DOCSLIB.ORG

Rationalism Or Revelation? Author(S): Robert Grafstein and Darrell Dobbs Source: the American Political Science Review, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rationalism Or Revelation? Author(S): Robert Grafstein and Darrell Dobbs Source: the American Political Science Review, Vol Rationalism or Revelation? Author(s): Robert Grafstein and Darrell Dobbs Source: The American Political Science Review, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 579-587 Published by: American Political Science Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1957402 Accessed: 10/12/2010 23:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=apsa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Political Science Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Political Science Review. http://www.jstor.org RATIONALISMOR REVELATION? A re thereappropriate limits to theapplication of rationalchoice in politicaldecision making?Does rationalismin politicslead to absolutism?Is therea "pressingthreat" to liberal democracy "posed by the irreverentconviction of the hegemonyof reason"?In theJune 1987 issue of thisReview, Darrell Dobbs drew lessons fromHomer's epic poem, the Odyssey, to argue the limitsof rationalismin politics.In this Controversy,Robert Grafstein argues thatDobbs's case against rationalismis not proved. In turn,Dobbs holds to his constructionof the relevanceof Odysseus' nod to sacred values. A ccordingto Rationalityand Dominance Dobbs (1987),Homer's Odyssey offers us a valuable lesson about the limitsof The crewon Odysseus'boat decidesto reasonand, morespecifically, about the eat thesacred cows, reasoning by thera- limitsof rationalchoice approachesin tionalchoice principle of dominancethat politicsand politicalscience. The lesson regardlessof what the gods do, theconse- apparentlyextends to both rationally quence of slaughteringis always better guided action and belief.These limits, than the consequence of refraining. moreover,are avoidable. Once, Dobbs Homercondemns the crew's decision as argues,we recognizematters inaccessible reckless,implying, according to Dobbs, to reason,the sacred, and recognizenon- thatthe sacred must be respectedeven if rationalisticmeans to apprehendthem, doing so is irrational.Rationality has revel; on, we will be able to recognize reachedits limits. withHomer the degree to whichmany of Decision theory,however, does not ourintellectual and politicalproblems are recommendthe principle of dominance in self-imposed. this kind of case (see, e.g., Levi 1980, These are veryimportant conclusions 107). Forthis principle to apply,the alter- and iftrue would have far-reaching impli- nativestates of naturemust be indepen- cationsfor political science. Rather than dent(causally or statistically,depending arguethat they are false,which I think on thedecision theorist) of the act chosen theyare, I willargue that Dobbs has not by thecrew. It is difficultto imaginethat presenteda persuasivecase for them. thedecision of thegods to cooperateand Specifically,his argumentis based on a punishis independentof thecrew's deci- misunderstandingof decision theory and sion to do somethingpunishable. Dobbs rationalchoice. The premisesof his nega- (1987,507) concedesthat expected utility tive argumentare thusfaulty. Further- considerationsmay indeedconflict with more,even if the, verdict against rational- the dominanceprinciple. One of his ism is nonethelesstrue, this does not by responsesis thatsuch conflictis "rare." itselfjustify the endorsement ofrevelation Yet its rarityis not obvious;and evenif as a higheror supplementarymeans to such cases are rare, the story of the wisdom. slaughteringofthe cattle may still be one; AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW VOL. 82 NO. 2 JUNE 1988 AmericanPolitical Science Review Vol. 82 and even if rare,such cases maystill be thereare at leasttwo problems with this important.Jeffrey (1983, 2, 8-9), forex- kindof proposal. ample,illustrates the relevance of the con- First,correctness and incorrectnessare flictto argumentsover nuclear deterrence notso muchstates of nature as character- and disarmament. izationsof statesof nature;and workby Dobbs believes,in addition,that it logicianssuch as AlfredTarski suggests would be reasonableto construethe thatmixing the two can be perilous(see crew'sdecision problem so as to meetthe Grafstein1983). Second, conflict between independence requirementand thus dominanceand expectedutility may be restorethe relevance of thecrucial domi- obviatedin thisparticular case, but I do nanceprinciple. He citestextual evidence notsee thatindependence-which allows that,in translation,is unclear to thisnon- us to applydominance when relevant- expert.More strongly,Dobbs suggests has been secured.Suppose the being has thateven if there are problemcases, they beencorrect 900 thousand times when one can be reformulatedto exhibitthe requi- boxwas chosen,correct ninety times when siteindependence. His illustrativecase is two boxes were chosen, incorrectten Newcomb'sProblem. While this problem timeswhen one box was chosen,and in- has politicalanalogs (see Brams 1976, correct100 thousandtimes