THE CRISIS OF ROME: THE JUGURTHINE AND NORTHERN WARS AND THE RISE OF MARIUS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Gareth Sampson | 192 pages | 15 Aug 2010 | Pen & Sword Books Ltd | 9781844159727 | English | South Yorkshire, United Kingdom The Crisis of Rome: The Jugurthine and Northern Wars and the Rise of Marius PDF Book Given his reforms of the recruitment criteria in BC see Appendix I , it has been suggested that Marius again raised fresh forces from Italy by this method. Whilst they held firm, the tide of the battle was turned by the victory of the Roman cavalry under Sulla, who, after driving off the Mauri cavalry at least in his sector then returned to the fray to support the infantry and catch the Mauri from behind. What's this? Reorganizing and reinvigorating the demoralized Roman legions, he led them to two remarkable victories in the space of months, crushing the Teutones and Ambrones at Aquiae Sextae and the Cimbri at Vercellae. Friend Reviews. Throughout he undertook a systematic march across Numidia, re- securing the country for Rome and storming any remaining Jugurthan towns or forts. Nevertheless, he would not have had too much time to savour the victory as the other tribal army of the Cimbri, by far the larger and most dangerous of the northern tribes, was also heading for Italy by a separate route and he would have to support his colleague Catulus in his defence of Italy. Then Jugurtha, on learning of the arrival of Bocchus, made his way secretly with a few men to meet up with him. Other Editions 3. Sallust ascribes this to a desire to avoid open combat and force Marius to divide his forces into two, thus weakening his overall position. Both Sallust and Orosius do agree that the battle was initially a disaster for the Romans. Whilst they had suffered setbacks at the hands of the other tribes, they had on three occasions proved to be superior to the Roman military. Andrew Finley marked it as to-read Jun 05, Luckily for him, it worked. Both Plutarch and Orosius are consistent in the fact that upon the approach of the tribal force down the Rhone valley, Marius did not move out to engage them, but remained in his fortified position on higher ground. Dominic C Wynn rated it really liked it Dec 26, Author: Gareth C. Before we move onto the attacks of the two armies and the battles that resulted, it would be beneficial to briefly analyse the tribes that made up this grand tribal alliance:. Open Preview See a Problem? Furthermore, the uphill charge also favoured the Roman method of initial assault with the pilum. Your basket is empty. Then the Romans came to the aid of the Ligurians and charged down on the Ambrones from the higher ground, forced them back and routed them. Available in the following formats: ePub Hardback Paperback Kindle. Robert rated it liked it Nov 27, Not only could he avert Roman invasion, but could get himself into Roman favour; the price was Jugurtha. Jim marked it as to-read Sep 28, Added to this mixture of rebellion and inter-tribal fighting came a massive Cimbric invasion. Throughout their history the Romans had no black-and-white concept of a formal division between Roman and non-Roman territory. However, Marius was able to bounce back in when he secured election to the Praetorship for at the first attempt, albeit in last place. Finally, comes the figure of C. Evans also provides an excellent summary of his early career. Their enemy was upon them and no help was at hand. More filters. Although the enemy had been defeated, it is clear from later events that they had not been destroyed as Sallust claims. The Crisis of Rome: The Jugurthine and Northern Wars and the Rise of Marius Writer

These two years Marius had would have been invaluable in ensuring that when the tribes did eventually move on Italy the locals had been re- subjugated. Furthermore, this coincided with a renewed Jugurthan invasion of Numidia, which aside from an unknown number of garrisoned towns and cities was open to him. More Details As far as the eye could see, the battlefield was strewn with weapons, armour and corpses, with patches of bloodied earth showing between them. Mirko Kriskovic rated it it was amazing Apr 23, Thus Roman might and domination now covered the whole of North Africa, from Libya to the Atlantic coast. History of War Website August Though we have no evidence that the Ligurian tribes joined the Cimbri, it is important to understand that Northern Italy and Southern Gaul were now potentially hostile territory for the Romans. The first clear difference concerns the location of the battle and the initial encounter. Nevertheless, despite the few details provided by our remaining sources for these years, they represented a golden opportunity for Marius to integrate his army of fresh recruits and veterans, train them up and hone his tactics for what the Roman saw as the inevitable battles to come with the Cimbri. Nevertheless, he had already survived for four years and had seen off three Roman commanders. All we have in our sources for this alliance between the tribes is one line from the Periochae of Livy. Whilst they held firm, the tide of the battle was turned by the victory of the Roman cavalry under Sulla, who, after driving off the Mauri cavalry at least in his sector then returned to the fray to support the infantry and catch the Mauri from behind. Both Plutarch and Orosius are consistent in the fact that upon the approach of the tribal force down the Rhone valley, Marius did not move out to engage them, but remained in his fortified position on higher ground. Marius