DOCSLIB.ORG

O Paleolítico Médio No Território Português 13

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
O Paleolítico Médio No Território Português 13 O PALEOLÍTICO MÉDIO NO TERRITÓRIO poRTUGUÊS Telmo Pereirai, Jonathan Hawsii e Nuno Bichoiii RESUmo: No presente artigo apresenta-se um breve resumo sobre o estado da arte do Paleolítico Médio em Portugal abordando-se a indústria lítica, o registo faunístico e os padrões de assentamento. Embora o número de jazidas ainda não seja muito grande, parece ser claro que o território português terá sido aquele onde sobreviveram os últimos Neanderthais. Ao mesmo tempo, parece também ser claro que, pelo menos desde há pelo menos ~240 mil anos, estas comunidades apresentavam um leque de características comportamentais singulares, que as distin- guiam dos grupos situados além Pirenéus. De facto, enquanto estes eram especializados na caça e exploração da rena com utensílios de sílex, os localizados no território português eram especializados na exploração eclética dos recursos disponíveis. Tal diferença poderá estar relacionada com as substanciais diferenças climáticas e paisagísticas, dado que o território em causa não apresenta indícios de forte impacto das fases mais rigorosas das glaciações. Esta exploração variada dos recursos parece estar na base da tardia sobrevivência dos grupos neanderthais no extremo ocidental da Ibéria. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Paleolítico Médio; Moustierense, Exploração de recursos; Portugal. EL PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO EN EL TERRITORIO poRTUGUÉS RESUMEN: En este artículo se presenta un breve resumen sobre el estado del arte del Paleolítico Medio en Por- tugal enfocandose la industria lítica, el registro faunístico y los patrones de asentamiento. Aunque el número de depósitos no sea muy grande, parece claro que el territorio portugués ha sido donde los últimos neanderthales so- brevivieron. Al mismo tiempo, también parece claro que, al menos por lo menos ~ 240 mil años, estas comunidades tenían una serie de características únicas en su comportamiento que las distingue a los grupos situados más allá de los Pirineos. De hecho, mientras que estos eran expertos en la caza de renos con herramientas de sílex, los situados en el territorio portugués se especializan en la exploración ecléctica de los recursos disponibles. Esta diferencia puede estar relacionada con las diferencias sustanciales en el clima y el paisaje, ya que la zona en cuestión no muestra evidencia de fuerte impacto del endurecimiento de las fases de la glaciación. Esta explotación variada de recursos parece ser la base de la supervivencia tardía de los grupos neanderthales en el extremo occidental de Iberia. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Paleolítico Médio; Moustierense; Explotacion de recursos; Portugal. i Bolseiro de pós-doutoramento, Núcleo de Arqueologia e Paleoecologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro PORTUGAL. E-mail: [email protected]. ii Professor Associado, Department of Anthropology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Louisville, Lutz Hall Room 228, 2301 S. 3rd St., Louisville, KY 40208, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. iii Professor Associado, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005- 139 Faro PORTUGAL. E-mail: [email protected] XXXIIIMainake, 11-30 / ISSN: / 2011-2012 pp. 0212-078-X 12 Telmo Pereira, Jonathan Haws e Nuno Bicho THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC IN THE PORTUGUESE TERRITORY ABSTRACT: In this paper we present a brief synthesis of the Middle Paleolithic in Portugal, focusing both the lithic and faunal assemblages, along with the settlement patterns. Despite the number of sites being small, it seems clear that the Portuguese territory might have been that where the last Neanderthals have lived. At the same time, it also seems that since ~240ka these communities