when two 197-212;Frydman, O'Driscoll, and Schot- boxes were chosen(this example is in- ter1982) I will brieflydescribe it in its spiredby Levi1975). The beinghas been originalform. You arepresented with two correct90% of thetime yet the states of boxesand a choicebetween the contents natureare not statistically independent of ofthe first box orboth. In thesecond box thechoices. Nor, it seems,is thebeing's thereis one thousanddollars. As forthe correctnesscausally independent of what first,which is opaque,there is someoneor thedecision maker does. somethingthat puts one million dollars in One can in fact always reformulate it if thatbeing predicts you will choose decisionproblems to ensurecausal inde- onlythe first box; it putsin nothingif it pendence,although, as Newcomb'sProb- predictsyou willchoose both. The being, lem illustrates,one cannotalways addi- by theway, is an excellentpredictor. In tionally guaranteestatistical indepen- morethan one milliontrials, it has been dence (see Luce and Krantz1971). To correct90% of the time.What is your complicatematters further, there are in- choice, given the apparentconflict be- correctways to securecausal indepen- tweenthe principle of dominance (choose dence,at leastin theeyes of thosefocus- bothboxes) and expectedutility (choose ing on this formof independence(see thefirst box)? Skyrms1980, 128-39). What rationalism FollowingBrams (1976,200-203) -who recommendsfor the crew,it turnsout, in turnfollows a suggestionby John Fere- transcendsany reflexivereliance on john-Dobbs (1987, 506) believes the dominance. problemcan be solved "by recastingits gamingelements into independentdeci- sions." Specifically,interpret the two Representationof theProblem statesof naturenot in termsof whether thebeing put themoney in or notbut as Since the dominatedchoice of the beingis correctand beingis incorrect. crew-respectthe cows-leads to the Note,however, that as a resultof thisre- same consequenceregardless of thestate formulationthere is no longerany domi- of nature,one mightstill argue that by nant choice; so the implicationsfor coincidencethe dominance principle pro- Odysseus'crew are unclear.In any case ducesthe correct rational choice with or 580 Rationalismor Revelation? withoutindependence: no jugglingof 506). If thisis trueof the ancients,so probabilitieswill make the dominated muchthe worse for them.It decidedly choicepreferable. This objection,while misrepresentsmodern decision theory. In correct,simply highlights another prob- the marketplace,commensuration does lem-Dobbs's representationofthe crew's indeeddescribe the way peopletypically decisionproblem. behave.Some would argue that as a mat- To see this, note that the crux of terof fact, this is theway nearly all people Dobbs's argumentis that dominance behavein general(e.g., Rothenberg1961, wouldbe correct(as in thePenelope ex- 234-35). This is one reasonwhy the as- amplehe cites)were it notfor the role of sumptionof commensurabilityhas been thegods, their commands, and the sacred. so widelyadopted for specific empirical Butit is notrational choice theory that ig- modelsof rationalchoice. Another is a noresthese additional elements. Rather, technicalconsideration: without com- thefault lies with Dobbs's depiction of the mensurability,preferences cannot be rep- choice situation:the crucialdifferences resentedby a real-valuedutility function. betweenthe Penelope and crewexamples Yet thisdoes notmean that choice with- do notreceive appropriate recognition in out the assumptionof commensurabil- his characterizationof the consequences ity-lexicographicpreferences-is seen by for the crew, which are describedby theoristsas irrationalor nonrational. Dobbs in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From the Odyssey, Part 1: the Adventures of Odysseus
    from The Odyssey, Part 1: The Adventures of Odysseus Homer, translated by Robert Fitzgerald ANCHOR TEXT | EPIC POEM Archivart/Alamy Stock Photo Archivart/Alamy This version of the selection alternates original text The poet, Homer, begins his epic by asking a Muse1 to help him tell the story of with summarized passages. Odysseus. Odysseus, Homer says, is famous for fighting in the Trojan War and for Dotted lines appear next to surviving a difficult journey home from Troy.2 Odysseus saw many places and met many the summarized passages. people in his travels. He tried to return his shipmates safely to their families, but they 3 made the mistake of killing the cattle of Helios, for which they paid with their lives. NOTES Homer once again asks the Muse to help him tell the tale. The next section of the poem takes place 10 years after the Trojan War. Odysseus arrives in an island kingdom called Phaeacia, which is ruled by Alcinous. Alcinous asks Odysseus to tell him the story of his travels. I am Laertes’4 son, Odysseus. Men hold me formidable for guile5 in peace and war: this fame has gone abroad to the sky’s rim. My home is on the peaked sea-mark of Ithaca6 under Mount Neion’s wind-blown robe of leaves, in sight of other islands—Dulichium, Same, wooded Zacynthus—Ithaca being most lofty in that coastal sea, and northwest, while the rest lie east and south. A rocky isle, but good for a boy’s training; I shall not see on earth a place more dear, though I have been detained long by Calypso,7 loveliest among goddesses, who held me in her smooth caves to be her heart’s delight, as Circe of Aeaea,8 the enchantress, desired me, and detained me in her hall.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cyclops in the Odyssey, Ulysses, and Asterios Polyp: How Allusions Affect Modern Narratives and Their Hypotexts
