• MDS1TRW: The Roman World • Lecture 6 • The End of the Republic: Julius Caesar

CRICOS Provider 00115M

latrobe.edu.au CRICOS Provider 00115M The end of the Republic: 133-27 BCE

1. Polical and civil conflict of late Republic

2. Julius Caesar

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmarks/Caesar/Caesar.html 133 BCE

• Aalus III of Pergamum

• Tiberius Gracchus = Tribune of the People (plebs) • veto power • T. Gracchus’ Land Bill

http://sightseeingrome.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/portrait-of-gracchi-according-to.html 123 BCE

• Gaius Gracchus = Tribune of the People (plebs)

– Grain price – Extoron Courts • equites – Cizenship Bill

http://sightseeingrome.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/portrait-of-gracchi-according-to.html Opmates and Populares

• Opmates: senatorial • Populares: people

• Lucius Cornelius Sulla

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309_white_bkg.jpg • Gaius Marius

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius GAIUS MARIUS

• 105: Gauls

• Army reform • Consul 107, 104-100, 86

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius Rome vs. Italy

• Cizenship Bill • 91 Drusus murdered • 91-88 Social War • vs. socii

http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_image.aspx?image=ps297454.jpg&retpage=17508 Rome vs. Pontus

• Mithridates VI • Sulla… • Sulpicius: Marius

Sulla vs. Marius

• Proscripons • Cinna consul 87 • Cinna & Marius 86 • Sulla dictator 82 • New constuon 81 Sulla dictator

• New constuon 81 – Tribunes of the People lose veto – Council of People lose legislave rights – doubles Senate – Extoron court -> senate – no repeat consulships Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius

• 70 BCE – Tribunes of the People – Extoron court -> 2/3 equites

http://antiquitatis.com/rome/biographies/bio_crassus.html http://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/westciv/romanrev/18.shtml • Pirates • Mithridates 66 BCE • Triumph 62 BCE

Pompeius Magnus ‘Pompey the Great’ 59 BCE: Caesar’s dilemma Triumph or Consulship ‘First Triumvirate’ 59 BCE Caesar, Pompey, Crassus 58-50 BCE: Caesar in Gaul

http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/acans/caesar/GallicWars.htm Caesar and the Gauls

‘Vercingetorix throws his arms at the feet of Caesar’, Lionel Royer, 1899. © Musée Crozaer, Le-Puy-en-Velay (by permission) 58-50 BCE: Meanwhile back in Rome

Clodius - Tribune of the People - grain dole

Triumvirate - renewed 56 - Julia’s death 54 - Parthia: Crassus at Carrhae 53

Clodius vs. Milo

http://www.iranchamber.com/history/parthians/parthians.php 49-45 Civil War

Crossing Rubicon - 49 Ilerda; 48 Pharsalus - 48-7 Caesar & Cleopatra - 46 Thapsus; 45 Munda

http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/movies/2013/06/the-case-for-cleopatra.html 45 BCE Caesar - perpetual dictator

• Consul • Ponfex Maximus • imperator • toga picta • statue in Temple of Romulus Caesar’s murder

•Ides of March, 44 BCE •assassins = senators, including Brutus and Cassius •Brutus claimed descent from founder of Republic http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/shakespeare/60secondshakespeare/themes_juliuscaesar.shtml Denarius depicng Marcus Iunius Brutus (assassin of Caesar c.85-42BCE ): EID.MAR

http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/dept/coins/exhibitions/CoinOfTheMoment/Ides/ Caesar’s murder: aermath

• Victory for Republicans • Civil war between assassins and Caesarians: • Marcus Antonius • Octavianus - Caesar’s heir: • Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus

http://www.qotd.org/search/search.html?aid=6310 http://filmscoremonthly.com/board/posts.cfm?threadID=96283&forumID=7&archive=0