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From Building to Territory: the Urban Industrial Heritage in the Trajectory of the CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018)

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From Building to Territory: the Urban Industrial Heritage in the Trajectory of the CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018) Manoela Rossinetti Rufinoni From building to territory: the urban industrial heritage in the trajectory of the CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018) From building to territory: the urban industrial heritage in the trajectory of the Condephaat (1968-2018) Manoela Rossinetti Rufinoni* Text translated by Caio Souza Aguiar, Brenda Laís Domingos and Carolina Parente Cardelino under the supervision of Nivia Marcello. *Professor of the Department of Art History and the Abstract Postgraduate Program in Art History of the Faculty of The breadth of the concept of industrial heritage, ratified by the Nizhny Tagil Charter (2003) and the Dublin Philosophy, Languages, Literature and Human Sciences of Principles (2011), highlights the urban and territorial dimension of the testimonies of industrialization as one the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Author of the book of the main challenges to be faced by preservation actions. By analyzing a selection of administrative legal Preservação e Restauro Urbano: intervenções em sítios processes of the CONDEPHAAT (Council of Defense of the Historical, Archaeological, Artistic and Tourist históricos industriais, 2013. Heritage of the State of São Paulo, an organ created in 1968), a gradual perception of urban dimension in studies on the preservation of industrial heritage has been identified since the mid-1970s, despite the limitations of landmarking originally intended for the protection of isolated buildings. From the analysis of some administrative legal process of preservation of São Paulo’s industrial heritage, the main aim is to emphasize the presence and breadth of the urban and territorial issue along the CONDEPHAAT trajectory and highlight the ways of understanding urban relations inherent in industrial heritage in each historical period and the possibilities for deepening this recent debate. Keywords: Industrial heritage, Cultural heritage preservation policies, State of São Paulo. usjt • arq.urb • number 26 | september - december 2019 43 Manoela Rossinetti Rufinoni From building to territory: the urban industrial heritage in the trajectory of the CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018) Introduction Referred by the Nizhny Tagil Charter (2003) and The definition of industrial heritage in international the Dublin Principles (2011), the breadth of the documents, such as the Nizhny Tagil Charter industrial heritage concept highlights the urban (TICCIH - The International Committee for the and territorial dimension of the industrialization Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2003) testimonies as one of the main challenges to and the Dublin Principles (ICOMOS and TICCIH, be addressed by protection actions1. The issue 2011), supports this analysis. In the Nizhny Tagil is not just about the physical interference of Charter, the industrial heritage is defined as “the large structures in a given locality, which drives traces of industrial culture that have historical, urbanization processes or transforms pre-existing technological, social, architectural or scientific landscapes from the occupation of extensive value” with structures and infrastructures areas. We should consider actions, flows and destined to productive activities, such as forms of use of the city triggered by the industrial 1. This article recreates “buildings and machinery, workshops, factories, and deepens discussions activity in addition to this immediate tangible mines, processing and refining sites, warehouses, of a paper presented at the dimension. This is an aspect sometimes still production centers, transmission and use of 3rd Scientific Symposium identifiable in urbanization even after its closure. of Icomos (International energy, and means of transportation”. These Council of Monuments and These identifiable aspects are based on the structures are also related to the workers and the Sites) in the city of Belo careful observation of the remaining structures, surrounding community’s daily life “as the places Horizonte, state of Minas memories, and representations built from this Gerais (Brazil) on May 8th- where social activities related to the industry, 10th of 2019. legacy in today’s city. such as dwellings, places of worship or education are developed.” The guidelines of the document usjt • arq.urb • number 26 | september - december 2019 44 Manoela Rossinetti Rufinoni From building to territory: the urban industrial heritage in the trajectory of the CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018) include the documentation related to the industrial buildings and equipment at different levels. For heritage and “to the intangible records involved in example, structures geared to the supply of water the memory of humanity and their traditions”. A and energy or also those associated with logistics, considerable expansion of this definition has been such as railways for receiving raw material or noticed and it directly incorporates the intangible production flow in a network of connections that dimensions of industrialization according to a can reach territorial dimensions. The industrial more recent document, the Dublin Principles. In building is considered only a small cog of a addition to the tangible testimonies of industrial complex system and it may be incomprehensible activities, the concept starts to include “technical if people disregard other elements to understand knowledge and practice, the organization of urban and anthropological dynamics associated work and workers, or a complex legacy of social with production and work in today’s city. The and cultural actions resulted from the industrial same happens with other elements such as influence on the community life, which have the representation and memories built around triggered crucial organizational changes in entire this system over time that relate the past with societies and in the world”. the present in the modern city. Studies aimed at appreciation and protection of the industrial In both definitions, there is a certain emphasis heritage must pay attention to this complex issue. on built structures, architecture, and architectural techniques. Yet, these aspects are seen as Industrial sites have a spatial composition supports of social, cultural, and memorial strongly related to the development of the local relations relating to the world of work and productive activities and work relations; whether emphasizing heritage values of the testimonies these sites are spaces focused on manufacturing of industrialization manifested in diverse tangible or transportation systems such as railway and intangible dimensions. On the one hand, structures. These industrial sites bring together the establishment of factories attracts workers several buildings and production spaces, built and drives the construction of residences and at a different time and with distinct architectural the emergence of local stories and equipment styles. These buildings reveal industrial focused on leisure, education, worship. In other expansion, new technologies, and their presence words, the establishment of a factory provides in the surrounding urbanization. Sometimes, a new functions, flows, everyday events, and urban single isolated industrial building may represent memories. In contrast, industrial sites promote unique values. In many cases, these buildings complex functional connections between are a network of industrial or non-industrial usjt • arq.urb • number 26 | september - december 2019 45 Manoela Rossinetti Rufinoni From building to territory: the urban industrial heritage in the trajectory of the CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018) buildings related to manufacturing in many cases: such as the division of land and the architectural warehouses, industrial buildings, working villages, styles, functions and uses in each location. In maneuvering areas, equipment, facilities for water many cases, it is possible to notice specific spatial and energy supply, etc. (RUFINONI, 2013, p.192). planning for the fulfillment of productive functions The surroundings of these industrial sites, focused that affect the whole composition of the building, on other functions such as dwellings, should also whether in the distribution of industrial buildings be carefully checked because urban plots were or the location of working villages and other consolidated in these areas due to the presence urban equipment in the surrounding area. The of the factories. The buildings of these areas keep importance and cultural relevance of industrial the homogeneous volume and are horizontality sites are strongly related to the concern for these responsible for the spatial configuration of the specific characteristics, the understanding of the landscape and urban tradition of many industrial tangible, spatial, social and memorial qualities that neighborhoods. Antonio Parisella (2000, p.52) shape this scenario. As Meneguello (2012, p.82- views the special characteristics of the spatial, 83) stated, “these assets relate to each other in constructive and historical configuration of complex linked networks (such as railways and all industrial buildings and emphasizes twofold associated assets) and their isolated preservation requirements for the assessment of these is insufficient to understand the network of raw buildings as cultural heritage, protection actions material, production, and flows responsible for and reconversion of use: defining the industrial activity”. The first requirement concerns the building Understanding this spatial complexity has been individually and the straight and specific relations pointed out as one of the main difficulties in between its original
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