    THE CYCLOPS IN THE ODYSSEY, ULYSSES, AND ASTERIOS POLYP: HOW ALLUSIONS AFFECT MODERN NARRATIVES AND THEIR HYPOTEXTS by DELLEN N. MILLER A THESIS Presented to the Department of English and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts December 2016 An Abstract of the Thesis of Dellen N. Miller for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Department of English to be taken December 2016 Title: The Cyclops in The Odyssey, Ulysses, and Asterios Polyp: How Allusions Affect Modern Narratives and Their Hypotexts Approved: _________________________________________ Paul Peppis The Odyssey circulates throughout Western society due to its foundation of Western literature. The epic poem thrives not only through new editions and translations but also through allusions from other works. Texts incorporate allusions to add meaning to modern narratives, but allusions also complicate the original text. By tying two stories together, allusion preserves historical works and places them in conversation with modern literature. Ulysses and Asterios Polyp demonstrate the prevalence of allusions in books and comic books. Through allusions to both Polyphemus and Odysseus, Joyce and Mazzucchelli provide new ways to read both their characters and the ancient Greek characters they allude to. ii Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank Professors Peppis, Fickle, and Bishop for your wonderful insight and assistance with my thesis. Thank you for your engaging courses and enthusiastic approaches to close reading literature and graphic literature. I am honored that I may discuss Ulysses and Asterios Polyp under the close reading practices you helped me develop.
    [Show full text]
  • Back-To-Back Synopses.Indd
    Storykit: Back-to-back Synopses Short Synopsis (in 3s!) for ease of memorisation: The Wooden Horse 1. The Greeks go to war with the Trojans. 2. Odysseus comes up with the Wooden Horse ploy. 3. The Greeks win the war. The Ciconians 1. They are brought to the Ciconian shores by a freak wind. 2. The Greeks attack them because they were allies of Troy. 3. The Ciconians attack them back and the Greeks are forced to retreat. The Lotus Eaters 1. Arrive on a wooded isle and lose a searching-garrison. 2. Go in search and find them drinking the juice of happiness and forgetting. 3. Just get away before they are all stuck on the island under the influence of the juice. The Cyclops 1. Arrive on a barren island and search it. 2. Find the home of the Cyclops and are trapped in it. 3. Odysseus (‘Nobody’) tricks his way out, blinding the Cyclops, and they just escape. http://education.worley2.continuumbooks.com © Peter Worley (2012) The If Odyseey. London: Bloomsbury Illustrations © Tamar Levi 2012 Aeolus 1. Arrive on a fortified island and are finally welcomed as guests. 2. Odysseus is given a bag as a gift by Aeolus. 3. Crew mutiny just as they reach home and release the winds from inside the bag, blowing them back out to sea. The Laestrygonians 1. Arrive on another island with an encircled harbour. 2. Find out the hard way that this is an island of giant cannibals. 3. They only just escaped with their lives. Circe 1. Arrive on yet another island only for some of the men to be turned into pigs by the goddess Circe.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 5: Epic and Myth
    The Burning of Troy, 1606. Pieter Schoubroeck. 944 Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS UNIT FIVE Epic and Myth Looking Ahead Many centuries ago, before books, magazines, paper, and pencils were invented, people recited their stories. Some of the stories they told offered explanations of natural phenomena, such as thunder and lightning, or the culture’s customs or beliefs. Other stories were meant for entertainment. Taken together, these stories—these myths, epics, and legends—tell a history of loyalty and betrayal, heroism and cowardice, love and rejection. In this unit, you will explore the literary elements that make them unique. PREVIEW Big Ideas and Literary Focus BIG IDEA: LITERARY FOCUS: 1 Journeys Hero BIG IDEA: LITERARY FOCUS: 2 Courage and Cleverness Archetype OBJECTIVES In learning about the genres of epic and myth, • identifying and exploring literary elements you will focus on the following: significant to the genres • understanding characteristics of epics and myths • analyzing the effect that these literary elements have upon the reader 945 Genre Focus: Epic and Myth What is unique about epics and myths? Why do we read stories from the distant past? answer. He thought that in order for us to under- Why should we care about heroes and villains long stand the people we are today, we have to learn dead? About cities and palaces that were destroyed about those who came before us. One way to do centuries before our time? The noted psychologist that, Jung believed, was to read the myths and and psychiatrist Carl Jung thought he knew the epics of long ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Tales from Greek Mythology
