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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State
ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries. -
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges. -
Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited. -
The End of Local Magistrates in the Roman Empire
The end of local magistrates in the Roman Empire Leonard A. CURCHIN University of Waterloo, Canadá [email protected] Recibido: 15 de julio de 2013 Aceptado: 10 de diciembre de 2013 ABSTRACT Previous studies of the status of local magistrates in the Late Empire are unsatisfying and fail to explain when and why local magistracies ended. With the aid of legal, epigraphic, papyrological and literary sources, the author re-examines the functions and chronology of both regular and quasi-magistrates, among them the curator, defensor and pater civitatis. He finds that the expense of office-holding was only part of the reason for the extinction of regular magistracies. More critical was the failure of local magistrates to control finances and protect the plebeians. Key words: Cursus honorum. Late Roman Empire. Roman administration. Roman cities. Roman gov- ernment. Roman magistrates. El fin de los magistrados locales en el Imperio romano RESUMEN Los estudios previos relativos a la condición de los magistrados locales durante el Bajo Imperio son poco satisfactorios, porque dejan sin aclarar cuándo y cómo se extinguieron las magistraturas locales. Con ayuda de fuentes jurídicas, epigráficas, papirológicas y literarias, el autor examina de nuevo las funciones y la cronología de magistrados regulares y cuasi-magistrados, como el curator, el defensor y el pater civitatis. Se considera que los gastos aparejados a los cargos públicos explican sólo en parte la extinción de las magistraturas regulares; más crucial fue, en este sentido, el hecho de que los magistra- dos locales de este período fallasen a la hora de restringir los gastos o de proteger a los plebeyos. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Contested Legend Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Contested Legend of al-Kâhina: Prophetess or Propaganda? A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Art in African Studies by Jessica Leigh Keuter 2019 © Copyright by Jessica Leigh Keuter 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Contested Legend of al-Kâhina: Prophetess or Propaganda? by Jessica Leigh Keuter Master of Arts in African Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Ghislaine Lydon, Chair With depictions ranging from anti-Muslim resistance warrior of the seventh century to mythical priestess, al-Kâhina looms large in the historical narratives of North African Amazigh, Jewish, and Arab peoples. Despite her legendary status, al-Kâhina’s existence as a historical female figure who reigned over the Amazigh is disputed. In this paper, I highlight the long history of colonial occupation and continual resistance organizing by the Amazigh prior to al-Kâhina’s battles with the Arab invaders at the end of the seventh century. Through analysis of secondary sources, I examine how both Arab and French occupations appropriated the legend to promote their agendas. I argue that al-Kâhina’s story has been used to enforce or combat different political agendas, both historically and today. Presently in the region , al-Kâhina has been iconized and used as the “face” of Amazigh nationalist and cultural movements. ii The thesis of Jessica Leigh Keuter is approved. Katherine M. Marino William H. Worger Ghislaine E. Lydon, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2019 iii “Someday we’ll all be gone But lullabies go on and on They never die…” ~ Billy Joel iv Contents List of Figures vi List of Maps vii Introduction 1 Historical Context 7 Early Imazighen 7 Greeks/Phoenicians 9 Early Romans 9 Roman Christianization 12 Vandals/Byzantine Control 15 Arab Invasion & Islamization 16 Ottoman Conquest 17 French Colonial Rule 17 Independence 21 Discussion of the Literature 23 Norman Roth 23 "The Kâhina: Legendary Material in the Accounts of the Jewish Berber Queen” H.T. -
Die Ahnen Der Tuareg Im Spiegel Historischer Berichterstattung*
Almogaren XXXVIII / 2007 Wien 2007 173 - 235 Franz Trost Die Ahnen der Tuareg im Spiegel historischer Berichterstattung* Keywords: Northern Africa, Sahara, Berber, Tuareg, Arabic sources Zusammenfassung: Der nördliche Teil des afrikanischen Kontinents ist durch eine relativ gute und in frühe Jahrhunderte zurückreichende Quellenlage gekennzeichnet. So möchte diese Studie vor allem die arabischen Autoren des Mittelalters selbst zu Wort kommen lassen, wobei es nicht allein um ereignisreiche Daten geht, sondern um die historisch getreue Erstellung eines Bildes einer an den Schauplatz gebundenen Bevölkerung, die in einer bestimmten Zeitspanne untersucht wird. Anhand des heterogenen Basismaterials soll eine Synthese über die Entwicklung jener in einem Extremraum lebenden Population gewonnen wer- den, die allgemein unter der