presented a spectrum of particular behavioral features that allow us to distinct them from those located at East of the Pyrenees. In fact, while these were specialized in hunting and exploitation of reindeer with flint tools, those located in Portugal were specialized in the exploitation of a wider diversity of available resources. Such difference might be related with strong differences on environment and lands- cape, once this territory did not present evidence of strong impact in the most rigorous phases of the glacial periods. This diverse exploitation might have been the base of the survival of Neanderthal populations in the southwestern- most part of Iberia. KEY-WORDS: Middle Paleolithic; Mousterian; Resource Exploitation; Portugal. INTRODUÇÃO dios das bacias dos grandes rios e das praias ele- vadas do litoral2. A idade dos sítios era inferida Durante a centúria que vai da década de pela combinação dos princípios altimétricos e 1870 e a de 1970, a Comissão Geológica de eustáticos do ciclo alpino3 em associação com o Portugal, posteriormente designada de Serviços “Método das Séries”4. Esta metodologia foi uti- Geológicos de Portugal, teve o quase monopó- lizada sempre da mesma forma e nunca foi subs- lio da investigação do Paleolítico Inferior e Mé- tituída, calibrada ou corrigida pelos progressos dio em Portugal. O primeiro contexto de Paleo- introduzidos pela arqueologia científica5. Não é lítico Médio escavado em Portugal foi a Gruta pois surpreendente que de tal abordagem sim- da Furninha1, cuja escavação teve um rigoroso plista tivessem resultado, por um lado, a incapa- registo vertical e horizontal da proveniência dos cidade de caracterizar este período tecno-tipo- artefactos, bem como uma rápida publicação e logicamente, reconhecer-lhe variações internas divulgação internacional dos resultados. Apesar como em França6 e, por outro, tivesse permitido deste promissor início e da existência de vastas obtenção de inferições como a evolução direc- regiões cársicas, a investigação neste período de- ta do Acheulense para o Languedocense7 ou do rivou ainda durante o século XIX para métodos Moustierense para o Solutrense8. incipientes, onde a escavação de jazidas deu lu- Apesar deste status quo se tivesse mantido gar a simples prospecções recolha de artefactos até à primeira década do Século XXI9 , o corte descontextualizados existentes nos terraços mé- epistemológico deu-se na década de 1970 pela 1 DELGADO, J. (1884). 2 BREUIL, H. E ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1942); BREUIL E ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1945); ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1958); ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1943A). 3 PENCK, A. E BRÜCKNER, E. (1909). 4 BREUIL, H. E ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1942). 5 BORDES, F. (1961b); SONNEVILLE-BORDES, D. E PERROT, J. (1954); SONNEVILLE-BORDES, D. E PERROT, J. (1955); SONNEVILLE-BORDES, D. E PERROT, J. (1956). 6 BORDES, F. (1961b). 7 ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1974). 8 ZBYSZEWSKI, G. et al. (1977). Mainake, XXXIIIMainake, 11-30 / ISSN: / 2011-2012 pp. 0212-078-X 9 ZBYSZEWSKI, G. E CARDOSO, J. (1989); ZBYSZEWSKI, G. E FERREIRA, O. (1989). O Paleolítico Médio no território português 13 mão do Grupo para o Estudo do Paleolítico Português (G.E.P.P.) com que introdução dos princípios da escola antropológica francesa e da arqueologia científica. As intensivas pros- pecções na bacia do Tejo permitiram localizar dezenas de jazidas inéditas (Figura 1) e esca- var as mais significativas como Milharós10, Vi- las Ruivas11, Foz do Enxarrique12. A partir daí, a continuação dos trabalhos tem permitido enriquecer o conhecimento sobre a ocupação neanderthal no extremo ocidental da Península, principalmente graças à vinda de investigadores estrangeiros, ao crescente número de projectos interdisciplinares financiados e à multiplicação de datações absolutas. Apesar deste incremento, salienta-se a ainda pouca quantidade de trabal- hos académicos, existindo menos de uma deze- na de mestrados e nenhum doutoramento. CRONOLOGIA DO PALEOLÍTICO MÉDIO EM PORTUGAL Durante décadas a cronologia das estações de Paleolítico Médio era inferida pela classi- Figura 1. Mapa dos sítios do Paleolítico Médio, Centro e Sul de Portugal. 