Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond

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Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond edited by Roland Bielmeier Felix Haller Mouton de Gruyter Berlin • New York Contents Editorial . v Reasons for language shift: Theories, myths and counterevidence 1 Dorte Borchers Directionals in Tokpe Gola Tibetan discourse 23 Nancy J. Caplow The language history of Tibetan 47 Philip Denwood Dzala and Dakpa form a coherent subgroup within East Bodish, and some related thoughts 71 George van Driem Stem alternation and verbal valence in Themchen Tibetan 85 Felix Holier A comparative and historical study of demonstratives and plural markers in Tamangic languages 97 Isao Honda Grammatical peculiarities of two dialects of southern Kham Tibetan 119 Krisadawan Hongladarom The Sampang word accent: Phonetic realisation and phonological function 153 RendHuysmans A low glide in Marphali 163 Martine Mazaudon Pronominally marked noun determiners in Limbu 189 Boyd Michailovsky xii Contents About Chaurasia 203 Jean Robert Opgenort Implications of labial place assimilation in Amdo Tibetan 225 KarlA.Peet Context shift and linguistic coding in Kinnauri narratives 247 Anju Saxena The status of Bunan in the Tibeto-Burman family 265 Suhnu Ram Sharma Tibetan orthography, the Balti dialect, and a contemporary phonological theory 279 Richard K. Sprigg Case-marked PRO: Evidence from Rabha, Manipuri, Hindi-Urdu and Telugu 291 Karumuri Venkata Subbarao, Upen Rabha Hakacham, and Thokchom Sarju Devi Perfective stem renovation in Khalong Tibetan 323 Jackson T.-S. Sun On the deictic patterns in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) 341 Yoshiharu Takahashi Tibetan grammar and. the active/stative case-marking type 355 Ralf Vollmann The nature of narrative text in Dzongkha: Evidence from deixis, evidentially, and mirativity 381 Stephen A. Waiters Sentence patterns and pattern variation in Ladakhi: A field report 399 Bettina Zeisler. Subject index 427 Language index 436.

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On Bhutanese and Tibetan Dzongs **
ON BHUTANESE AND TIBETAN DZONGS ** Ingun Bruskeland Amundsen** “Seen from without, it´s a rocky escarpment! Seen from within, it´s all gold and treasure!”1 There used to be impressive dzong complexes in Tibet and areas of the Himalayas with Tibetan influence. Today most of them are lost or in ruins, a few are restored as museums, and it is only in Bhutan that we find the dzongs still alive today as administration centers and monasteries. This paper reviews some of what is known about the historical developments of the dzong type of buildings in Tibet and Bhutan, and I shall thus discuss towers, khars (mkhar) and dzongs (rdzong). The first two are included in this context as they are important in the broad picture of understanding the historical background and typological developments of the later dzongs. The etymological background for the term dzong is also to be elaborated. Backdrop What we call dzongs today have a long history of development through centuries of varying religious and socio-economic conditions. Bhutanese and Tibetan histories describe periods verging on civil and religious war while others were more peaceful. The living conditions were tough, even in peaceful times. Whatever wealth one possessed had to be very well protected, whether one was a layman or a lama, since warfare and strife appear to have been endemic. Security measures * Paper presented at the workshop "The Lhasa valley: History, Conservation and Modernisation of Tibetan Architecture" at CNRS in Paris Nov. 1997, and submitted for publication in 1999. ** Ingun B. Amundsen, architect MNAL, lived and worked in Bhutan from 1987 until 1998.
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An Internal Reconstruction of Tibetan Stem Alternations1
Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 110:2 (2012) 212–224 AN INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION OF TIBETAN STEM ALTERNATIONS1 By GUILLAUME JACQUES CNRS (CRLAO), EHESS ABSTRACT Tibetan verbal morphology differs considerably from that of other Sino-Tibetan languages. Most of the vocalic and consonantal alternations observed in the verbal paradigms remain unexplained after more than a hundred years of investigation: the study of historical Tibetan morphology would seem to have reached an aporia. This paper proposes a new model, explaining the origin of the alternations in the Tibetan verb as the remnant of a former system of directional prefixes, typologically similar to the ones still attested in the Rgyalrongic languages. 1. INTRODUCTION Tibetan verbal morphology is known for its extremely irregular conjugations. Li (1933) and Coblin (1976) have successfully explained some of the vocalic and consonantal alternations in the verbal system as the result of a series of sound changes. Little substantial progress has been made since Coblin’s article, except for Hahn (1999) and Hill (2005) who have discovered two additional conjugation patterns, the l- and r- stems respectively. Unlike many Sino-Tibetan languages (see for instance DeLancey 2010), Tibetan does not have verbal agreement, and its morphology seems mostly unrelated to that of other languages. Only three morphological features of the Tibetan verbal system have been compared with other languages. First, Shafer (1951: 1022) has proposed that the a ⁄ o alternation in the imperative was related to the –o suffix in Tamangic languages. This hypothesis is well accepted, though Zeisler (2002) has shown that the so-called imperative (skul-tshig) was not an imperative at all but a potential in Old Tibetan.
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Syntactic Aspects of Nominalization in Five Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayan Area1
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)53Lt- I'\.' -- the ENGLISH and FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500605, INDIA
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Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Shughni Southern Pashto Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Wakhi Mandarin Chinese Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Domaaki Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Khowar Khowar Khowar Kati Yidgha Eastern Farsi Munji Kalasha Kati KatiKati Phalura Kalami Indus Kohistani Shina Kati Prasuni Kamviri Dameli Kalami Languages of the Gawar-Bati To rw al i Chilisso Waigali Gawar-Bati Ushojo Kohistani Shina Balti Parachi Ashkun Tregami Gowro Northwest Pashayi Southwest Pashayi Grangali Bateri Ladakhi Northeast Pashayi Southeast Pashayi Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Aimaq Parya Northern Hindko Kashmiri Northern Pashto Purik Hazaragi Ladakhi Indian Subcontinent Changthang Ormuri Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Southern Hindko Kashmiri Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Southern Pashto Ladakhi Central Pashto Khams Tibetan Kullu Pahari KinnauriBhoti Kinnauri Sunam Majhi Western Panjabi Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Chitkuli Kinnauri Mahasu Pahari Eastern Panjabi Panang Jaunsari Western Balochi Southern Pashto Garhwali Khetrani Hazaragi Humla Rawat Central Tibetan Waneci Rawat Brahui Seraiki DarmiyaByangsi ChaudangsiDarmiya Western Balochi Kumaoni Chaudangsi Mugom Dehwari Bagri Nepali Dolpo Haryanvi Jumli Urdu Buksa Lowa Raute Eastern Balochi Tichurong Seke Sholaga Kaike Raji Rana Tharu Sonha Nar Phu ChantyalThakali Seraiki Raji Western Parbate Kham Manangba Tibetan Kathoriya Tharu Tibetan Eastern Parbate Kham Nubri Marwari Ts um Gamale Kham Eastern
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25-Hyslop-Stls-2016-Handout
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