DOCSLIB.ORG

Basic Electronics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basic Electronics 14 Basic Electronics In this chapter, we lead you through a study of the basics of electronics. After completing the chapter, you should be able to Understand the physical structure of semiconductors. Understand the essence of the diode function. Understand the operation of diodes. Realize the applications of diodes and their use in the design of rectifiers. Understand the physical operation of bipolar junction transistors. Realize the applications of bipolar junction transistors. Understand the physical operation of field-effect transistors. Realize the application of field-effect transistors. Perform rapid analysis of transistor circuits. REFERENCES 1. Giorgio Rizzoni, Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, McGraw Hill, 2003. 2. J. R. Cogdel, Foundations of Electronics, Prentice Hall, 1999. 3. Donald A., Neaman, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design, McGraw Hill, 2001. 4. Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford, 1998. 1 Basic Electronics 2 14.1 INTRODUCTION Electronics is one of the most important fields in existence today. It has greatly influenced everything since early 1900s. Everyone nowadays realize the impact of electronics on our daily life. Table 14-1 shows many important areas with tremendous impact of electronics. Table 14-1 Various Application Areas of Electronics Area Examples of Applications Automotives Electronic ignition system, antiskid braking system, automatic suspension adjustment, performance optimization. Aerospace Airplane controls, spacecrafts, space missiles. Telecommunications Radio, television, telephones, mobile and cellular communications, satellite communications, military communications. Computers Personal computers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, calculators, microprocessors. Instrumentation Measurement equipment such as meters and oscilloscopes, medical equipment such as MRI, X- ray machines, etc. Microelectronics Microelectronic circuits, microelectromechanical systems. Power electronics Converters, Radar Air traffic control, security systems, military systems, police traffic radars. According to one dictionary, electronics means the physics of electrons and their utilization. In a broader means, it may be defined as the field of manipulating electrical currents and voltages using passive and active devices that are connected together to create electronic circuits. These circuits may contain simple resistors, capacitors, conductors (that are generally called components), diodes, transistors and more complicated devices that contain millions of transistors. In electronics, voltage and current become electrical signals. Signals contain information about a variety of activities in the physical world such as weather, temperature, pressure, speed, etc. This chapter explains the function of semiconductor diodes and transistors. These devices find applications in many practical circuits used in electronic Basic Electronics 3 systems and electric power systems. The emphasis in this chapter is on the basic techniques for the analysis of electronic circuits. 14.2 HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS The field of electronics has long history starting early 1990s. This field is responsible for the development of many important areas such as telecommunication, computers, instrumentation, aviation, medicine, services, etc. It is impossible to imagine what our lives would be like without access electronics. Technologies associated with electronics have made our lives easier. Modern society is indeed unworkable without the existence of electronic devices and appliances. For example, emerging telecommunication services have greatly enhanced the ability of individuals and groups to communicate with each other and have facilitated the speed of information to persons and machines in both urban and rural environments. Table 14-2 includes the history of several important areas of electronics. 14.3 SEMICONDUCTORS A semiconductor is material that is intermediate between a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors are present in our everyday life. The computer that we use at has more than one electronic chip. Cars, TV’s, coffee machines, washing machines, etc are all equipped with them. 14.3.1 History Although the semiconductor was late in reaching its present development, its history began long before the electron tube. Historically, we may go as far back as 1883 when Michael Faraday discovered that silver sulfide, a semiconductor, which has a negative temperature coefficient. The term negative temperature coefficient is just another way of saying its resistance to electrical current flow decreases as temperature increases. The opposite is true of the conductor. It has a positive temperature coefficient. Another ancestor of semiconductor devices was the crystal detector, used in early wireless radios. This device (patented by a German scientist, Ferdinand Braun, in 1899) was made of a single metal wire touching against a semiconductor crystal. The result was a rectifying diode (so called because it has two terminals), which lets current through easily one way, but hinders flow the other way. By 1930, though, vacuum-tube diodes had all but replaced the smaller Basic Electronics 4 but much quirkier crystal detector. The crystals were left to languish as a kids’ toy in the form of “crystal radios.” Table 14-2 Brief History of Electronics Invention Year: Inventor Application 1904 USA: Sir Ambrose The first rectifier, the diode, Fleming Fleming Valve (Edison effect). 