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Vacuum Science & Technology Time Line, 1500–1799

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Vacuum Science & Technology Time Line, 1500–1799 Time Line Color Code Key Related scientific developments Anders Celsius Vacuum devices (1701-1744) Radio & electronics Mayow Apparatus ca. 1669 suggests new temperature Otto von Guericke scale. This scale is revised Historical events Magdeberg hemisphere John Mayow (1641-1679) Rene Descartes in 1745 by Carl von Linn¾ (1707-1778) Vacuum gauges demonstration suggests that air may be (1596-1650) 1654 made up of two different gases 1742 Vacuum pumps in his Principa Philosophiae Experiments by Richard 1674 suggests that a vacuum Captions Townley (1628-1707) and Jakob Hermann cannot exist Vacuum device manufacturing Henry Power (1623-1668) (1678-1733) 1644 establish PV law for expansion postulates that pressure is (later called Boyle’s Law or proportional to density and Marriotte’s Law) to the square of the average Ferdinand II, 1660 velocity of the particles Grand Duke of Tuscany, in motion invents liquid-in-glass 1716 thermometer In response to Boyle’s ideas, 1641 Franciscu Linus (1595-1675) Otto von Guericke’s suggest the properties of a air pump vacuum is due to invisible thread-like Hero of Alexandria writes 1672 “funiculus” that strive to hold Pneumatias summarizing nearby objects together what is then known about Evangelista Torricelli 1660 syphons, pumps, etc. (1608-1647) Johannes van Helmont ~150 B.C.E. Substitutes mercury for George Ernts Stahl defines “gas” (Flemish = chaos) water in overhead pump introduces idea of to mean an air-like substance 1644 phlogiston as the 1620 agent of burning Otto von Guericke Hero’s Pneumatias Otto von Guericke and rusting Jean Antoine Nollett (1602-1686) publishes treatise on Falling bodies in a translated to Italian by Aleotti 1697 Phlogiston theory Water barometer vacuum experiments vacuum experiment 1547 Evangelista Torricelli abandoned 1654 1672 1743 mercury barometer 1791 1643 Otto von Guericke 1725 1750 1775 1799 Air pump— 1500 1600 first vacuum produced 1650 1700 ~1640 Jean Picard observes Daniel Bernoulli “barometric light,” a glow (1700-1782) discharge induced by static First truly statistical treatment of kinetic Robert Boyle electricity when a mercury barometer is shaken theory of gasses (1627-1691) 1728-1733 Santorre Santorro studies mercury barometer 1675 Francis Hauskbee (1561-1636) ~1660 shows that sound is not and Galileo independently Galileo Galilei transmitted in a vacuum Charles Law— invent thermoscope for Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) (1564-1642) 1705 Jacques-Alexandre Charles measuring temperature Û measures limit of Puy de D me Experiment- establishes that for a given ~1612 temperature change, different overhead water pump Florin Perrier showed that Robert Boyle states Edm¾ Mariotte in France the height of the column in Boyle’s Law for gases expand the same amount 1638 (~1620-1684) independently Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Gasparo Berti mercury barometer decreased compression of gases 1787 publishes relation between Germany, invents mercury first vacuum produced with altitude, confirming a 1661 thermometer standardized (in water barometer) prediction of his brother-in-law, pressure and volume in with ice and boiling water ~1640 1648 On the Nature of Air 1676 1714 Boyle’s bell in a vacuum 1660 Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) Gilles Personne de Roberval writes “Hydrodynamica” (1602-1675) Robert Boyle publishes -includes concept of gas viscosity Galileo Galilei’s Syphon Experiment Void within a void experiment New Experiments Physio-Mechanical, 1733-1738 1638 Expanding bladder experiment touching the Spring of Air, and its Effects 1648 1660 Vacuum Science & Technology Time Line, 1800–1899 Pierre & Jacques Curie Elihu Thomson C. F. Varley discover the piezoelectric effect commercial medical suggests that cathode 1880 American Institute of X-Ray machines Roots Pump rays are particles Electrical Engineers 1896 invented by brothers Thomas A. Edison 1871 holds first meeting Philander and Francis Roots forms the L. von Babo during the Philadelphia 1859 New York Edison Illuminating Company Develops self-recycling 1880 International Exhibition Wilhelm C. Roentgen Sprengel pump discovered X-Rays 1884 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1876 Sir James Dewar, England 1895 Julius Plò cker demonstrated Sir William Crookes (1845-1923) August TØ pler (1842-1923) that a magnetic field bends performs the Maltese creates the first X-Ray tube (1836-1912) Eugen Goldstein originates cross experiment Cryogenic pumping with what later became known as the term Kathoden-strahlen 1898 Edison files patent on thin 1887 liquid air cooled charcoal Thomas A. Edison cathode rays Geissler-TØ pler (cathode rays) film deposition by thermal 1892 (1847-1931) 1858 1876 mercury vacuum evaporation in a vacuum pump 1884 