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The Cooper Hewitt Light-Transforming Reflector·

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The Cooper Hewitt Light-Transforming Reflector· 502 Scientific American DECEMBER 24, 1910. THE COOPER HEWITT LIGHT-TRANSFORMING REFLECTOR· BY JOSEPH B. BAKER The analysis of ordinary daylight given by its invention, it is necessary to define true fluorescence, ment electric lamp, or a Cooper Hewitt tube-so that spectrum shows that it consists of a commingling of as distinguished from the mere transformation of the radiation from the primary source impinges upon all visible wave lengths of light, from the longest light into heat. The conversion of light rays of all the reflector, and is by' the latter given back in trans- waves at the red end of the spectrum t� the shortellt the visible wave lengths into in.- formed condition. A considerable amount waves at the violet end.* visible heat rays is a well:known of the energy of the emitted waves is trans­ The spectrum shows the distribution of these wave phenomenon, exemplified when formed, in passing through the fluorescent lengths and the amount and the intensity of light in light falls on a coating of substance to the light-scattering reflecting each. Colored bodies give the impression of color lampblack or on a piece of 13 surface, into a set of waves of a range lower on account of the property of reflecting to the eye black cloth, and which is car- down in the spectrum band-that is, in the certain wave lengths and absorbing others. red and orange region of the same-and in If the li�ht illuminating the object is in­ passing out again from this surface through tense in the particular color reflected by the fluorescent substance, an additional the body, then the body will appear very amount of the energy is thus transformed. brilliant, but if the light is deficient or The total action of the reflector is therefore weak in the wave length representing this to transform a considerable portion of the particular color, the color of the body will original emitted energy from the light be weak or not visible (there being little source into red or orange light. The re­ or no light that it can reflect to the eye) flector does not interfere with the rays com­ and the body will appear dull or black. ing directly from the light source, but the There are a number of artificial lights illumination as a whole, coming from the Appbcation of light-transforming reflector to Cooper Hewitt tube . which are brilliant and economical, but lie It source and the reflector, is made to and incande!lcent lamp. lacking in "quality," or color valu.es for cer­ possess a spectrum of far better distribution tain purposes for which they may be used, than that possessed by the light source alone and also as compared with daylight. or by the same equipped with an ordinalY Whether the means of producing these non-fluorescent shade or reflector, and the lights is oil, gas, or electricity, one and all illumination from a Cooper Hewitt lamp are at a disadvantage in that their spectra may be made to compare favorably with day­ differ in range and distribution of wave light. lengths . from the solar spectrum, so that A striking example of this general fabrics have a different color when viewed achievement of Dr. Hewitt is the applica­ by each of them; and some are more or less tion of the light-transforming reflector to unpleasing to the eye, or unsuitable to work his own lamp. It is well known that this by, especially in occupations requiring lamp emits a greenish light which is '11- close application of the eyesight. most wholly lacking in red rays, and From time immemorial attempts have which is therefore not adapted for general been made to "soften" the light coming illumination, although admirable for cer­ from artificial sources-as, indeed, daylight tain special uses, such as photography and also-by the use of colored shades, which photo-engraving, on account of the rich­ cut down the intensity of light in certain ness of the light in blue and in violet, and portions of the spectrum. But these at­ for drawing offices, machine shops, and tempts result in inefficiency, for the reason certain other work rooms. The spectrum that a light-transmitting shade cannot color of the CoopeI' Hewitt light embraces, the light which shines through it, but can roughly, the upper half of the solar spec­ only transmit certain of the wave lengths al­ trum, although with markedly different 'tl­ ready in the light, suppressing the others. lotment of bands and lines which result in Thus a red-tinted glass shade surrounding a a preponderance of green, so that many powerful light source rich in green rays will objects illuminated by the tube show cer­ temper the disagreeable glare, but will also tain colors as different from those familiar enormously cut down the total amount of to their daylight aspect. Certain shades light from the lamp, by straining out nearly of blue become purple, and human faces all wave lengths except those in the narrow look either very dark or ghastly pale, range in the red and the blue regions of according to the amount of ruddy "color" the spectrum; the shade not being able to in the complexion. Such are the na­ put into the emitted light what is not there ture and the limitations of the Cooper­ already. It would be desirable, but it has Hewitt light, which have barred it from hitherto been impossible, to apply a shade or general utilization as a social illuminant, a reflector to a light source which will have notwithstanding its high electrical ef­ the effect of introducing into the light ficiency, simplicity, and economy. emitted by the lamp the rays in which the Now place behind the mercury tube a light source itself is deficient. A shade or concave, trough-like fluorescent reflector. reflector which would accomplish this result consisting of a white reflecting surface would become an important auxiliary to coated with a translucent film impregnated thE.t light source, co-operating with the latter with "rhodomine B." The illumination is to give a satisfactory illumination from the transformed, as by magic, to a .close ap­ lamp as a whole. proximation to daylight, and objects and This result has been accomplished, it is DR. PETER COOPER HEWITT. fabrics, such as wood and metal articles, colored chemical solutions, silk ribbons, claimed, in the new light-transforming re­ This photop'aph was made by the Cooper-Hewitt light. flector recently patented by Dr. Peter woolen rugs and hangings, resume their Cooper Hewitt, the well-known inventor of the mer­ ried to the theoretical limit in the "blackbody" of normal or familiar colors, and the faces of friends cury-vapor lamp. By utilizing the phenomenon of the physics textbooks. But when the light falls on clear to the "natural hue of health." In the labor­ fluorescence Dr. Hewitt has succeeded in transform­ a fluorescent body, inasmuch as the radiations from atory of Dr. Hewitt, in the Madison Square Tower, ing the radiation of a light source which is powerful, this body are in the visible region, for the purposes New York city, the artificial daylight given by tubes but is considered deficient or of impoverished and of this description the body may be said to be equipped with his light transformer shows the nat­ ill-balanced spectrum, into radiation of a wholly dif­ fluorescent. ural colors of a card of silk samples at night as per­ ferent range of wave lengths, which eke out, so to The transformation of radiant energy into invisible fectly as the broad daylight coming in at a large speak, we distribution Qf wave lengths emitted by the radiations, or heat, is of no use for illumination pur­ north window when its shade is raised. No less source; the radiant energy being transformed or poses. But fluorescence, which is the action of cet­ striking is the appearance of the reflector and tube converted by the molecular mechanism of fluorescent tain optically active substances, in receiving radia­ themselves, when viewed directly; the value of the material formed into a reflector for the primary tions of a given range of wave lengths and transform­ reflector being evinced by the large proportion of the light source. The fluorescence of the material being ing them into another set of wave lengths that are total light which it is observed �o emit. The ocular excited by the light from. the source, 'the material visible, is useful for illumination; and it is this impression of the fluorescent reflector itself as a emits its own particular colors, or wave lengths of property which Dr. Hewitt has conceived of as a true secondary light source, by eason of its activity light due to its fluorescence, wliich wave lengths, means for transforming light from one color into as a genuine transformer of radiant energy, is mixed with the original light, supplement the de­ another, and which he has utilized for this purpose strong. ficiencies of the .last. in hi!! light-transforming reflector. This light trans­ The results to be expected are little short of revo­ In order to understand the modus operandi of this former, described in a recent British patent,* con­ lutionary in the art of illumination, since by the use sists of a reflecting surface, such as kalsomine, giv­ of the fluorescent reflector light sources which are ing light scattering or diffused reflection (as dis­ not now commercially practicable may be brought into • By "daylight" is meant the best state of solar illumina­ tinguished from the image reflection given by a pol­ satisfactory utilization with no alteration of the lamp tion.
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