1. Buraca Escura; 2. Pedrõgão; 3. Casal do Azemel; ficação dos artefactos segundo o seu aspecto 4. Casal Santa Maria; 5. Mira Nascente; 6. Praia Rei Cortiço; 7. moustieroide em combinação com o “Método Lapa dos Furos; 8. Estrada do Prado; 9. Gruta do Caldeirão; 10. Santa Cita; 11. Galeria Pesada; 12. Gruta da Oliveira; 13. Lapa 13 das Séries” , o qual partia do princípio do uni- dos Coelhos; 14. Ribeira da Atalaia; 15. Vilas Ruivas; 16. Foz do Enxarrique; 17. Furninha; 18. Gruta Nova da Columbeira; formitarismo. Considerava-se que aqueles tin- 19. Vale do Forno; 20. Quinta da Boavista; 21. Arneiro Cortiço; ham estado sujeitos a índices de erosão estáveis e 22. Salemas; 23. Santo Antão do Tojal; 24. Correio-Mor; 25. Conceição; 26. Gruta da Figueira Brava; 27. Gruta do Escoural; constantes ao longo do tempo pelo que, quanto 28. Sapateiros 2; 29. Vinhas; 30. Porto Meirinho; 31. Lagoa Funda 1; 32. Lagoa Funda 2; 33. Lagoa Funda 3; 34. Lagoa do maior fosse a sua alteração maior seria a sua an- Bordoal; 35. Vale Boi; 36. Ibn-Amar; 37. Praia da Galé. tiguidade. Dado que se tratavam de jazidas de superfície ou provenientes de cascalheiras, a pre- sença de artefactos com patinas distintas denun- menos intensa (Ia, Ib, etc.), sendo a primeira a ciava a existência de palimpsestos e das várias mais antiga e sempre correspondente à Série I. épocas que tinham contribuído na formação do Um dos problemas deste método era o de, por conjunto arqueológico. Essas séries de patinas um lado, o número das séries só fazer sentido eram ordenadas e subdivididas da mais para a dentro de cada conjunto, não representando 10 RAPOSO, L. (2001); RAPOSO, L. (1996). 11 G.E.E.P. (1979); G.E.E.P. (1983). 12 RAPOSO, L., et al. (1985). 13 BREUIL, H. (1913); BREUIL, H. E ZBYSZEWSKI, G. (1942). XXXIIIMainake, 11-30 / ISSN: / 2011-2012
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the Beginnings of Regional Identity
    Journal of Worm Prehistory, Vol. 2, No. 3. 1988 The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the Beginnings of Regional Identity J. Desmond Clark ~ The history of research into the Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the present state of knowledge of this time period is examined for the region as a whole, with special reference to paleoenvironments. The known MSA sites and occurrences are discussed region by region and attempts are made to fit them into a more precise chronological framework and to assess their cultural affinities. The conclusion is reached that the Middle Stone Age lasted for some 150,000 years but considerably more systematic and in-depth research is needed into this time period, which is now perceived as of great significance since it appears to span the time of the evolution of anatomically Modern humans in the continent, perhaps in Last Africa. KEY WORDS: Middle Stone Age; Sangoan/Lupemban; long chronology; Archaic Homo sapiens; Modern H. sapiens. • . when we eventually find the skulls of the makers of the African Mousterian they will prove to be of non-Homo sapiens type, although probably not of Neanderthal type, but merely an allied race of Homo rhodesiensis. The partial exception.., of the Stillbay culture group is therefore explicable on the grounds that Homo sapiens influence was already at work. (Leakey, 1931, p. 326) The other view is that the cradle of the Aurignacian races lies hidden somewhere in the Sahara area, probably in the south-east, and that an early wave of movement carried one branch of the stock via Somaliland and the Straits of Bab el-Mandeb into Arabia, and thence to some unknown secondary centre of distribution in Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Erik Trinkaus
