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Food Security 5SMSPM Supplementary Material Food security 5SMSPM Supplementary Material Coordinating Lead Authors: Cheikh Mbow (Senegal), Cynthia Rosenzweig (The United States of America) Lead Authors: Luis G. Barioni (Brazil), Tim G. Benton (United Kingdom), Mario Herrero (Australia/ Costa Rica), Murukesan Krishnapillai (Micronesia/India), Emma Liwenga (Tanzania), Prajal Pradhan (Germany/Nepal), Marta G. Rivera-Ferre (Spain), Tek Sapkota (Canada/Nepal), Francesco N. Tubiello (The United States of America/Italy), Yinlong Xu (China) Contributing Authors: Erik Mencos Contreras (The United States of America/Mexico), Joana Portugal Pereira (United Kingdom), Julia Blanchard (Australia), Jessica Fanzo (The United States of America), Stefan Frank (Austria), Steffen Kriewald (Germany), Gary Lanigan (Ireland), Daniel López (Spain), Daniel Mason-D’Croz (The United States of America), Peter Neofotis (The United States of America), Laxmi Pant (Canada), Renato Rodrigues (Brazil), Alex C. Ruane (The United States of America), Katharina Waha (Australia) Review Editors: Noureddine Benkeblia (Jamaica), Andrew Challinor (United Kingdom), Amanullah Khan (Pakistan), John R. Porter (United Kingdom) Chapter Scientists: Erik Mencos Contreras (The United States of America/Mexico), Abdoul Aziz Diouf (Senegal) This chapter supplementary material should be cited as: Mbow, C., C. Rosenzweig, L.G. Barioni, T.G. Benton, M. Herrero, M. Krishnapillai, E. Liwenga, P. Pradhan, M.G. Rivera- Ferre, T. Sapkota, F.N. Tubiello, Y. Xu, 2019: Food Security Supplementary Material. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson- Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. In press. 5SM-1 Chapter 5 Supplementary Material Food security Table of contents Section SM5.1 ............................................................................................ 5SM-3 Section SM5.2 ............................................................................................ 5SM-3 Section SM5.3 ............................................................................................ 5SM-7 Section SM5.4 ............................................................................................ 5SM-9 Section SM5.5 ......................................................................................... 5SM-10 References ................................................................................................. 5SM-12 5SM 5SM-2 Food security Chapter 5 Supplementary Material Section SM5.1 Table SM5.1 | A gendered approach to understanding how climate change affects dimensions of food security across pastoral and agro-pastoral livestock-holders (adapted from McKune et al. (2015); Ongoro and Ogara (2012) and Fratkin et al. (2004). increased, decreased. Group Livelihoods Health Nutrition time demand on women and girls for water, disease risk due to proximity of women’s work undernutrition of men and women fuel collection to disease agents due to availability of plant and animal foods children health and growth due to reduced milk consumption time demand on men to seek out water women and girls exposure to insecurity sources with herd and dangers when looking for water undernutrition of men and women men exposure to attacks from other groups women and children vulnerability due to separation from livestock men migration resulting in women workload to water-borne diseases Pastoral vulnerability to maternal mortality due to fertility due to sedentarisation mental and emotional health due to undernutrition in men and women due to productive and reproductive demands on women increased stress/loss of social support for both men unfavorable trade-offs in diet between animal and women products and grains financial autonomy of women due to liquidation vulnerability of newly sedentarised households, risk of food insecurity in men and women of small animal assets particularly women due to production of livestock and prices women poverty due to livestock losses of men time demand on women due to migration of Earlier weaning, shortened birth intervals, and risk exposure of men and women to foods that have men for herding or wage labor of maternal depletion become spoiled financial autonomy of women due to liquidation Less varied and less nutritious diets for men Agro-pastoral incidence of anemia and stunting in children of small animal assets and women constraints on herd management due to shifts susceptibility to infectious diseases that are malnutrition, including overnutrition, in responsibilities sensitive to climate change in both men and women in men and women susceptibility to market