Fremdbezeichnung "Tuareg" bekannt ist. Résumé: La partie nord du vaste continent d'Afrique est marquée par des sources relativement bonnes et qui remontent aux siècles anciens. Cette étude voudrait citer surtout les auteurs arabes du moyen-âge. Il ne s'agira pas seulement de dates importantes, mais de donner aussi une image authentique de l'histoire d'une population indigène, examinée pendant une certaine période. Comme le matériel de base est hétérogène, une synthèse concernant le développement de cette population habitant un espace extrème, généralement connue sous l'hétéronotation de "Touareg", en a été le but. Abstract: The northern part of the vast continent is marked by relatively good sources going back to early centuries. This study wants to quote above all the Arabic authors of the Middle Ages. It is not meant to enumerate dates of historic events only, but to give an historically authentic picture of a population indigenous to a certain region, examined during a certain period of time. -
Aus: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 133 (2000) 221–235
JAKOB MUNK HØJTE IMPERIAL VISITS AS OCCASION FOR THE ERECTION OF PORTRAIT STATUES? aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133 (2000) 221–235 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 221 IMPERIAL VISITS AS OCCASION FOR THE ERECTION OF PORTRAIT STATUES? In studies of portraits of Roman emperors, little attention is generally paid to the question of when and why portrait statues were erected. Rather, the main objective is to determine the date of the original or “Urbild” for each portrait type from which subsequent images were reproduced and distributed through- out the empire. Whenever the practical aspects concerning the erection of imperial statues are discussed occasions directly related to the emperor, accession to the throne, military victories, jubilees, the holding of magistracies, marriage and important events in the life of a designated heir, figure among the most frequently cited.1 In addition, imperial visits in cities around the empire have been seen as the most obvious moment for a city to show its loyalty towards the emperor by setting up his image. Imperial statues were sometimes erected when emperors visited a city, but the extent to which this practice was followed has never been fully investigated. Nevertheless the assumption has influenced the interpreta- tion of imperial portraits, most notably those of Hadrian, who shared his time almost equally between Rome and the provinces. Hadrian’s travelling activities have been thought to have had an effect on the general output of portrait statues as stated in a recent handbook on Roman sculpture: “There are more surviving portraits of Hadrian than of any other emperor besides Augustus. -
Djémila, Cuicul Romana Uma Perspectiva Sobre a Arquitectura Pública De Cuicul
FACULDADE DE ARQUITECTURA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO DJÉMILA, CUICUL ROMANA UMA PERSPECTIVA SOBRE A ARQUITECTURA PÚBLICA DE CUICUL Carlos Oliveira | Inês Vieira |Maria Isabel de Mendonça História da Arquitectura Antiga e Medieval | Docente Arq. Ana Neiva 1 Índice de Conteúdos Nota Prévia ................................................................................................................................... 3 Inserção Urbana e Território ........................................................................................................ 6 Traçado e Sistema de Composição ............................................................................................... 9 Fases de Construção ................................................................................................................ 14 Tipologias Públicas Romanas e a sua Organização Funcional no contexto da cidade .............. 17 Os Espaços Públicos ................................................................................................................ 19 Fórum do Capitólio .............................................................................................................. 20 Fórum dos Severos .............................................................................................................. 25 Bairro Cristão ....................................................................................................................... 28 Outros Equipamentos Públicos .............................................................................................. -
Paper Sample Riga