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com 600078481Y ". By the same Author. TALES OF THE GODS AND HEROES. With 6 Landscape Illustrations engraved on Wood from Drawings by the Author. Ecp. 8vo. price 5*. AMONG the tales supplied by the vast stores of Greek legend, some are exceedingly simple in their character, while others are very complicated. In the series entitled Tales from Greek Mytho logy -, care was taken not to include any tales involving ideas which young children would not readily understand ; but most of the stories given in this volume cannot be told without a distinct reference to deified heroes and the successive dynasties of the Hellenic gods. The present work consists of tales, many of which are among the most beautiful in the mythology common to the great Aryan family of nations. The simplicity and tenderness of many of these legends suggest a comparison with the general cha racter of the Northern mythology ; while others tend in a great measure to determine the question of a patriarchal religion, of which the mythical tales of Greece are supposed to have preserved only the faint and distorted conceptions. * The tales are recounted with a ■ Mb. Cox's first set of stories were scholarly ease and grace which entitle told in such a way that every child de them to high commendation as a book for lighted to hear them, and at the same time youthful students.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gospel of Hellas 
    the gospel of hellas THE GOSPEL OF HELLAS The Mission of Ancient Greece and The Advent of Christ the gospel of hellas eneral view of side, W. view ofeneral side, G Athens: Acropolis Acropolis Athens: THE GOSPEL OF HELLAS The Mission of Ancient Greece and The Advent of Christ by F R E D E R I C K H I E B E L We must not follow those who advise us mortals to think of mortal things, but we must, so far as we can, make ourselves immortal. – aristotle (Nikomachean Ethics) 1949 ANTHROPOSOPHIC PRESS new york 2008 Research InstitUte for Waldorf EDUcation Wilton, NH the gospel of hellas The electronic publication was funded by the Waldorf Curriculum Fund © Research Institute for Waldorf Education, 2008 Editor: David Mitchell Scanning and Copyediting: Ann Erwin Cover design: Scribner Ames Antrhrposophic Press, 1943 ISBN: None Preface Out of print reference books are often difficult to locate. Through the foresight and support of the Waldorf Curriculum Fund, this title has been resurrected and is now available gratis in an electronic version on www.waldorflibrary.org, one of the websites of the Research Institute for Waldorf Education. We hope you will find this resource valuable. Please contact us if you have other books that you would like to see posted. – David Mitchell Research Institute for Waldorf Education Boulder, CO August 2008 the gospel of hellas To my dear wife Beulah Emmet Hiebel By the same author: shakespeare and the awakening of modern consciousness TABLE OF CONTENTS preface ........................................................................................................11 introduction: A New View of Hellenic Culture ....................................13 chapter I: The Hellenic Consciousness ....................................................18 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
    The Haberdashers’ Aske’s Boys’ School Occasional Papers Series in the Humanities Occasional Paper Number Forty Persephone’s Odyssey: Nature and the Supernatural in the Odyssey and Homeric Hymn 2 A.C. Gray [email protected] November 2020 1 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper Number Forty November 2020 All rights reserved Persephone’s Odyssey Nature and the Supernatural in the Odyssey and Homeric Hymn 2 A.C. Gray Abstract Although Homeric Hymn 2 (Εἲς Δημήτραν) is not often read for its similarities to the Odyssey, it is impossible to deny that the two poems have myriad details in common. In this paper, I consider one fairly complex axis for comparison: the poems share a similar view of death, the natural world, and the supernatural. This interrelationship provides one way to examine archaic Greek religion in the pre-philosophic era, proposing patterns that may have been consistent in early Greek thought regarding the danger of divine elements in nature, the dead and consumption in the underworld, and morality and “evil” among the gods. The unifying thread is the interaction between human beings and the supernatural, that is to say, natural elements that go above and beyond their ordinary capabilities. 1. Introduction Most people are familiar with the story of the Odyssey, at least, in the broadest strokes. Odysseus is a Greek soldier (from Ithaca) who took part in the Trojan War as described in Homer's Iliad. He spends many years trying to get home following the end of the war, continually thwarted by the god Poseidon, who nurses a grudge against him.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes for the Penelopiad