    9/2014 Curriculum Vitae Erik Trinkaus Education and Degrees 1970-1975 University of Pennsylvania Ph.D 1975 Dissertation: A Functional Analysis of the Neandertal Foot M.A. 1973 Thesis: A Review of the Reconstructions and Evolutionary Significance of the Fontéchevade Fossils 1966-1970 University of Wisconsin B.A. 1970 ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS Primary Academic Appointments Current 2002- Mary Tileston Hemenway Professor of Arts & Sciences, Department of Anthropolo- gy, Washington University Previous 1997-2002 Professor: Department of Anthropology, Washington University 1996-1997 Regents’ Professor of Anthropology, University of New Mexico 1983-1996 Assistant Professor to Professor: Dept. of Anthropology, University of New Mexico 1975-1983 Assistant to Associate Professor: Department of Anthropology, Harvard University MEMBERSHIPS Honorary 2001- Academy of Science of Saint Louis 1996- National Academy of Sciences USA Professional 1992- Paleoanthropological Society 1990- Anthropological Society of Nippon 1985- Société d’Anthropologie de Paris 1973- American Association of Physical Anthropologists AWARDS 2013 Faculty Mentor Award, Graduate School, Washington University 2011 Arthur Holly Compton Award for Faculty Achievement, Washington University 2005 Faculty Mentor Award, Graduate School, Washington University PUBLICATIONS: Books Trinkaus, E., Shipman, P. (1993) The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Pub. pp. 454. PUBLICATIONS: Monographs Trinkaus, E., Buzhilova, A.P., Mednikova, M.B., Dobrovolskaya, M.V. (2014) The People of Sunghir: Burials, Bodies and Behavior in the Earlier Upper Paleolithic. New York: Ox- ford University Press. pp. 339. Trinkaus, E., Constantin, S., Zilhão, J. (Eds.) (2013) Life and Death at the Peştera cu Oase. A Setting for Modern Human Emergence in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeological Record of Lapa Do Santo (East-Central Brazil) André Strauss1,2,3,4,∗, Rodrigo Elias Oliveira3,5, Ximena S
    Early Holocene ritual complexity in South America: the archaeological record of Lapa do Santo (east-central Brazil) André Strauss1,2,3,4,∗, Rodrigo Elias Oliveira3,5, Ximena S. Villagran6, Danilo V. Bernardo7, Domingo C. Salazar-García1,8,9,10, Marcos César Bissaro Jr11, Francisco Pugliese6, Tiago Hermenegildo12, Rafael Santos13, Alberto Barioni3,14, Emiliano Castro de Oliveira3,15, João Carlos Moreno de Sousa16, Klervia Jaouen1, Max Ernani3, Mark Hubbe17,18, Mariana Inglez3,MarinaGratão3,H.Rockwell19, Márcia Machado20, Gustavo de Souza21, Farid Chemale22, Koji Kawashita23, Tamsin C. O’Connell12, Isabel Israde24, James Feathers25, Claudio Campi26, Michael Richards1, Joachim Wahl2,27, Renato Kipnis3, Astolfo Araujo6 & Walter Neves3 Early Archaic human skeletal remains found in a burial context in Lapa do Santo in east- central Brazil provide a rare glimpse into the lives of hunter-gatherer communities in South America, including their rituals for dealing with the dead. These included the reduction of the body by means of mutilation, defleshing, tooth removal, exposure to fire and possibly cannibalism, followed by the secondary burial of the remains according to strict rules. In a later period, pits were filled with disarticulated bones of a single individual without signs of body manipulation, demonstrating that the region was inhabited by dynamic groups in constant transformation over a period of centuries. Keywords: Brazil, Lagoa Santa, Lapa do Santo, early Archaic period, Palaeoindian, mortuary rituals © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2016 antiquity 90 354 (2016): 1454–1473 doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.220 1454 Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, on 23 Nov 2016 at 16:47:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms.
