest, is lower and swampier than the other big islands of south-eastern Papua. Thick rain forest flourishes wherever the soil and drainage are adequate. The raised coral, mangroves, forest and small areas of garden lands of the west are divided from the east by the hills near Kulumadau in central Woodlark and the low Okiduse Range which rises at Mount Kabat in the north and culminates in a spear point of peninsula dominated by Suloga Peak. Inland from the mid-north coast and Guasopa Bay are extensive gardening lands. In 1895 the beach opposite Mapas Island was covered in stone chips, a clearing about a mile inland was strewn with more fragments, and beyond that near an old village site on the flank of Suloga Peak were acres of chips. For many generations men had mined on Woodlark, taking stone from rock faces exposed in a gully on Suloga and working it until it became a tool, wealth and art. The hard volcanic rock was flaked by striking it with another stone, ground in sand and water, and then polished in water and the powder coming away from the stone itself. At the old village site on Suloga and at other places on Woodlark were large slabs of rock each with a circular depression made by men grinding and polishing. In the most valuable blades the polishing highlighted a network of lighter bands, the result of the irregular laying down of the original volcanic ash.
  • Organised Phonology Data

    Organised Phonology Data

    Organised Phonology Data Saliba Language [SBE] Sariba and Rogeia Islands, the western tip of Sideia Island and the Papuan mainland along the West Channel to Gadogadoa Point - Milne Bay Province Trans New Guinea Phylum; Papuan Tip Cluster Family: Suau family Population census: 2,900 Major villages: Sidudu, Sawasawaga, Logeakai, Logeapwata Linguistic work done by: SIL Data checked by: Sabine and Rainer Oetzel 24 May 2004 Phonemic and Orthographic Inventory / a b b d h i j k k l m m n o p/ <a b bw d e g gw h i y k kw l m mw n o p> <A B Bw D E G Gw H I Y K Kw L M Mw N O P> /p s t u w/ <pw s t u w > <Pw S T U W > Consonants Bilab LabDen Dental Alveo Postalv Retro Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn Glottal Plosive p b t d k Nasal m n Trill Tap/Flap Fricative s h Lateral Fricative Approx Lateral l Approx Ejective Stop Implos /p / labialized voiceless bilabial plosive Saliba OPD Printed: September 6, 2004 Page 2 /b/ labialized voiced bilabial plosive /k/ labialized voiceless velar plosive // labialized voiced velar plosive /m/ labialized voiced bilabial nasal p polohe 'heavy gwaugwauna 'cold' kelepa 'knife' ka negwali 'we peel' p pwaisa 'tobacco' m memenagu 'my tongue' kipwala 'star' salime 'out rigger' kamkam 'chicken' t tamana 'his father' nete 'wharf' m ye mwayau 'it is full' kamwasa 'road, track' k kokolaka 'rat' like 'seeds' n nabada 'enough' sinebada 'old lady' k kwateya 'yams' ku likwa 'you wear' s sinagu 'my mother' ta kasi 'we cut grass' b bosa 'basket' taubada 'old man' h hesagu 'my name' loheya 'boy' b bwakohi 'roof cap' kubwakubwana
  • Gmsarn International Journal

    Gmsarn International Journal

    ISSN 1905-9094 GMSARN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Vol. 8 No. 3 September 2014 Published by the GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH NETWORK c/o Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand GMSARN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Chief Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Weerakorn Ongsakul Associate Editors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Clemens Grunbuhel Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wanpen Wirojanagud Dr. Vo Ngoc Dieu ADVISORY AND EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Worsak Kanok-Nukulchai Asian Institute of Technology, THAILAND. Prof. Deepak Sharma University of Technology, Sydney, AUSTRALIA. Dr. Robert Fisher University of Sydney, AUSTRALIA. Prof. Kit Po Wong Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG. Prof. Jin O. Kim Hanyang University, KOREA. Prof. S. C. Srivastava Indian Institute of Technology, INDIA. Prof. F. Banks Uppsala University, SWEDEN. Dr. Vladimir I. Kouprianov Thammasat University, THAILAND. Dr. Subin Pinkayan GMS Power Public Company Limited, Bangkok, THAILAND. Dr. Dennis Ray University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Dr. Joydeep Mitra Michigan State University, USA Dr. Soren Lund Roskilde University, DENMARK. Dr. Peter Messerli Berne University, SWITZERLAND. Dr. Andrew Ingles IUCN Asia Regional Office, Bangkok, THAILAND. Dr. Jonathan Rigg Durham University, UK. Dr. Jefferson Fox East-West Center, Honolulu, USA. Prof. Zhang Wentao Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering (CSEE). Prof. Kunio Yoshikawa Tokyo Institute of Technology, JAPAN GMSARN MEMBERS Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. www.ait.asia Guangxi University 100, Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi, CHINA www.gxu.edu.cn Hanoi University of Science and No. 1, Daicoviet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam S.R. Technology www.hust.edu.vn Ho Chi Minh City University of 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
  • Lexical Prefixes of Bunun Verbs Motoyasu NOJIMA

    Lexical Prefixes of Bunun Verbs Motoyasu NOJIMA

    言 語 研 究(Gengo Kenkyu)110(1996),1～27 1 Lexical Prefixes of Bunun Verbs Motoyasu NOJIMA (Graduate School, University of Tokyo) Keywords: Bunun, lexical prefixes, derivational affixes, `classi- ficatory prefixes', `verb classifiers' 1. Introduction Bunun1) is one of the Austronesian languages, spoken in the central part of Taiwan. It has a rich repertoire of verb-deriving prefixes, which are called lexical prefixes2) in this paper. The use of lexical prefixes is quite productive in the formation of verb stems. They productively combine with various types of root morphemes (bound or free) to add semantic modification to them. They are very lexical in meaning in that they denote concrete events such as `dying', `dreaming', `burning', or ac- tivities such as `running', `hitting', `cutting', `giving', which might be achieved by the use of independent verbs in other languages. Verbs with a lexical prefix can roughly be classified into three groups according to the semantic relation between the prefix and 1) The Bunun language consists of three major dialects: Northern, Central, and Southern (Li 1988). The following description is based on data from the Southern dialect. Bunun (Southern dialect) has fourteen consonant phonemes: p, t, k, ' [?], b, d, s, h [x], v, z [*], m, n, g [*], and I[I]. The s and t are palatalized before i. There is phonemic contrast between /'/ and zero only word-medially. Bunun has a three-vowel system: a, u, and i. Each may occur both long and short. Stress is not distinctive: it usually falls on the penultimate syllable of a word. 2) The term `lexical prefixes' might be reminiscent of the `lexical suffixes' in the 'Mosan' languages in the Northwest Coast of North America, which are contrastively nominal in nature, however.