    NOTES FOR THE PENELOPIAD Use this guide to assist you while reading Margaret Atwood’s The Penelopiad. This guide will provide you with important information about different characters, events, and references. MARGARET ATWOOD Canadian author Margaret Atwood is a prolific and award-winning novelist, poet, short story writer, essayist, and critic. From a young age, Atwood has been keenly interested in mythology and folk/fairy tales, which inspire much of her poetry. Atwood is one of Canada’s most famous and respected literary figures. Published in October 2005, Atwood’s original novella The Penelopiad was part of a Canongate series of myths retold by contemporary authors. The Penelopiad reexamines Homer’s epic story the Odyssey through a variety of genres: narrative, a classic Greek chorus, various types of poetry and song, and modern settings including a court trial and an anthropology lecture. THE PENELEOPIAD The layout of this novel is characterized by monologues and narration from Penelope in the underworld, flashbacks to important events in Penelope's life, and poetic and musical segments from the maids, both in the underworld and during the flashback. The story begins with Penelope alone in the Greek underworld of the dead. Penelope, the wife of Odysseus and renowned for her faithfulness, has decided to tell her side of the famous Odyssey story. Penelope is haunted in the underworld by the spirits of her twelve maids, the ones who Odysseys ordered to be killed upon his return to Ithaca. HOMER Like Shakespeare, Homer is a highly influential but extremely mysterious literary figure. His exact birthdate is unknown, and seven cities in Greece all claim to be his birthplace.
    [Show full text]
  • The Winnowing Oar: Odysseus' Final Journey
    The Winnowing Oar: Odysseus’ Final Journey Claudia Hauer St. John’s College, Santa Fe, September 21, 2016 Abstract In book 11 of the Odyssey, in the underworld, Teiresias describes to Odysseus a final journey that he must take to propitiate Poseidon when his labors on Ithaka are concluded. Teiresias tells Odysseus he must walk inland with an oar until a wayfarer mistakes the oar for a winnowing fan. There, Teiresias says, Odysseus must build a shrine to Poseidon and plant the oar as a dedication. In this talk, I will explore various interpretations of this puzzling description of Odysseus’ final journey. Paper In book 11 of the Odyssey, called the Nekuia, the book of the dead, Odysseus goes to the underworld in order to question the ghost of Teiresias. Teiresias describes a final journey that Odysseus must make after he kills the suitors: But after you have killed these suitors in your own palace, either by treachery, or openly with the sharp bronze, then you must take up your well-shaped oar and go on a journey until you come where there are men living who know nothing of the sea, and who eat food that is not mixed with salt, who never have known ships whose cheeks are painted purple, who never have known well-shaped oars, which act for ships as wings do. And I will tell you a very clear proof, and you cannot miss it. When, as you walk, some other wayfarer happens to meet you, and says you carry a winnow-fan on your bright shoulder, then you must plant your well-shaped oar in the ground, and render ceremonious sacrifice to the lord Poseidon.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotle on Helios’ ‘Omniscience’ in Iliad 3 and Odyssey 12: on Schol
    Aristotle on Helios’ ‘Omniscience’ in Iliad 3 and Odyssey 12: On Schol. B* Iliad 3.277 Robert Mayhew N MY RECENT BOOK on Aristotle’s lost Homeric Problems, I briefly discuss schol. B* Il. 3.277a (Marc.gr. Z. 453 [= 821] fol. 47r) in the context of whether Aristotle ever interprets I 1 Homer allegorically. I there remarked in passing that I hoped “to write further about this fascinating scholium (and related texts) in more detail at some other time.” That is what I am doing here: discussing this scholium at length, not confined to that narrow context and having now examined the textual evi- dence firsthand.2 1. Schol. B* Iliad 3.277a In Iliad 3, as part of his oath affirming that the Greeks will abide by the outcome of the duel between Menelaus and Paris, Agamemnon swears first to Zeus, and then to Helios (the Sun),3 “you who oversee all things and overhear all things,” Ἠέλιός θ’, ὃς πάντ’ ἐφορᾷς καὶ πάντ’ ἐπακούεις (277).4 In Odyssey 12, 1 Aristotle’s Lost Homeric Problems: Textual Studies (Oxford 2019) 191–193. 2 Unless indicated otherwise, the numbering of the scholia is my own. See nn.12–13 below for the source of this scholium and for information on MS. B and the difference between the B- and B*-scholia. 3 For a brief but useful account of the nature of Helios in the Homeric epics see R. Friedrich, “Helios (Ἠέλιος),” in M. Finkelberg (ed.), The Homer En- cyclopedia II (London 2011) 337–338. 4 The poet’s meaning may simply be “see all things and hear all things” (though “oversee” is one meaning of ἐφοράω and “overhear” one meaning of ἐπακούω).