1906 USA: Lee de Forest Invention of the audion tube, a three- element vacuum tube in which the grid controlled the current, which made modern radio possible. 1992 UK Regular radio broadcasting started in Vacuum Tube London. and Radio 1885-1889 Germany: The first to broadcast and receive radio Heinrich Rudolf Hertz waves in the laboratory. 1909 UK: Guglielmo First wireless signal across the Atlantic Marconi Ocean. A3000-km distance between St. John’s (Newfoundland) and Poldhu (Cornwall), on the Southwest tip of England was bridged. 1923 UK: Valdimir Iconoscope: This was used as a TV screen Kosma Zworykyn in the all electronic system developed by EMI. 1926 UK: John Logie Demonstrated the first television. Television Baird 1934 USA: Philo T. First electrical scanning TV camera. Farnsworth 1936 UK: BBC Regular broadcasting TV programs at Alexandra Palace, London. 1982: Sony First flat screen TV. 1935 Scotland: Robert He received his eleventh radio-location Alexander Watson-Watt patent, a device for detecting and locating an approaching aircraft. Radar 1940 USA: Alfred Lee He had already built a working low-power Loomis CW radar for aircraft detection when the British brought the magnetron to the U.S. 1947 USA: Bardeen, Transistor was invented in Bell Brattain and Shockley Laboratories. 1954: Texas Instruments First transistor radio. Transistor 1967: Sony First radio using integrated circuits. Mid-1980s The capability of including one million transistors on silicon chip. Mid-1990s The capability of including ten million transistors on silicon chip. Basic Electronics 5 1946 USA: Brainard, One of the first electronic digital Mauchly, Eckert, computers. Sharpless 1968: Robert Noyce Founded Intel (INTegrated and Gordon Grove Electronics) Corporation. Computers 1970 First commercial microprocessor chip, the Intel 4004 based on small 4-bit digital words. Later Succeeding models expanded the capability to 8-bit, then 16 bit, and finally 32-bit words. In June 1948, a significant breakthrough took place in semiconductor development. This was the discovery of point-contact transistor. Here at last was a semiconductor that could amplify. This discovery brought the semiconductor back into competition with the electron tube. A year later, junction diodes and transistors were developed. The junction transistor was found superior to the point-contact type in many respects. By comparison, the junction transistor was more reliable, generated less noise, and had higher power-handling ability than its point-contact brother. So, during the war, much effort was put into improving the semiconductors, mostly silicon and germanium, used in crystal detectors. 14.3.2 Conduction in Semiconductors This section briefly introduces the mechanism of conduction in a class of materials called semiconductors. Semiconductors are crystals that, in their pure state, are resistive (this means, their electrical properties lie between those of conductors and insulators). When the proper impurities are added (a process often called doping) in trace amounts (often measured in parts per billion), semiconductors display interesting and useful properties. For the sake of comparison, consider the conductivity of through common material. Copper, a good conductor with a very high concentration of free electrons, has a conductivity of 0.59×106 S/cm; glass, an insulator, may range between 10-16 and 10-13 S/cm; and a semiconductor, has a conductivity that varies from 10-8 to 10-1 S/cm. We have said in Chapter 10 that a conducting material is characterized by a large number of conduction band electrons, which have a very weak bond with the basic structure of the material. Therefore, an electric field easily imparts energy to the outer electrons in a conductor and enables the flow of electric current. In a semiconductor, however, we need to consider the lattice structure of Basic Electronics 6 the material, which is characterized by covalent bonding. Figure 14-1 illustrates the lattice structure of silicon, a very common semiconductor. Thermal energy can cause the atoms in the lattice
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1999-2017 INDEX This Index Covers Tube Collector Through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM Set, and the TCA Special Publications: No
    1999-2017 INDEX This index covers Tube Collector through August 2017, the TCA "Data Cache" DVD- ROM set, and the TCA Special Publications: No. 1 Manhattan College Vacuum Tube Museum - List of Displays .........................1999 No. 2 Triodes in Radar: The Early VHF Era ...............................................................2000 No. 3 Auction Results ....................................................................................................2001 No. 4 A Tribute to George Clark, with audio CD ........................................................2002 No. 5 J. B. Johnson and the 224A CRT.........................................................................2003 No. 6 McCandless and the Audion, with audio CD......................................................2003 No. 7 AWA Tube Collector Group Fact Sheet, Vols. 1-6 ...........................................2004 No. 8 Vacuum Tubes in Telephone Work.....................................................................2004 No. 9 Origins of the Vacuum Tube, with audio CD.....................................................2005 No. 10 Early Tube Development at GE...........................................................................2005 No. 11 Thermionic Miscellany.........................................................................................2006 No. 12 RCA Master Tube Sales Plan, 1950....................................................................2006 No. 13 GE Tungar Bulb Data Manual.................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lee De Forest Claimet\He Got the Idea for His Triode ''Audion" From
