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THE HOT-CATHODE DISCHARGE in HELIUM by Michael A. Gusinow A

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THE HOT-CATHODE DISCHARGE in HELIUM by Michael A. Gusinow A The hot-cathode discharge in helium Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Gusinow, Michael Allen, 1939- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 14:07:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319504 THE HOT-CATHODE DISCHARGE IN HELIUM by Michael A. Gusinow A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1963 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: / Date Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Martin A. Oman for his interest, guidance and assistance during the prepara­ tion of this thesis. The author also wishes to thank Mr. A. Glinski, Senior Electronics Technician, for his co-operation and assistance during the course of this work = t My wife, Joan, also deserves my appreciation for her under­ standing. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1« HISTORY AND GENERAL DISCUSSION OF VACUUM AND GAS-FILLED THERMIONIC DIODES .......... 1 1.1 Resume of Work Done Concerning Thermionic Diodes........... < ...... 1 1.2 General Discussion of Vacuum and Gas-Filled Thermionic Diodes ............... 4 1.3 Present Investigation 7 CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND PROCEDURE......... 9 2.1 Design and Use of Experimental Apparatus . 9 2.2 Discussion of Experimental Error ....... 12 CHAPTER 3. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. 14 3.1 Variation of the V-I Characteristic as a Function of Ambient Gas Pressure and Cathode Temperature ............. 15 3.2 Variation of V-I Characteristic as a Function of the Load Line and a Discussion of Observed Oscillations ................. 28 3.3 Visual Observations of the Modes of Discharge . 30 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS . .............. 32 APPENDIX A. SPACE CHARGE LIMITED CURRENT IN VACUUM AND GAS-FILLED THERMIONIC DIODES APPENDIX B. EQUIPMENT LIST APPENDIX C. ILLUSTRATIONS . iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1.1 ¥-1 Characteristic of a Gas"Filled Diode* ****** * O 1 1.2 Appearance of the Anode“Glow Mode «» *.**.«••* * C«1 1*3 Appearance of the “Fire Mode * * 0 0 * 0.0 0 0 C-l 104 Cylindrical Diode Geometry„ , . , 0 , 0 , * C-2 105 Plate “Anode Diode Geometry* ************** €<=*2 1*6 Gut “Away View of the Indirectly “Heated Cathode * * * . 0 2 1*7 - V-I Characteristic of a Vacuum Diode ********* 0 2 1*8 V “X Characteristic of Low-Pressure Diode * * * * » * .« C«3 1*9 ■ V-I Characteristic of Medium-Pressure Diode ****** 0 3 2* 1 Schematic Drawing of the Vacuum System ******** 0 3 2*2 Line Drawing- for Illustrating Vacuum Procedure * * * * 0 4 2.3 Diode Supporting Structure - * * *.********. * 0 4 2*4. The Electronic Measuring Circuit * * * . , * * * * * * . 0 5 3.1 . V-I Characteristic with Varying Cathode Temperature ’ at Constant Gas Pressure * * *«,*.********** .C«5 .5 3.2 V-I Characteristic at 9 x 10 mm of Hg * , * . * * * * 0 6 3.3 V-I Characteristic at 2.5 mm of H g .......... ****** 0 6 3*4 Variation with Pressure of the Slope of the V-I Characteristic in the Space Charge Limited Region . * . 0 7 3,5 V-I Characteristic of the Low-Pressure Diode * , * * * €-8 3*6 V-I Characteristic for a Vacuum Tetrode ******** 08 v List of Figures (Continued) Figure" Title : Page 3.7 General V-I Characteristic for the Low-Pressure . Diode '........... C»9 3*8 V-I Characteristic for the Low-Pressure Diode . C-9 3*9 " V-I Characteristic for the Low-Pressure Diode . 0=10 ■ ' 3*10 " ‘V-I Characteristic for the Low-Pressure Diode C-10 3*11 ::"lcalc * vs e ^exp * * ° «*»»*»* * ********* C-ll 3.12 'Potential Distribution in a Gas-Filled Diode for , Anode-Glow Mode . ....................* * * * * . C-ll 3.13 Potential Distribution in a Gas-Filled Diode for Temperature-Limited Mode ****.,* * ****** * 0=11 3*14 Temperature Variation of the V-I Characteristic of the Low-Pressure D i o d e ............................ 0=12 3*15 Temperature Variation of the V-I Characteristic of the Low-Pressure Diode .......... * * * C-12 3*16 Pressure Variation of the V-I Characteristic of o the Low-Pressure Diode **************** 0^13 ■ 3*17 General V-I Characteristic for the Medlum-Pressure Diode o aoo »oe»*oay»ooo»e*ooo *oeC0® 16 3*18 V-I Characteristic for the Medium-Pressure Diode * * * 0=17 3*19 Variation of Breakdown Potential with Pressure in the Medium-Pressure Diode * * * * * ********* * C-19 3*20 ^ Variation with Pressure of the Slope of the V-I Characteristic in the Low-Voltage Arc Mode * * * * * .