fluctuations child mortality rates Section SM5.2 Table SM5.2 | Impacts of selected climate drivers on food security pillars. Food security Drivers of climate Processes Impacts References pillars change – Increased water demand – Increased heat and drought stress Zhao et al. (2017) – Shorter growing period Medina et al. (2017) – More frequent heat wave Myers et al. (2017) – Terminal heat Increase in Decreased crop yield and animal Asseng et al. (2015) 5SM – Reduced grain filling period temperature performance Ovalle-Rivera et al. (2015) – Decreased soil fertility Rosenzweig et al. (2014) – Land degradation Paterson and Lima (2011) – Higher pre-harvest loss due to pests Schlenker and Roberts (2009) and diseases – Negative effects on physiological processes Availability Zhu et al. (2018) Ishigooka et al. (2017) Mishra and Agrawal (2014) – Increased photosynthesis in C3 crops CO2 concentration Increased crop yield Myers et al. (2014) – Increased water use efficiency Loladze (2014) Yu et al. (2014) Franzaring et al. (2013) Leng and Hall (2019) – Drought and heat stress Precipitation Decreased crop yield and pasture Zscheischler et al. (2018) – Crop failure (untimely, erratic, stocking rates and animal FAO et al. (2018) – Land degradation decreased) performance Meng et al. (2017) – Reduced soil fertility Zimmerman et al. (2017) 5SM-3 Chapter 5 Supplementary Material Food security Food security Drivers of climate Processes Impacts References pillars change – Decrease in organic matter Decreased crop yield Extreme events Leng and Hall (2019) – Soil erosion Increased livestock mortality Availability (cont) (droughts, Zscheischler et al. (2018) – Crop failure Decreased distribution floods, cyclones) Rivera-Ferre (2016) – Disruption of distribution and exchange and exchange Morris et al. (2017) – Increase in prices UNCCD (2017) Increase in – Loss of agricultural income Increased food prices and Abid et al. (2016) temperature – Disproportionate impact reduced purchasing power Harvey et al. (2014) on low-income consumers Vermeulen et al. (2012) Morris et al. (2017) – Low yield, price increases UNCCD (2017) Access – Loss of agricultural income due to reduced Precipitation FAO (2016) yield and productivity Increased food prices and (untimely, erratic, Abid et al. (2016) – Decrease in barley yield reduced purchasing power decreased) Kelley et al. (2015) – Inability to invest in adaptation Vermeulen et al. (2012) and diversification measures Harvey et al. (2014) Extreme events – Price increase due to low yield Lunt et al. (2016) Increased food price and reduced (droughts, or crop failure Harvey et al. (2014) purchasing power floods, cyclones) – Loss of agricultural income Robinson et al. (2013) – Decreased nutritional content – Increased mycotoxins – Reduced water quantity and quality Aberman and Tirado (2014) Increase in to prepare food Reduced quality Tirado and Meerman (2012) temperature – Negative impact on food safety Thompson et al. (2012) – Higher post-harvest loss both in quantity and quality – Decreased protein content Utilisation – Lower zinc content Smith et al. (2017) – Lower iron content Medek et al. (2017) CO2 concentration – Increased biomass but reduced Reduced quality Bahrami et al. (2017) multiple nutrients Myers et al. (2015) – Less radiation interception and Myers et al. (2014) less biomass production Extreme events – Adverse weather effects on food storage Wellesley et al. (2017) (droughts, Reduced quality and distribution Thompson et al. (2012) floods, cyclones) Increase in Fluctuation in production, Tigchelaar et al. (2018) – Disruption of food supply temperature supply and prices Rosenzweig and Parry (1994) – Disruption of food supply Selby et al. (2017) Precipitation – Yield variability Fluctuation in production, Kelley et al. (2017) (untimely, erratic, – Fluctuation in yield, supply and prices supply and prices Kelley et al. (2015) decreased) Stability – Crop failure due to extreme drought Schmidhuber and Tubiello (2007) 5SM – Impacts on world market export prices that Hendrix (2018) carry through to domestic consumer prices Extreme events Selby et al. (2017) – Widespread crop failure contributing Fluctuation in production, (droughts, Kelley et al. (2017) to migration and conflict supply and prices floods, cyclones) Kelley et al. (2015) – Disruption of food supply due to civil Willenbockel (2012) disturbance and social tension Detection and attribution methods increases in the intensity and frequency of hot days and nights, more areas with increases than decreases in the frequency, intensity, Observed impacts of climate change on food
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