    Lee de Forest claimet\he got the idea for his triode h ''audion" from wntching a gas flame bum. John Ambrose Flen#ng thought that story ·~just so much hot air. lreJess telegraphy held excit­ m WIng promise at the beginning of the twentieth century. Peo­ ~With Imagination could seethe po.. tentlal thot 'the rematkoble new technology offered forworlct1Nk:le com­ munfcotion. However, no one could hove predicted the impact that the soon-to-be-developed "osdllotlon volve" ond "oudlon" Wireless-telegra­ phy detector& wauid have on elec­ tronics technology. Backpouncl. Shortly before 1900, · Guglielmo Morconl had formed his own company to develop wireless­ telegraphy technology. He demon­ strated that wireless set-ups on ships eot~ld~messageswlth nearby stations on other ships or on land. t The Marconi Company hOd also j transmitted messages across the EhQ­ Jish Channel. By the end of 1901. Mar­ coni extended the range of his equipmenttospantheAtlan1tcOcean. It was obvlgus. 1hot ~raph ~MeS with subrhatlrie cables and ihelr lnber­ ent flmltations woUld soon disappear, Ships· at sea would no longer be iso­ la1ed. No locatlon on Eorth would. be too remote to send and receive mes­ sages. Clear1y; the opportunity existed tor enormous tiOOnciql gain once Jelio­ ble equlprrient was avoltable. To that end, 1Uned electrical circuits were developed to reduce the band­ width of the signals produced by ,the spark transrnlf'tirs. The resonont clfcults were also used in a receiver to select one signal from omong several trans­ missions. Slm~deslgn principles for resonont ontennas were also being explored and applied, However, the senstflvlty and reUabltlty of the devices used to ctetectthe Wireless signals were still hln­ cterlng the development of commer­ () cial wireless-telegraph nefWorks.
    [Show full text]
  • Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976
    NAT'L INST. OF STAND ms & TECH R.I.C. Pubii - cations A111D4 4 Tfi 3 4 4 NBSIR 78-1564 Tabulation of Published Data on Electron Devices of the U.S.S.R. Through December 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final QC— U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 100 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U56 73-1564 Buraev of Standard! NBSIR 78-1564 1 4 ^79 fyr *'• 1 f TABULATION OF PUBLISHED DATA ON ELECTRON DEVICES OF THE U.S.S.R. THROUGH DECEMBER 1976 Charles P. Marsden Electron Devices Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Bureau of Standards Washington, DC 20234 December 1978 Final U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary / Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director - 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface i v 1. Introduction 2. Description of the Tabulation ^ 1 3. Organization of the Tabulation ’ [[ ] in ’ 4. Terminology Used the Tabulation 3 5. Groups: I. Numerical 7 II. Receiving Tubes 42 III . Power Tubes 49 IV. Rectifier Tubes 53 IV-A. Mechanotrons , Two-Anode Diode 54 V. Voltage Regulator Tubes 55 VI. Current Regulator Tubes 55 VII. Thyratrons 56 VIII. Cathode Ray Tubes 58 VIII-A. Vidicons 61 IX. Microwave Tubes 62 X. Transistors 64 X-A-l . Integrated Circuits 75 X-A-2. Integrated Circuits (Computer) 80 X-A-3. Integrated Circuits (Driver) 39 X-A-4. Integrated Circuits (Linear) 89 X- B.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Thethermionic Tube / Valve / Vacuum
    History of theThermionic Tube / Valve / Vacuum Tube – Page 1 The following notes have been assembled by Phil (VK5SRP) from original material and material from several web sites, including Wikipedia for a class run at the North East Radio Club, South Australia January 2016. In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container. Vacuum tubes mostly rely on thermionic emission of electrons from a hot filament or a cathode heated by the filament/heater. This type is called a thermionic tube or thermionic valve. A Photo-tube, however, achieves electron emission through the photoelectric effect. Not all electronic circuit valves/electron tubes are vacuum tubes (evacuated). Gas-filled tubes are similar devices containing a gas, typically at low pressure, which exploit phenomena related to electric discharge in gases, usually without a heater. Although thermionic emission was originally reported in 1873 by Frederick Guthrie, it was Thomas Edison's 1883 investigation that spurred future research, the phenomenon thus becoming known as the "Edison effect". Edison patented what he found, but he did not understand the underlying physics, nor did he have an inkling of the potential value of the discovery. It wasn't until the early 20th century that the rectifying property of such a device was utilised, most notably by John Ambrose Fleming, who used the Diode tube to detect (demodulate) radio signals. Lee De Forest's 1906 "Audion" was also developed as a radio detector, and soon led to the development of the Triode tube.