had run on a programme of ending the war in Numidia, yet we hear that the Senate snubbed this by re-affirming Metellus as commander shortly before it was put to a vote. This clearly indicates that the enemy was still a viable threat and that Marius was in effect attempting to retreat from hostile territory. Gilson Landry S. Nevertheless, such an outright move was an important and deadly precedent; one which sparked-off the First Civil War in 88 BC and was utilized with great skill by Pompey in later years. Having been given this time without an immediate opponent, Marius utilized it to maximum benefit in training and modifying his army the details of which will be discussed in Chapter The group had been drinking and eating and were taken by surprise and not in prime fighting condition. As has been seen in the Northern Wars, such a triumph being celebrated whilst the war continued was normal practice, yet this one also resulted in Metellus being given the cognomen of Numidicus, thus becoming Q. James marked it as to-read Jun 08, Gaius Marius was the man of the hour. The Crisis of Rome: The Jugurthine and Northern Wars and the Rise of Marius Reviews

We hear little of events in Rome during this period. While the cavalry were thus engaged, Bocchus, with his infantry being brought up by his son Volux, who had been delayed on the way and had not taken part in the previous battle, charged the Roman rear. However, they did not allow their men to go far away, but encompassed both hills with their huge army, they camped in loose order. Gareth C. With the defeat of the Cimbri in Spain, the bulk of the tribes crossed the Pyrenees once more and returned to Gaul. We can speculate that he could only look on impotently as his few remaining strongholds fell to the Romans, and he was reduced to skulking around the Numidian deserts living off the land with his foreign army. It was at this point, BC, that the tribes made their return to southern Gaul. Thus, on one occasion he had threatened to imprison the consuls over a law which technically favoured the people, though would have been obscure to many, whilst on the other he blocked what would have been a popular grain distribution law. Lists with This Book. It is clear that Marius left Rome with his army soon after his triumph and headed north for southern Gaul. Then, as daylight was drawing near and the enemy having at length become exhausted just beginning to sleep, he [Marius] suddenly ordered the watch and at the same time the horn-blowers of the cohorts of the cavalry and of the legions to sound the signal together, and the soldiers to raise a shout and burst forth from the gates of the camps. Add to Basket. Again there is some argument in the sources over exactly who Marius faced in the initial clash. In Sallust we are presented with a clear-cut example of Roman discipline and barbarian indiscipline, with the highly-improbable account of the Mauri and Gaetulians completely losing all sense of discipline, not to mention common sense, and celebrating when the Romans were trapped in a defensive position and then falling prey to a dawn counterattack, which any half-decent commander could have anticipated. Plutarch reports that just as he was about to light the pyre messengers arrived confirming his re-election as consul for BC. Sallust then breaks off his campaign narrative for the election of Marius and the recruitment of his new army, which would have taken at least the first half of BC. Their enemy was upon them and no help was at hand. The only surviving narrative history for Spain in the period is Appian, who has one section on the period in question. When the Romans conquered them, their forces it is said, were slaughtered almost to the last man. With the marriage somewhere in the region of —, it has been argued that he campaigned for the consulship in this period, now with additional backers, though this remains conjecture. David Anderson rated it really liked it Jan 22, Numidian armies had been easily defeated by Roman armies, and their cities occupied and in some cases laid waste. Mirko Kriskovic rated it it was amazing Apr 23, This was an important new development and one that requires some discussion, even though it is little covered in the sources. He lives in Plymouth. Jeff rated it it was ok Nov 27, The death of his colleague during the year meant that he had to return to Rome to hold the consular elections for BC. Marius is the central figure for most of this period, eventually winning both the Jugurthine and Northern Wars. The shields too, which they usually carried and which were made from stretched and toughened elephant hide, though easy to handle and offering adequate protection, were of such a nature that they absorbed the rain like a sponge. One key question that faces us is whether Marius had this plan in mind from the beginning of his legateship or whether he developed it when in Africa. If the Romans could be ensnared in a long-drawn-out affair in North Africa then it was possible that events in Rome or in Gaul would ensure his survival, which at this point is all he could hope for. Books by Gareth C. Even if Jugurtha had been preparing an ambush, it is entirely possible that the news was leaked by Bocchus. The Gaetulians were made independent from Numidia also. We do know that his political connections improved via a marriage to a Roman noblewoman named Iulia, who hailed from the Iulii Caesares, tying him into one of the oldest yet obscure patrician families. The biggest difference between the two accounts comes with the ending of the battle.

