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The Influence of Karate Training on Postural Stability

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The Influence of Karate Training on Postural Stability The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Kinesiology Department THE INFLUENCE OF KARATE TRAINING ON POSTURAL STABILITY A Thesis in Kinesiology by Dane Sutton 2012 Dane Sutton Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science December 2012 ii The thesis of Dane Sutton was reviewed and approved* by the following: John H. Challis Professor of Kinesiology Thesis Advisor William E. Buckley Professor of Exercise and Sport Science and Health Education R. Scott Kretchmar Professor of Exercise and Sport Science David E. Conroy Professor of Kinesiology Program Director, Graduate Program *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This paper explores two issues of importance for fall prevention programs. First, do relatively short 15-week postural stability enhancement programs produce meaningful improvements as measured by center of pressure (COP) metrics? Secondly, does a 15-week training program in Karate produce better results than a Strength Training program? Individual program evaluations, and between program comparisons, are based on pre- and post-training COP metrics. Injuries incurred from falls are a major public health concern. In the U.S., falls are the leading cause of injury across all ages. The morbidity and mortality rates increase dramatically for the segment of the population over the age of 65. Researchers have thus investigated various forms of exercise for their potential to improve postural stability. One fall prevention strategy that has received much attention recently is the use of the ancient martial art of T’ai Chi to improve balance. While T’ai Chi has been shown to improve static balance, it may not be effective in reducing the risk of falls in more dynamic tasks such as recovering from tripping over an obstacle while one is walking, or when one experiences sudden perturbations, such as being jostled in a crowd. In contrast, other martial arts, such as Karate, incorporate training in both stationary and dynamic postures. In addition, Karate emphasizes the maintenance of balance against perturbations. It is hypothesized that iv improvements in balance can best be obtained through an exercise program, such as Karate, that incorporates both static and dynamic training, as well as practice in postural responses to perturbations. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in postural characteristics between Karate students and a control group after a relatively brief 15-week physical training session. It is hypothesized that the Karate students will show more improvement in balance as their training progresses compared to the control group. To test this hypothesis, anthropometric measures were obtained from two groups of subjects: Karate students and a control group consisting of students engaged in strength training. Before training, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in their body segment inertial parameters. Postural stability tests were performed at both the beginning and the end of a relatively brief 15-week training period. During these tests, data on the movement of the center of pressure was obtained using a force plate while subjects performed balancing tasks; both with and without perturbation. Analysis of this data indicates that there were only a limited number of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post- training center of pressure motion for the two groups. These differences did not show any trends in the metrics which were different from the pre- and post- training values. In summary, there were no statistically significant changes in the center of pressure motion for either the Strength Training group or the Karate Training group as a consequence of training for a period of 15 weeks. The v conclusion of this study is that brief training periods will have no appreciable effect on improving postural stability. Future research on fall prevention programs should focus on the development of programs of longer duration. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE WAY ................................................... 1 1.1 A BIPEDAL DISADVANTAGE ........................................................... 2 1.2 PURPOSE AND OUTLINE OF PAPER ............................................ 3 1.3 THE HUMAN PATH .......................................................................... 4 1.4 HUMAN ACCELERATED REGIONS ................................................ 6 1.5 PRIMATE BIPEDALISM .................................................................... 11 1.6 ADVANTAGES OF BIPEDALISM ..................................................... 16 1.7 THE FIRST OBLIGATE HOMININ BIPED ......................................... 22 1.8 CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON POSTURE ....................................... 27 1.8.1 SYMBOLS OF MAN ................................................................ 27 1.8.2 SYMBOLS OF THE WAY ........................................................ 32 1.8.3 THE ONE-LEGGED STANCE ................................................. 36 1.9 APOLLO: LIGHT AND KNOWLEDGE ............................................. 44 1.9.1 BALANCE ON THE MOON ..................................................... 44 1.9.2 DOING THE MOON “WALK” ................................................... 46 1.10 HIDDEN HARMONIES .................................................................... 48 1.10.1 THE LEMUR WAY ................................................................. 48 1.10.2 BACK TO CHILDHOOD ........................................................ 53 1.11 SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 56 1.11.1 FALLS .................................................................................... 56 1.11.2 THE AIM OF THIS PAPER .................................................... 58 CHAPTER 2 KARATE: STABILITY WITHIN MOVEMENT ........................... 61 2.1 INTRODUCTION: MA-AI .................................................................. 61 2.2 ORIGINS OF THE MARTIAL ARTS: INDIA ..................................... 67 2.2.1 SYSTEMIZED MARTIAL TRAINING ....................................... 69 2.2.2 PRESENT DAY KALARIPPAYATTU ....................................... 72 2.3 ORIGINS OF THE MARTIAL ARTS: CHINA .................................... 77 2.3.1 T’AI CHI CLASSICS ................................................................ 80 2.3.2 POSTURE ............................................................................... 82 2.3.3 BIOMECHANICS ..................................................................... 83 2.3.4 OBSERVATION OF ANIMALS ................................................ 85 2.3.5 CHINESE MEDICINE .............................................................. 88 2.4 A BOOK OF FIVE RINGS ................................................................. 91 2.5 BUBISHI ............................................................................................ 94 vii 2.6 KARATE-DO ..................................................................................... 95 2.6.1 KARATE AND FITNESS .......................................................... 96 2.6.2 KARATE AND POSTURE........................................................ 99 2.7 KENPO GOKUI ................................................................................. 103 2.8 SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 3 BALANCE: FROM PHILOSOPHY TO LAW ............................. 112 3.1 INTRODUCTION: COSMOLOGY OF COMPLEMENTS .................. 112 3.2 PA-KUA: EIGHT TRIGRAMS ........................................................... 114 3.3 THE FIVE CROSSROADS ................................................................ 116 3.4 THIRTEEN POSTURES ................................................................... 119 3.5 BALANCE: MIND, BODY, SPIRIT .................................................... 121 3.6 UNITY AND BALANCE DESPITE PERPETUAL CHANGE .............. 127 3.7 NATURAL ORDER: MOVEMENT AND STABILITY THROUGH LAWS ................................................................................................ 129 3.7.1 THE LAW OF MOTION ........................................................... 130 3.7.2 THE LAW OF MOVEMENT AND HEALTH.............................. 132 3.7.3 THE UNWRITTEN LAW: ANCESTRAL TRADITION .............. 134 3.8 SUMMARY: THE NEW COSMOLOGY ............................................ 137 CHAPTER 4 ORIGINS OF BIOMECHANICS ................................................ 140 4.1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS? .............................. 140 4.2 PREHISTORIC SYMBOLISM: POSTURE AND MOVEMENT ......... 141 4.3 CULTURAL VALUES ........................................................................ 151 4.4 STANDARDIZED ATHLETIC TRAINING .......................................... 153 4.5 THE ANCIENT GREEKS: NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ...................... 155 4.6 THE ROMAN INFLUENCE ............................................................... 161 4.7 THE MIDDLE AGES ......................................................................... 162 4.8 THE RENAISSANCE .......................................................................
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