« C-19 vi List of Figures (Continued) Figure Title Page 3.21 V-I Characteristic for ■ the Mediurn~Pressure Diode » « . €“20 3.22 V-I Characteristic for the Medium-Pressure Diode = «. , C“20 3.23 General V-I Characteristic for the High-Pressure Diode eoe-oo ooeoo eeeeAO eeooooe, € “ 2 1 3.24 ; V-I Characteristic for the High-Pressure Diode . = , « €*22 3.25 Variation of Breakdown Potential with Pressure in the High-Pressure Diode . * * . C«24 3.26 .* Oscillations occurring iti the Hot-Cathode Discharge » « C“24 3.27 Simplified V-I Characteristic of a Diode . C-25 .. 3.28 -Variation of V-I Characteristic with the Load Line » » C-25 3.29 Variation of V-I Characteristic with the Load Line » . C“26 3.30 ‘ Variation of V-I Characteristic with the Load Line » ® C-27 3 o31 V-I Characteristic at a Pressure of 14 ram of Hg , , , €=28 3.32 V-I. Characteristic at a Pressure of 6 tom of Hg * « » » C-28 3.33 Variation of the V-I Characteristic with Cathode Temperature .ooo,,,,,,®©,..,. C— 29 3.34 Appearance of Oscillations on V-I Characteristic • « « C-30 3.35 Visual Observation of Hot-Cathode Discharge at 5 mm of Hg €“31 3.36 Visual Observation of Hot-Cathode Discharge at 5.4 mm of 1% . .............. .. C-31 3.37 Visual Observation of Hot-Cathode Discharge at 5.8 mm List of Figures (Continued) Figure Title Page 3.38 Visual Observation of Oscillating Ball-of-Fire at Approximately 5.5 mm of Eg . , . , . C=32 3.39 V-I Characteristic at Approximately 5 mm of Eg . , . C-32 3.40 Visual Observation of the Hot=-Cathode Discharge . C-33 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Vacuum System Valve Procedure o, „ 10 J II Theoretical and Experimental Values of Temperature- Limited Currents d 0 o o • 20 A-l Range of Validity for Assuming Constant Mobility . , * . Aa4 A-2 Summary of Results for Space Charge Limited Current * , A - 6 ix ABSTRACT A short history of previous work concerning hot®cathode dis~ charges is presented along with a short review of the V~I character® istics of vacuum and gas®filled thermionic diodes. This thesis presents a study of the volt-ampere characteristic of the hot-cathode discharge with helium as the ambient gas« The characteristic was studied as a function of ambient gas pressure and cathode temperature. The ranges of pressure and temperature considered were 3 x 10 ^ mm of Eg to 100 mm of Hg and 1700°C to 2300°Co The data is presented primarily in the form of oscilloscope pictures. Plausible explanations for the variations of the V-I characteristic as a function of the ambient gas pressure and cathode temperature are presented, although no definite conclusions are drawn. Possibilities for further investigations are suggested. x CHAPTER ONE HISTORY AND GENERAL DISCUSSION OF VACUUM AND GAS-FILLED THERMIONIC DIODES > When electron conduction through a gas occurs due to an applied electric field across the gas, the phenomenon is referred to as a gas discharge. Two general types of gas discharges exist: 1, The coId-cathode discharge in which the cathode and anode are not heated by any auxiliary means; 2. The hot-cathode discharge in which the cathode is heated so that thermionic emission of electrons occurs. in the discussion to follow, three pressure ranges are defined: 1. Less than 1 mm of Hg - low pressure; 2. 1 mm to 10 mm of Hg - medium pressure; 3. 10 mm to 100 mm of Hg - high pressure. 1.1 Resume of Work Done Gm&oerning Thermionic DjLodes There has been a great deal written in the last half century about coId-cathode discharges. However, for some time there was little interest in discharges utilizing thermionic cathodes. This lack of interest lasted from about 1930 to 1951. From 1916 to 1929 there was a considerable amount of work on hot-cathode discharges. In general, this work produced invalid results due to poor vacuum techniques and impure gases. During this early period Compton-^"^, Eckhart?^>and Buffendack^* ^ made the most significant contributions to the study of hot^cathode' discharges» Their work was both experimental and theoret­ ical and demonstrated good understanding of the basic physical processes 110=121 occurring in the discharge« During this same period Langmuir did a great deal of work, primarily in connection with vacuum diodes.
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