The Crisis of Rome: The Jugurthine and Northern Wars and the Rise of Marius Read Online

Throughout their history the Romans had no black-and-white concept of a formal division between Roman and non-Roman territory. The first clear difference concerns the location of the battle and the initial encounter. Before his ship even returned to Italy, the senate elected Marius to lead the war against the northern invaders. The Metelli, though powerful, were bound to have a number of opponents, who did not relish the prospect of another Metellan victory to add to their tally. Thus for Marius to be considering gaining both a consulship and the Numidian command, he must have already formulated the radical step which would grant him both: getting the people to vote him the command. The Crisis of Rome ePub Three key Romans came out of this war with their reputations enhanced. In any event, Marius set another milestone with back-to-back consulships, a far more unprecedented act than two consulships in a decade. Sangwon rated it really liked it Jul 10, The Roman army emerged from this period of crisis a much leaner and more professional force and teh author examines the extent to which the 'Marian Reforms' were responsible for this and the extent to which they can be attributed to Marius himself. Cicero considers it to have been a sensible move aimed at reducing the potential for the corruption of voters and lets it pass without much comment. Gareth C. So they went on until they reached a place called Aquae Sextiae. Again, we have no clear chronology for this, but by early to mid BC, it appears that Marius had established a defensive position on the Rhone, based at Arles, where he awaited the return of the tribes. Marius had settled there five years earlier [c. Upon this return from Spain, however, it is apparent that the Cimbri evolved their strategy in a bold and decisive manner. The first war he brought to an end through tactical brilliance, bringing the Numidian King Jugurtha back in chains. Once his command expired he would become a private citizen again and would have to face the domestic consequences of his actions in BC. As to the first question, regarding Italy, the Cimbri would have known that any invasion of Italy would have been met with continued Roman resistance and that it would have resulted in a fight to the finish for one side or the other. Given the timing, it is probable that Marius only put it to a vote when snubbed by the Senate. Metellus clearly did much to restore the Roman position in Numidia after the disasters of BC. At the time, the defeat of the Roman armies at Arausio had given them a valuable breathing space from Roman resistance and there were still other options available. Without standards and in disorder, horse and foot massed together, some gave ground, others slew their opponents; many who were bravely fighting against the enemy were surrounded from the rear. Sampson has produced a well argued narrative of these wars, admitting when speculation is needed because of the limits of our sources. Thus we apparently find the Roman army still in the province of Africa half way through BC. It is entirely possible that both may have been in circulation at the time and both contain many fabulous elements to turn them into good stories for public consumption. Once the tribesmen had marched past the Romans, Marius too broke camp and trailed them along the Rhone valley:. Then Marius, adapting his tactics to the situation and wishing to provide a place of refuge for his men, took possession of two neighbouring hills, one of which was too small for a camp, but had a large spring of water, while the other was better adapted to his purpose because it was the most part high and steep and required little fortification. They appear to have been far less in number than either the Cimbri and Teutones and it has been speculated that they were a small allied tribe from the Zuiderzee region of Holland now a large North Sea inlet. Sallust gives these events his usual dramatic flourish and states that, even at this stage, Bocchus was vacillating between Jugurtha and Rome. Even if Jugurtha had been preparing an ambush, it is entirely possible that the news was leaked by Bocchus. Thus, on one occasion he had threatened to imprison the consuls over a law which technically favoured the people, though would have been obscure to many, whilst on the other he blocked what would have been a popular grain distribution law. What Marius did next was just as important, but far more contentious historically. Gilson Landry S. Regardless of this, the absence of the Cimbri gave Marius vital breathing space. With the north, east and south the Mediterranean all discarded, the west was an attractive and nearby alternative. AD 3—6, which saw them defeated and added to the Mauri kingdom. To those ends the Cimbri made contact with a number of other tribes and co-ordinated a strategy for the invasion of Italy. He ordered Sulla to pass the night with the cavalry beside the spring, while he gradually rallied his scattered forces and the enemy were in no less disorder, and then led them all at the quick march to the hill. Marius, however, paid them no heed but kept his soldiers inside their fortifications…. No battle was ever more turbulent or more harrowing to a Roman soldier. Check XE. Later, however, these same kings Jugurtha and Bocchus threw 90, soldiers into a final struggle. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. What Bocchus ultimately had to offer was of paramount interest to Marius and Rome, namely Jugurtha himself. The enemy, again circling around them, not only cut to pieces the flanks of the line, but also kept overwhelming the centre with darts that reached their mark, though hurled from a distance. 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