    [Show full text]
  • The Venerable Triode
    The Venerable Triode The very first gain device, the vacuum tube Triode, is still made after more than a hundred years, and while it has been largely replaced by other tubes and the many transistor types, it still remains popular in special industry and audio applications. I have some thoughts on why the Triode remains special for audio amplifiers (apart from sentimental value) that I would like to share. But first, a quick tutorial about Triodes: The earliest Triode was Lee De Forest's 1906 “Audion”. Over a hundred years development has resulted in many Triodes, large and small. The basic design has remained much the same. An evacuated container, usually glass, holds three signal connections, seen in the drawing as the Cathode, Grid and Plate (the Plate is also referred to as the Anode). In addition you see an internal heater, similar to a light bulb filament, which is used to heat the Cathode. Triode operation is simple. Electrons have what's known as “negative electrostatic charge”, and it is understood that “like” charges physically repel each other while opposite charges attract. The Plate is positively charged relative to the Cathode by a battery or other voltage source, and the electrons in the Cathode are attracted to the Plate, but are prevented by a natural tendency to hang out inside the Cathode and avoid the vacuum. This is where the heater comes in. When you make the Cathode very hot, these electrons start jumping around, and many of them have enough energy to leave the surface of the Cathode.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-Operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936
    Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the faculty of Life Sciences 2011 Paul Marshall Table of contents List of figures .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................. 9 List of tables ................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sept. 25, 1956 A. R. KNIGHT V
    Sept. 25, 1956 A. R. KNIGHT 2, 764,698 CONTROL SYSTEM Filed Nov. 23', 1942 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 F/ ‘6. .2. /MM a“F E C MM V a, a.1 Em C m0 W k m d ,a b 5J WWW/1%? FIG. 3. F76; 4 . TIME 7/045 F 16.5 . 77,15 Sept. 25, 1956 A. R. KNIGHT 2,764,698 CONTROL SYSTEM Filed NOV. 25, 1942 5 Sheets—Sheet 2 m+ _ lzvve/vraq 42 TH up 2 K/waw 7 United States Patent '0 2,764,698 Patented Sept- 25, 1956 2 Figure 21is a sirnilar‘view of 'a reference image on an other iconoscope for purposes that will appear later. 2,764,698 Figure "3 illustrates the ‘relationship of'lig'ht- intensity with‘respect to time ‘fortheiicon'oscope mosaic of Fig CONTROL SYSTEM ure '1. 1 Arthur¢R.‘=Kniglit, Dayton,‘ Ohio Figure 4"il1u'stra-tes the relationship ‘of the'light' intensity with respect 'toltime ‘for‘th‘e iconoscope‘mosaic .of Fig Application November 23, 1942, Serial ~No.-.466,972 ure 2. ~ . ‘Figure 5 illustrates the differential light intensity with 8‘Cla'ims. (Cl; 250-214) I 10 ‘respect to‘ time (of the two iconoscope mosaics represented (Granted under Title 35, U.:S. Code ‘(1952), sec. .266) in Figures 1'and'2. Figure 6 illustrates‘the circuit diagram of one form of my invention. Figure 7 illustrates the. time relationshiprof the square The invention described herein may be-manufactured vwave voltage of the circuit, the sweep voltages of the and .usedby or ‘for vthe Government for governmental iconoscope, and the differential output voltages ‘of the purposes, without .the payment to='me of any royalty two iconoscopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Service ORIGIN Driver Tubes Have Coloured Stickers, Path
    AUDION SILVER NIGHT SPECIAL EDITION AUDION SILVER NIGHT SPECIAL EDITION EXOTICA INTEGRATED VALVE AMPLIFIER £4,150 INTEGRATED VALVE AMPLIFIER £4,150 EXOTICA The Silver Night warmth somehow feels more natural to mean-spiritedness and is overcome Special Edition and is accompanied with masses of by using better and thicker silver has attractive airy detail that is highly extended wiring – as I suspect is the case here. designer lines yet very sweet and free from grain, My appetite is whetted so I play the all placed in a wonderfully inky black Bass With Chorus Aria – Eilt, Ihr and silent backdrop. Angefochtnen Seelen from JS Bach’s St Playing Lorde’s Royals on vinyl via my John Passion conducted by Karl Richter Timestep