International Cartographic Association Commission on Cartographic Heritage into the Digital 14th ICA Conference Digital Approaches to Cartographic Heritage Conference Proceedings ISSN XXXX-XXXX - Thessaloniki, Greece, 8-10 May 2019 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Lyudmila Filatova1, Dmitri Gusev2, Sergey Stafeyev3 Iterative Reconstruction of Ptolemy’s West Africa Using Modern GIS Analysis Keywords: Claudius Ptolemy, ancient geography, GIS analysis, historical cartography, georeferencing Summary: The multifaceted and challenging problem of reconstructing Claudius Ptolemy’s map of ancient West Africa from the numeric coordinate data and other information found in his seminal ‘Geography’ and visualizing the results in modern projections using popular and powerful GIS tools, such as ArcGIS and Google Earth, is addressed by the authors iteratively. We apply a combination of several old and new techniques ranging from tradi- tional toponymic analysis to novel modifications of cluster analysis. Our hybrid human- machine method demonstrates that Ptolemy’s information on West Africa is a compilation of data from three or more sources, including at least one version or derivative of The Periplus of Hanno. The newest iteration adds data for three more provinces of Ptolemy’s Libya — Mauretania Caesariensis, Africa and Aethiopia Interior— to Mauretania Tingitana and Libya Interior investigated in an earlier, unpublished version of the work that the late Lyudmila Filatova had contributed to as the founder of our multi-year project. The surviv- ing co-authors used their newest digital analysis methods (triangulation and flocking with Bayesian correction) and took into account their recent finds on Ptolemy’s Sinae (Guinea/Senegal, where Ptolemy had placed fish-eating Aethiopians). We discuss some of the weaknesses and fallacies of the earlier approaches to the problem. -
The Mini-Columbarium in Carthage's Yasmina
THE MINI-COLUMBARIUM IN CARTHAGE’S YASMINA CEMETERY by CAITLIN CHIEN CLERKIN (Under the Direction of N. J. Norman) ABSTRACT The Mini-Columbarium in Carthage’s Roman-era Yasmina cemetery combines regional construction methods with a Roman architectural form to express the privileged status of its wealthy interred; this combination deploys monumental architectural language on a small scale. This late second or early third century C.E. tomb uses the very North African method of vaulting tubes, in development in this period, for an aggrandizing vaulted ceiling in a collective tomb type derived from the environs of Rome, the columbarium. The use of the columbarium type signals its patrons’ engagement with Roman mortuary trends—and so, with culture of the center of imperial power— to a viewer and imparts a sense of group membership to both interred and visitor. The type also, characteristically, provides an interior space for funerary ritual and commemoration, which both sets the Mini-Columbarium apart at Yasmina and facilitates normative Roman North African funerary ritual practice, albeit in a communal context. INDEX WORDS: Funerary monument(s), Funerary architecture, Mortuary architecture, Construction, Vaulting, Vaulting tubes, Funerary ritual, Funerary commemoration, Carthage, Roman, Roman North Africa, North Africa, Columbarium, Collective burial, Social identity. THE MINI-COLUMBARIUM IN CARTHAGE’S YASMINA CEMETERY by CAITLIN CHIEN CLERKIN A.B., Bowdoin College, 2011 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2013 © 2013 Caitlin Chien Clerkin All Rights Reserved. THE MINI-COLUMBARIUM IN CARTHAGE’S YASMINA CEMETERY by CAITLIN CHIEN CLERKIN Major Professor: Naomi J. -
Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire
EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR BOUNDARY DISPUTES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE by Thomas Elliott A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2004 Approved by _____________________________________ Advisor: Professor Richard Talbert _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Jerzy Linderski _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Mary Boatwright _____________________________________ Reader: Professor George Houston _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Melissa Bullard ii This page intentionally left blank. iii © 2004 Thomas Elliott ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv This page intentionally left blank. v ABSTRACT THOMAS ELLIOTT: Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire (Under the direction of Richard Talbert) This dissertation presents all published Greek and Latin epigraphic documents relating to internal boundary disputes of the Roman empire. In date, it spans the period from 2 BC to the third century AD. Spatially, the documents derive from 12 provinces ( Achaia, Africa, Asia, Baetica, Cilicia, Creta et Cyrene, Dalmatia, Iudaea, Lusitania, Macedonia, Moesia and Syria ), plus Italy. The presentation of each includes a text, English translation, bibliography and commentary. Analytical chapters expand upon recent published work by G. Burton and B. Campbell. Terminological analysis permits classification of epigraphic and literary evidence into five categories: boundary disputes, restoration of public and sacred lands, other land disputes, the assignment of boundaries and other authoritative demarcations involving Roman officials. The analysis also provides a more focused definition of several Latin and Greek words that indicate the delivery of a verdict by a Roman official ( decretum, sententia, iudicium, ἀποφάσις, κρίσις, ἐπικρίμα ).