    [Show full text]
  • Who's Who in Classical Mythology
    Who’s Who in Classical Mythology The Routledge Who’s Who series Accessible, authoritative and enlightening, these are the definitive biographical guides to a diverse range of subjects drawn from literature and the arts, history and politics, religion and mythology. Who’s Who in Ancient Egypt Michael Rice Who’s Who in the Ancient Near East Gwendolyn Leick Who’s Who in Christianity Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok Who’s Who in Classical Mythology Michael Grant and John Hazel Who’s Who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History Edited by Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon Who’s Who in Contemporary Women’s Writing Edited by Jane Eldridge Miller Who’s Who in Contemporary World Theatre Edited by Daniel Meyer-Dinkegräfe Who’s Who in Dickens Donald Hawes Who’s Who in Europe 1450–1750 Henry Kamen Who’s Who in Gay and Lesbian History Edited by Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon Who’s Who in the Greek World John Hazel Who’s Who in Jewish History Joan Comay, revised by Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok Who’s Who in Military History John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft Who’s Who in Modern History Alan Palmer Who’s Who in Nazi Germany Robert S.Wistrich Who’s Who in the New Testament Ronald Brownrigg Who’s Who in Non-Classical Mythology Egerton Sykes, revised by Alan Kendall Who’s Who in the Old Testament Joan Comay Who’s Who in the Roman World John Hazel Who’s Who in Russia since 1900 Martin McCauley Who’s Who in Shakespeare Peter Quennell and Hamish Johnson Who’s Who of Twentieth-Century Novelists Tim Woods Who’s Who in Twentieth-Century World Poetry Edited by Mark Willhardt
    [Show full text]
  • The Odyssey by Stanley P
    Homer’s The Odyssey By Stanley P. Baldwin, M.A. IN THIS BOOK ■ Learn about the Life and Background of the Author ■ Preview an Introduction to the Epic ■ Study a graphical Character Map ■ Explore themes and literary devices in the Critical Commentaries ■ Examine in-depth Character Analyses ■ Reinforce what you learn with CliffsNotes Review ■ Find additional information to further your study in CliffsNotes Resource Center and online at www.cliffsnotes.com IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. An International Data Group Company Foster City, CA • Chicago, IL • Indianapolis, IN • New York, NY About the Author Publisher’s Acknowledgments Stanley P. Baldwin is a writer and teacher living in Editorial Nebraska. Project Editor: Tracy Barr Acquisitions Editor: Greg Tubach Glossary Editors: The editors and staff of Webster’s New World Dictionaries Editorial Assistant: Michelle Hacker Production Indexer: York Production Services, Inc. Proofreader: York Production Services, Inc. IDG Books Indianapolis Production Department CliffsNotes Homer’s The Odyssey Published by Note: If you purchased this book without a cover, you IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. should be aware that this book is stolen property. It was reported as "unsold and destroyed" to the publisher, and An International Data Group Company neither the author nor the publisher has received any pay- 919 E. Hillsdale Blvd. ment for this "stripped book." Suite 400 Foster City, CA 94404 www.idgbooks.com (IDG Books Worldwide Web site) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data www.cliffsnotes.com (CliffsNotes Web site) Baldwin, Stanley P. CliffsNotes Homer’s The Odyssey / Stanley Copyright © 2000 IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Baldwin.
    [Show full text]