    [Show full text]
  • A Child in Time Bottom
    books and arts dug in the back wall of a rock shelter and a This monograph should go a long way branch of Scots pine was burned at the towards resolving the issue, although those A child in time bottom. The child was then placed in the with extreme opinions are unlikely to be Portrait of the Artist as a Child: pit. Red-ochre stains on both the upper and swayed.The data seem to have been provided The Gravettian Human Skeleton lower surfaces of the bones, and a clear as objectively as possible; for example, the from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho boundary with the surrounding whitish morphology of the child’s bony labyrinth and its Archeological Context sediment, suggest strongly that the body was (inner ear) points to it being a modern edited by João Zilhão & Erik Trinkaus wrapped in an ochre-painted shroud. It lay human, yet the authors of that section say Instituto Português de Arqueologia: 2003. in an extended position, with a young dead that their data are inconclusive with regard 610 pp. E40; distributed by Oxbow Books, rabbit placed across its lower legs, and with to the hybrid theory. £35, $65 the pelvises of two red deer (perhaps meat Overall, the Lapedo child is clearly not a Paul Bahn offerings) by its shoulder and its feet. Round normal anatomically modern human, and its neck was a perforated-shell pendant, and it displays an unusual mosaic of postcranial The discovery in Portugal of the ‘Lapedo on its forehead was some kind of head- characteristics — especially in the lower child’ in December 1998 was an important dress made up of four canine teeth from two limbs, but also in some features of the upper event for those studying European pre- different red-deer stags and two hinds.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA Dataset 2.07.72
    8/27/2021 Ancient DNA Dataset 2.07.72 https://haplogroup.info/ Object‐ID Colloquial‐Skeletal LatitudLongit Sex mtDNA‐comtFARmtDNA‐haplogroup mtDNA‐Haplotree mt‐FT mtree mt‐YFFTDNA‐mt‐Haplotree mt‐Simmt‐S HVS‐I HVS‐II HVS‐NO mt‐SNPs Responsible‐ Y‐DNA Y‐New SNP‐positive SNP‐negative SNP‐dubious NRY Y‐FARY‐Simple YTree Y‐Haplotree‐VY‐Haplotree‐PY‐FTD YFull Y‐YFu ISOGG2019 FTDNA‐Y‐Haplotree Y‐SymY‐Symbol2Responsible‐SNPSNPs AutosomaDamage‐RAssessmenKinship‐Notes Source Method‐Date Date Mean CalBC_top CalBC_bot Age Simplified_Culture Culture_Grouping Label Location SiteID Country Denisova4 FR695060.1 51.4 84.7 M DN1a1 DN1a1 https:/ROOT>HD>DN1>D1a>D1a1 DN L A11914G • C1YFull TMRCA ca. 708,133.1 (549,422.5‐930,979.7) A0000 A0000 A0000 A0000 A0 A0000 PetrbioRxiv2020 84.1–55.2 ka [Douka ‐67700 ‐82150 ‐53250 Adult ma Denisovan Middle Palaeolithic Denisova Cave Russia Denisova8 KT780370.1 51.4 84.7 M DN2 DN2 https:/ROOT>HD>DN2 DN L A11914G • C1YFull TMRCA ca. 706,874.9 (607,187.2‐833,211.4) A0000 A0000‐T A0000‐T A0000‐T A0 A0000 PetrbioRxiv2020 136.4–105.6 ka ‐119050 ‐134450 ‐103650 Adult ma Denisovan Middle Palaeolithic Denisova Cave Russia Spy_final Spy 94a 50.5 4.67 .. ND1b1a1b2* ND1b1a1b2* https:/ROOT>NM>ND>ND1>ND1b>ND1b1>ND1b1a>ND1b1a1>ND1b1a1b>ND1b1a1b2 ND L C6563T * A11YFull TMRCA ca. 369,637.7 (326,137.1‐419,311.0) A000 A000a A000a A000‐T>A000>A000a A0 A000 PetrbioRxiv2020 553719 0.66381 .. PASS (literan/a HajdinjakNature2018 from MeyDirect: 95.4%; IntCal20, OxC39431‐38495 calBCE ‐38972 ‐39431 ‐38495 Neanderthal Late Middle Palaeolithic Spy_Neanderthal.SG Grotte de Spy, Jemeppe‐sur‐Sambre, Namur Belgium El Sidron 1253 FM865409.1 43.4 ‐5.33 ND1b1a* ND1b1a* https:/ROOT>NM>ND>ND1>ND1b>ND1b1>ND1b1a ND L YFull TMRCA ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Relationships Between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology Via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling William E
    Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco-cultural niche modeling William E. Banks To cite this version: William E. Banks. Assessing relationships between human adaptive responses and ecology via eco- cultural niche modeling. Archaeology and Prehistory. Universite Bordeaux 1, 2013. hal-01840898 HAL Id: hal-01840898 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01840898 Submitted on 11 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Université de Bordeaux 1 William E. BANKS UMR 5199 PACEA – De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie Assessing Relationships between Human Adaptive Responses and Ecology via Eco-Cultural Niche Modeling Soutenue le 14 novembre 2013 devant un jury composé de: Michel CRUCIFIX, Chargé de Cours à l'Université catholique de Louvain, Belgique Francesco D'ERRICO, Directeur de Recherche au CRNS, Talence Jacques JAUBERT, Professeur à l'Université de Bordeaux 1, Talence Rémy PETIT, Directeur de Recherche à l'INRA, Cestas Pierre SEPULCHRE, Chargé de Recherche au CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette Jean-Denis VIGNE, Directeur de Recherche au CNRS, Paris Table of Contents Summary of Past Research Introduction ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Appendicular Remains of the Kiik-Koba 2 Neandertal Infant
    The Appendicular Remains of the Kiik-Koba 2 Neandertal Infant ERIK TRINKAUS Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; [email protected] MARIA B. MEDNIKOVA Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dm. Ulianova str. 19, Moscow 117036, RUSSIA; [email protected] LIBBY W. COWGILL Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; [email protected] submitted: 9 August 2016; revised 21 November 2016; accepted 7 December 2016 ABSTRACT The appendicular skeleton (scapula, humerus, ulnae, radii, metacarpals, pollical phalanges, hip bone, femora, tibiae and fibula) of the Neandertal infant from Kiik-Koba (Crimea), Kiik-Koba 2, are reassessed in the context of Late Pleistocene archaic and modern human infant remains. Based on long bone lengths, it should have been 4–6 months old at death, of indeterminate sex. The infant resembles (most) older Neandertals in its scapular dorsal sulcus axillary border, medially oriented radial tuberosity, radial curvature, large pollical opponens flange, and low crural index. It lacks the mediolateral pubic elongation seen in some older Neandertals, its brachial index is average for a Late Pleistocene or recent human, and its femoral neck-shaft angle is low for its developmental age. The percent cortical areas of its humerus and especially femur are average for its age, but its tibial one is unusually low. Yet, when scaled to intermetaphyseal lengths, the midshaft rigidities of all three long bones are unexceptional for a Late Pleistocene or non-mechanized recent human infant. The Kiik-Koba 2 infant limb bones thus provide additional data and inferences concerning the mosaic of Neandertal early postnatal development of postcranial features and appendicular hypertrophy, when assessed in the broader context of both Late Pleistocene and recent human infant remains.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Smoking
    FLORIDA’SBANNER INDIAN BANNER HERITAGE BANNER TRAIL •• BANNERPALEO-INDIAN BANNER ROCK BANNER ART? • • THE BANNER IMPORTANCE BANNER OF SALT american archaeologySUMMER 2014 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 SACRED SMOKING $3.95 $3.95 SUMMER 2014 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 12 HOLY SMOKE ON BY DAVID MALAKOFF M A H Archaeologists are examining the pivitol role tobacco has played in Native American culture. HLEE AS 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SALT BY TAMARA STEWART , PHOTO BY BY , PHOTO M By considering ethnographic evidence, researchers EU S have arrived at a new interpretation of archaeological data from the Verde Salt Mine, which speaks of the importance of salt to Native Americans. 25 ON THE TRAIL OF FLORIDA’S INDIAN HERITAGE TION, SOUTH FLORIDA MU TION, SOUTH FLORIDA C BY SUSAN LADIKA A trip through the Tampa Bay area reveals some of Florida’s rich history. ALLANT COLLE ALLANT T 25 33 ROCK ART REVELATIONS? BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Can rock art tell us as much about the first Americans as stone tools? 38 THE HERO TWINS IN THE MIMBRES REGION BY MARC THOMPSON, PATRICIA A. GILMAN, AND KRISTINA C. WYCKOFF Researchers believe the Mimbres people of the Southwest painted images from a Mesoamerican creation story on their pottery. 44 new acquisition A PRESERVATION COLLABORATION The Conservancy joins forces with several other preservation groups to save an ancient earthwork complex. 46 new acquisition SAVING UTAH’S PAST The Conservancy obtains two preserves in southern Utah. 48 point acquisition A TIME OF CONFLICT The Parkin phase of the Mississippian period was marked by warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table 1: Rock Art Dataset