Guglielmo Marconi transmits 1862 Thomas A. Edison files U.S. a wireless signal for one mile Louis Paul Cailleter A.W. Wright Cathode Ray Tube 1897 patent on high vacuum carbon 1895 F.M. & P.H. Roots (1832-1813) describes thin film incandescent lamp Industrial Roots French physicist and inventor, deposition by Edison files patent on William Ramsay 1879 Blower Pump liquifies oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, arc vaporization Heinrich R. Hertz precursor the fluorescent and M. W. Travers Isaiah Davies 1868 and air. Invents altimeter and the 1887 discovers cathod lamp and fluoroscope discover neon “Roots” pump high-pressure manometer Sir William Crookes, England rays can penetrate 1896 1898 Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac Hermann Sprengel 1848 Sir William Crookes 1877-1878 invents the Crookes tube, thin metal sheets (1778-1850) Devises mercury Johann Heinrich (1832-1919) early form of the CRT 1892 Gay-Lussac’s Law— drop pump Wilhelm Geissler suggests that cathode 1879 Clemens Winkler At a given pressure, the change in (1814-1879) 1865 Jean B. Perrin volume is proportional to the change rays are negatively discovers first charged particles Alexander G. Bell semiconductor proved cathode rays in temperature David Hughes Johann Geissler, 1871 invents telephone Thomas A. Edison “Germanium” were a stream of 1802 experiments with first “microphone” Jonathan Zenneck charged particles Bonn, Germany, develops March 1876 first observation of 1886 R. W. Wood John James Waterston Geissler mercury vacuum pump, using three nails thermionic emission in vacuum improves Braun’s CRT 1895 J. W. Hittorf 1878 & adds the time base demonstrates field (1811-1883) with which he produces the first (“Edison effect”) emission of electrons good vacuum discharge tubes demonstrates that George Johnstone Stoney March 1883 deflection Henry A. Fleuss introduces concept of Edison improves the from a metal into (Geissler tubes) cathode rays travel estimates the charge on 1889 (England) Karl F. Braun Mean Free Path Sprengel-Geissler a vacuum 1855 in straight lines, cathode ray particles Oil Piston Pump invents the 1843 recycling mercury pump 1897 develops Hittorf tube (electrons) 1892 Cathode Ray Tube 1869 1874 1879 1897 1899 1800 1850 Sir William Preece Albert Hess Malignani Corp (Italy) 1875 (England) duplicates 1890 uses a Lenard tube Use of chemical gettering Sir William Crookes, England Edison’s thermionic to study and map (phosphorus) Law of Partial Pressures Pumping by emission experiment and magnetic fields 1896 John Dalton (1766-1844) chemical getters John Ambrose Fleming makes quantitative William Einthoven 1894 1801 1876 presents a paper on the measurements, presents develops the Joseph Swan (1828-1914) “molecular shadow” to the results to Royal Society electrocardiogram William Sutherland patents carbon incandescent lamp G.R. Carey Physical Society of London March 26, 1885 1890 (1859-1911) Scotland, that operates in partial vacuum invents the phototube May 26, 1883 Philipp E.A. Lenard Gas-viscosity laws Sir William R. Grove 1860 or photoelectric cell added to Hertz’s work on 1897 First description of 1874 cathode rays penetrating William Thompson sputtering phenomenon George J. Stoney thin metal sheets Sir Joseph J. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) 1894 1852 Edison Effect suggests the name discovers the electron (1824-1907) “electron” for cathode (He called them “corpuscles”) suggests absolute Nikola Tesla ray particles 1897 temperature scale (1856-1943) 1891 Sir William Ramsay 1848 develops the Vacuum apparatus for exhausting (1852-1916) induction motor Edison's electric lamps. isolates argon from air 1888 Amedeo Avogadro Based on Crookes' design. 1894 (1776-1856) Sir William Robert Grove 1880 Avogadro’s Law— (1811-1896) All gases have the same Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, Germany Rudolf Clausius number of molecules in a Eugen Goldstein observes (1803-1877) (1822-1888) given volume regardless of “canal” rays (positive ions), develops induction coil used by introduces idea of the temperature or pressure so called because they Geissler and Crookes Mean Free Path of a 1811 bored holes in the cathosde tube experiments diffusing particle of a discharge tube 1851 1858 Sir William Crookes 1886 Sir Joseph John Thomson Vacuum pumping system Eugene Bourdon Karl Kronig (1856-1940) 1870 Electrical Indicator Sir J.J. Thomson with his apparatus (1808-1884) (1822-1879) D.G. Fitz-Gerald, England, France, patents Bourdon-tube 307,031—October 21, 1884 suggests that gas molecules Herbert G. McLeod, England patents integral Mg getter John Ambrose Fleming pressure gauge in equilibrium travel in straight Robert W. Bunsen Volume compression, for an incandescent lamp reports to the 1849 lines unless they collide with something Water Jet Pump mercury manometer in England (1881) and U.S. (1883) Physical Society of London 1856 1870 1874 1881
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