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MÓDULO 1 Meio Ambiente, Cultura E Espeleologia MÓDULO 1 Meio Ambiente, Cultura e Espeleologia AUTORES Heros Augusto Santos Lobo Luís B. Piló Augusto Auler Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira Cristiano Fernandes Ferreira ORGANIZADORAS Gislaine Disconzi Marcela Pimenta Campos Coutinho MÓDULO 1 Meio Ambiente, Cultura e Espeleologia AUTORES Heros Augusto Santos Lobo Luís B. Piló Augusto Auler Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira Cristiano Fernandes Ferreira ORGANIZADORAS Gislaine Disconzi Marcela Pimenta Campos Coutinho BRASÍLIA/DF SETEMBRO 2013 IABS – InSTITUTO AMBIENTAL BRASIL SUSTENTÁVEL Luis Tadeu Assad – Diretor Presidente Eric Jorge Sawyer – Diretor Administrativo Financeiro CECAV – CentrO NacioNAL DE PESQUISA E CONSERVAÇÃO DE CAVERNAS Jocy Brandão Cruz – Chefe do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cavernas FUNBIO/TFCA Rosa Lemos de Sá – Secretária Geral Fabio Leite – Gestor da Unidade de Programas Natália Prado Lopes Paz – Gerente do TFCA EQUIPE TÉCNICA CECAV/ICMBIO Cristiano Fernandes Ferreira - Analista Ambiental Issamar Meguerditchian - Analista Ambiental Lindalva Ferreira Cavalcanti - Analista Ambiental Maristela Felix de Lima - Analista Ambiental EQUIPE TÉCNICA INSTITUTO AMBIENTAL BRASIL SUSTENTÁVEL Marcela Pimenta Campos Coutinho – Coordenadora Geral Cibele do Carmo Santana Sawyer – Coordenação Administrativa/Financeira Gislaine Disconzi – Responsável Técnica RESPONSÁVEL parcEIRO FINANCIADOR Curso de Capacitação para Guias e Condutores de Espeleoturismo – Módulo I / Heros Augus- to Santos Lobo, Luís B. Piló, Augusto Auler, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira e Cristiano Fernandes Ferreira (autores) / Gislaine Disconzi e Marcela Pimenta Campos Coutinho (orgs.). Instituto Ambiental Brasil Sustentável – IABS / Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cavernas – CECAV / Tropical Forest Conservation Act - TFCA / Editora IABS, Brasília-DF, Brasil - 2013. 122 p. 1. Meio Ambiente e Cultura. 2.Espeleologia. 3. Geoespeleologia. 4. Biologia Subterrânea I. Título. II. Instituto Ambiental Brasil Sustentável – IABS. III. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Con- servação de Cavernas – CECAV. IV. Tropical Forest Conservation Act - TFCA. V. Editora IABS. CDU: 502 550 573 SUMÁRIO 1. MEIO AMBIENTE E CULTURA .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Conservação ambiental e as unidades de conservação no Brasil ............................................................................... 7 1.2 O Ambiente como Patrimônio ..............................................................................................................................11 1.2.1 Patrimônio Natural .......................................................................................................................................12 1.2.1.1 Patrimônio espeleológico .....................................................................................................................13 1.2.1.2 Patrimônio arqueológico e paleontológico ..............................................................................................14 1.2.2. Patrimônio Histórico e Cultural .....................................................................................................................12 2. ESPELEOLOGIA .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introdução à Espeleologia .................................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.1 Introdução .................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Definições e algumas características das cavernas e do carste ......................................................................... 19 2.1.3 Potencialidades das cavernas no Brasil ......................................................................................................... 21 2.1.4 Principais áreas contendo cavernas no Brasil ................................................................................................. 23 2.1.5 A importância das cavernas e do carste ......................................................................................................... 26 3. GEOESPELEOLOGIA ................................................................................................................................................. 33 3.1 O Carste e as cavernas ...................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Espeleogênese em cavernas em rochas carbonáticas .................................................................................... 37 3.2.1 Cavernas Epigênicas ....................................................................................................................................40 3.2.2 Cavernas hipogênicas ..................................................................................................................................45 3.2.3 Espeleogênese em cavernas não carbonáticas .............................................................................................45 3.3 Sedimentação em cavernas ..................................................................................................................... 47 3.3.1 Sedimentação clástica ................................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.2 Sedimentação química................................................................................................................................. 48 4. INTRODUÇÃO À BIOLOGIA SUBTERRÂNEA ........................................................................................................ 53 4.1. O ambiente subterrâneo .................................................................................................................................... 53 4.1.1 A fauna cavernícola .....................................................................................................................................57 4.1.2 O aporte de alimento para o interior das cavernas ...........................................................................................63 4.1.3 Dinâmica trófica em sistemas subterrâneos ....................................................................................................64 4.2 Evolução em ambientes subterrâneos ..................................................................................................................66 4.3 Ecologia e conservação de cavernas ...................................................................................................................68 5. ANÁLISE DE impacTOS AMBIENTAIS EM TERRENOS CÁRSTICOS E caVERNAS .......................................... 73 5.1 Introdução ......................................................................................................................................................... 73 5.2 Impactos às cavernas e ambientes cársticos por tipo de atividade ........................................................................... 75 5.2.1 Mineração ................................................................................................................................................... 75 5.2.2 Agropecuária ...............................................................................................................................................81 5.2.3 Turismo .......................................................................................................................................................83 5.2.4 Represamentos ............................................................................................................................................89 5.2.5 Obras lineares e outras obras de engenharia ...................................................................................................92 5.2.6 Urbanização ................................................................................................................................................94 5.3 Medidas de controle e minimização de impactos ..................................................................................................96 5.4 Análises de contexto de empreendimentos e área de influência ......................................................................... 97 5.5 Monitoramento .................................................................................................................................................99 6. ANEXO .......................................................................................................................................................................103 APRESENTAÇÃO O projeto “Curso de Capacitação em Es- paleontológicos, riquezas minerais e hídricas, peleoturismo para Guias/Condutores de Es- aspectos históricos, pré-históricos e culturais, peleoturismo” tem por objetivo capacitar con- além da vasta diversidade de fauna e flora. dutores de espeleoturismo do alto, médio e Considerando as ameaças (mineração, baixo São Francisco em temas relacionados ao turismo, agricultura, ocupação urbana, obras meio ambiente, cultura, espeleologia, normas de engenharia, vandalismo e outras práti- de segurança e gestão do turismo para asse- cas danosas) ao Patrimônio Espeleológico e gurar experiências sustentáveis e de alta qua- o conhecimento incipiente, o PAN Cavernas lidade nas
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