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Home , 105 BC, Cimbri, Gaius Marius, Jugurtha, Numidia

3/6/12

What just happened?? Divisions in the Senate Were the demagogues? Results? Land reform & grain dole = divisive polical issues Redefinion of Roman polics: new self-consciousness • Opmates: Aim to keep control of the state in - Italian allies enraged - get polical force hands of the senatorial elite. They see oligarchy as - People realize their power best policy. - Tribunes become the way to get things done - Senate’s weakness revealed • : Aim to break up oligarchy of the senate -Realizaon that interests of individual and interests of state and focus on the voice of the People and the not necessarily the same any more assemblies. Rely on tribunes of the plebs to push reforms distasteful to senate. -End of consensus at and beginning of civil violence

Key points about Gaius (157-86 BC) War with “novus homo” who would be consul 7 mes • 118: Numidian king dies 1) Rome’s connuing military engagements: – divides between his two sons & his illeg. - Jugurtha in (112-105 BC) nephew, Jugurtha - and Teutones in North (113-101 BC) – Jugurtha seizes power and some Romans killed To defeat threats, is elected • Tribunes accuse of corrupon consul for five consecuve terms (104-100 BC) • War Declared, then paused • 111: Jugurtha visits Rome 2) Soluon to Rome’s manpower shortage – Charges of bribery -fewer Romans meet census req. for military service – Jugurtha ready to tesfy So Marius enlists landless men = professional soldiers – But a Tribune vetoes the charges Good soluons or new problems? – Jugurtha murders a potenal rival – Jugurtha ordered out of Rome

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Marius and the Army A city for sale • Marius = client of the Metelli • 119 tribune; 115 ; 109-8 legate in Numidia Marius (joins commander Metellus vs. Jugurtha) • “Aer passing through the gates of Rome, it is • Marius becomes popular among soldiers and back said that [Jugurtha] looked back at the city at Rome (double-crossing Metellus) several mes in silence, and finally exclaimed: • 107 consul and starts trouble: ‘Yonder is a city put up for sale, and its days – gets assembly to overrule senate, giving him the are numbered if it finds a buyer.’” – command in Numidia • Who were the buyers and sellers? – Enlist proletarii into – Buyers: Marius and Sulla (for now) • 106 Jugurtha handed over – Sellers: Army, Italian allies, and Roman Senate (to L. Cornelius Sulla?)

The German threat– Rome needs Marius’ army reform Marius! • conscript milia  professional army • 113-105 Cimbri and Teutones from Northern • New taccal unit: cohort of 600 men Germany head into Italy (div. into 6 centuries, with 1 Centurion per century) • Defeat FOUR Roman armies in Northern Italy • 10 cohorts per legion = 6,000 men and Southern France • Standardized weapons (and new ) • Disaster: Arausio, 105 (Southern France) • Standardized training • Romans are terrified and so… • Carry own equip.: Marius’ mules • Silver and corporate identy • 104: Marius elected consul to defend Rome • Professional army = new enty • And relected again in 103, 102, 101, and 100!! in Roman polics

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Victory ag. Cimbri and Teutones L. Appuleius Saturninus: Tribune 103 BC • quaeso de maiestate 103 BC • Marius defeats Teutones at Aquae Sexae, 102 – Treason court: “for offenses against majesty of • Marius (and his co-consul) defeat Cimbri,, 101 Roman people” (cf. Senator McCarthy) • Huge Triumphal parade – Set up to try the generals of Cimbrian wars • 101 peak of Marius’ career, unprecedented: • Re-introduced subsidized grain - elects him to 5 consulates in row - Tribal Assembly gives him command directly twice • Grants land to Marius’ vets from Numidia • But Nobility sll rejects him • Escalang violence: • Marius forced to rely on dubious polical “ally” – Sets mob on a competor tribune Saturninus… – Murders rival for re-elecon to tribunate

Marius teams up with Saturninus 100 BC First fall of Marius • Marius needs land for veterans • Aer 6 consulships, Marius has lost all • Saturninus (tribune again) proposes bill granng: influence. Slinks off to the East. land to veterans, new colonies, and cizenship to • Who was Marius? some loyal allies – • Adds rider to bill (senators must swear to obey) Rusc warrior or unprincipled polician • Plebs reject and bale erupts in the forum: or both? -city mob vs. Marius’ veterans • No polical program; just acceptance & glory • Law passed through force, but ominous victory • Marius’ great legacy: Professional army • Saturninus’ violence escalates – But landless, prof. army now thrust into • Senatus Consultum Ulmum (SCU) polics

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