    Supplementary Table 1: Rock art dataset Name Latitude Longitude Earliest age in sampleLatest age in Modern Date of reference Dating methods Direct / indirect Exact Age / Calibrated Kind Figurative Reference sample Country Minimum Age / Max Age Abri Castanet, Dordogne, France 44.999272 1.101261 37’205 36’385 France 2012 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum Age No Petroglyphs Yes (28) Altamira, Spain 43.377452 -4.122347 36’160 2’850 Spain 2013 Uranium-series Direct Exact Age Unknown Petroglyphs Yes (29) Decorated ceiling in cave Altxerri B, Spain 43.2369 -2.148555 39’479 34’689 Spain 2013 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Yes Painting Yes (30) Anbarndarr I. Australia/Anbarndarr II, -12.255207 133.645845 1’704 111 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax No (31) Australia/Gunbirdi I, Gunbirdi II, Gunbirdi III, Northern Territory Australia Anta de Serramo, Vimianzo, A Coruña, Galicia, 43.110048 -9.03242 6’950 6’950 Spain 2005 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Painting N/A (32) Spain Apollo 11 Cave, ǁKaras Region, Namibia -26.842964 17.290284 28’400 26’300 Namibia 1983 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Unknown Painted Yes (33) fragments ARN‐0063, Namarrgon Lightning Man, Northern -12.865524 132.814001 1’021 145 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax Yes Territory, Australia (31) Bald Rock, Wellington Range,Northern Territory -11.8 133.15 386 174 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax N/A (31) Australia Baroalba Springs, Kakadu, Northern Territory, -12.677013 132.480901 7’876 7’876 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliografia Da Arqueologia Brasileira
    0 EDITOR RESPONSÁVEL: André Prous COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO: Eduardo Góes Neves (MAE - USP), German Arturo Bohorquez Mahecha (ICB-UFMG), Sérgio Romaniuc (Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo), Ana Maria Giulietti (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana), Marc Pignol (Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris), Mário G Fernandes (Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto) CONSELHO EDITORIAL: Antônio Gilberto Costa; Carlos Magno Guimarães; Márcia Santos Duarte e Maria das Graças Lins Brandão. EXPEDIENTE DA PUBLICAÇÃO FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA___________ MUSEU DE HISTÓRIA NATURAL E JARDIM BOTÂNICO DA UFMG A772 Arquivos do Museu de História Natural ORGANIZAÇÃO GERAL: Rosangela e Jardim Botânico - Vol.1, 1974 – Belo Oliveira Horizonte: UFMG, Museu de História PROJETO GRÁFICO: RosangelaOliveira Natural, 1974- v.:il. EDITORAÇÃO: RosangelaOliveira Semestral IMPRESSÃO: Hiper Graphic - Comercial Título anterior: Arquivos do Museu de História Natural. Toda correspondência sobre assuntos ligados Inclui bibliografia aos “Arquivos do Museu de História Natural ISSN 0102-4272 da UFMG” deverá ser endereçada à Comissão Editorial. 1. História Natural - Periódicos. All correspondences about editorial matters, 2. Museu - Periódicos subscriptions, changes of address and claims 3. Cartografia - História - for missing issues should be sent to the Editor. Periódicos . I. Universidade Arquivos do Museu de História Natural da Federal de Minas Gerais UFMG - Rua Gustavo da Silveira,1035 - CEP:31080-010, Belo Horizonte- MG. CDD: 508.050 Fotos da Capa: Biblioteca do MHNJB/UFMG CDU:502.2(05) ______________________________________ Créditos: André Prous (capa) e Acervo da Elaborada pela DITTI - Setor de Tratamento da Assessoria de Comunicação do Informação - Biblioteca Universitária da UFMG MHNJB/UFMG (contra-capa). 1 Arquivos do Museu de História Natural e Jardim Botânico UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS VOLUME 22 - 2 BIBLIOGRAFIA DA ARQUEOLOGIA BRASILEIRA Rosangela Oliveira André Prous Rogério Tobias Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • New Neandertal Remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain)
    New Neandertal remains from Cova Negra (Valencia, Spain) c e J.L. Arsuaga a,b,*, V. Villaverde , R. Quam a,d, I. Martinez a, , J .M. Carretero a,f, C. Lorenzo a,g, A. Gracia a a Centro de Investigacion (UCM-ISC/l1) de Evolucion y Comportamiento Humanos, c1Sinesio, Delgado, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain b Dpto. Paleontolog/a, Fawltad de Ciencias Geologicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain C Departament de Prehistoria i Arqueologfa, Facultat de Geograjia i Historia, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain d Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA e Departamento de Geologfa, Universidad de Alcala, Ediji.cio de Ciencias, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalti de Henares, Spain f Laboratorio de Evolucion Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Historicas y GeograJia, Universidad de Burgos, Edijicio I+D+I, Plaza Misael Bafiuelos sin, 09001 Burgos, Spain g Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Lletres, Pla9a Imperial Tarraco 1,43005 Tarragona, Spain Abstract New Neandertal fossils from the Mousterian site of Cova Negra in the Valencia region of Spain are described, and a comprehensive study of the entire human fossil sample is provided. The new specimens significantly augment the sample of human remains from this site and make Cova Negra one of the richest human paleontological sites on the Iberian Peninsula. The new specimens include cranial and postcranial elements from immature individuals and provide an opportunity to study the ontogenetic appearance of adult Neandertal characteristics in this Pleistocene pop­ ulation. Children younger than 10 years of age constitute four of the seven minimum number of individuals in the sample, and this relative abundance of children at Cova Negra is similar that in to other Neandertal sites in Europe and southwest Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, St. Louis, Mo, 13-14 April 2010
    PALEOANTHROPOLOGY SOCIETY MEETING ABSTRACTS, ST. LOUIS, MO, 13-14 APRIL 2010 New Data on the Transition from the Gravettian to the Solutrean in Portuguese Estremadura Francisco Almeida , DIED DEPA, Igespar, IP, PORTUGAL Henrique Matias, Department of Geology, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL Rui Carvalho, Department of Geology, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, PORTUGAL Telmo Pereira, FCHS - Departamento de História, Arqueologia e Património, Universidade do Algarve, PORTUGAL Adelaide Pinto, Crivarque. Lda., PORTUGAL From an anthropological perspective, the passage from the Gravettian to the Solutrean is one of the most interesting transition peri- ods in Old World Prehistory. Between 22 kyr BP and 21 kyr BP, during the beginning stages of the Last Glacial Maximum, Iberia and Southwest France witness a process of substitution of a Pan-European Technocomplex—the Gravettian—to one of the first examples of regionalism by Anatomically Modern Humans in the European continent—the Solutrean. While the question of the origins of the Solutrean is almost as old as its first definition, the process under which it substituted the Gravettian started to be readdressed, both in Portugal and in France, after the mid 1990’s. Two chronological models for the transition have been advanced, but until very recently the lack of new archaeological contexts of the period, and the fact that the many of the sequences have been drastically affected by post depositional disturbances during the Lascaux event, prevented their systematic evaluation. Between 2007 and 2009, and in the scope of mitigation projects, archaeological fieldwork has been carried in three open air sites—Terra do Manuel (Rio Maior), Portela 2 (Leiria), and Calvaria 2 (Porto de Mós) whose stratigraphic sequences date precisely to the beginning stages of the LGM.
    [Show full text]