T-01 MC phono stage (HFC on HDCD. 371) is surprising. This track has really I am now better prepared for my deep bass and I’m expecting the Special expectations to be exceeded. Large Edition Silver Night to stumble, but I’m flowing introductory sweeps of the actually the one that’s wrong-footed. orchestra have excellent breadth Bass is deep and far faster than this and tone and the bass vocal rises design has any right to deliver. A single- majestically with real authority and ended 300B amplifier should, by rights luscious body and weight. The struggle here, but this performance has orchestra doesn’t have massive weight, rasp and plenty of taut bass front-to-back depth, but this criticism detail that doesn’t slouch behind the seems churlish, as this rendition is way higher octaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Photosensitive Camera Tubes and Devices Handbook
    11.2 PHOTOSENSITIVE CAMERA TUBES AND DEVICES 11.1 PHOTOSENSITIVITY / 11.2 11.1.1 Photoemitters / 11.2 11.1.2 Photoconductors / 11.5 11.2 PHOTOELECTRIC-INDUCED TELEVISION SIGNAL GENERATION / 11.5 11.2.1 Photoemission-Induced Charge Images / 11.5 11.2.2 Secondary-Emission-Induced Charge Images / 11.6 11.2.3 Electron-Bombardment-Induced Conductivity / 11.8 11.2.4 Photoconductive-Generated Charge Images / 11.9 11.2.5 Generation of Video Signals by Scanning / 11.11 11.2.6 Low-Velocity Scanning / 11.11 11.2.7 Return-Beam Signal Generation / 11.13 11.2.8 High-Velecity Scanning / 11.14 11.3 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION CAMERA TUBES / 11.14 11.3.1 Nonstorage Tubes / 11.14 11.3.2 Storage Tubes / 11.15 11.4 VIDICON-TYPE CAMERA TUBES / 11.26 11.4.1 Antimony Trisulfide Photoconductor / 11.26 11.4.2 Lead Oxide Photoconductor / 11.28 11.4.3 Selenium Photoconductor / 11.30 11.4.4 Silicon-Diode Photoconductive Target / 11.31 11.4.5 Cadmium Selenide Photoconductor / 11.32 11.4.6 Zinc Selenide Photoconductor / 11.32 11.5 INTERFACE WITH THE CAMERA / 11.33 11.5.1 Optical Input / 11.34 11.5.2 Operating Voltages / 11.34 11.5.3 Dynamic Focusing / 11.36 11.5.4 Beam Blanking / 11.36 11.5.5 Beam Trajectory Control / 11.38 11.5.6 Video Output / 11.40 11.5.7 Deflecting Coils and Circuits / 11.42 11.5.8 Magnetic Shielding / 11.42 11.5.9 Anti-Comet-Tail Tube / 11.42 11.6 CAMERA TUBE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS / 11.43 11.6.1 Sensitivity and Output / 11.44 11.6.2 Resolution / 11.45 11.6.3 Lag / 11.49 11.6.4 Lag-Reduction Techniques / 11.50 11.7 SINGLE-TUBE COLOR CAMERA SYSTEMS / 11.54 11.7.1 Single-Output-Signal Tubes / 11.55 11.7.2 Multiple-Output-Signal Tubes / 11.58 11.8 SOLID-STATE IMAGER DEVELOPMENT / 11.60 11.8.1 Early Imager Devices / 11.60 11.8.2 Improvements in Signal-to-Noise Ratio / 11.60 11.8.3 CCD Structures / 11.61 11.8.4 New Developments / 11.63 REFERENCES / 11.64 PHOTOSENSITIVITY 11.3 11.1 PHOTOSENSITIVITY A photosensitive camera tube is the light-sensitive device utilized in a television camera to develop the video signal.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14550-4 — Applied Nanophotonics Sergey V. Gaponenko , Hilmi Volkan Demir Excerpt More Information 1 Introduction 1.1 FROM PASSIVE VISION TO ACTIVE HARNESSING OF LIGHT Light plays a major role in our perceptual cognition through vision, which occurs in the very narrow spectral range of electromagnetic radiation from approximately 400 nm (violet) to approximately 700 nm (red), whereas the whole wealth of electromagnetic wavelengths extends from picometers (gamma rays) to kilometers (long radiowaves) and beyond. In the early stages of technology, humans strived for enhancement of visual per- ception. Major highlights are: the invention of eye glasses (Salvino D’Armate, Italy, at the end of the thirteenth century); the invention of the microscope c. 1590 by two Dutch spectacle makers, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans; and the invention of the telescope in 1608 by Hans Lippershey, also a Dutch eyeglass maker ( Figure 1.1 ). These devices only enhanced our passive vision by means of light coming from the sun or another source, e.g., a candle or an oven, and scattered toward our eyes. At that time no attempt had been made to generate light other than through the use of fi re, or to store images in any fashion. Much later, in 1839, Louis Daguerre introduced the fi rst photocamera (daguerreotype) in which a light-sensitive AgI-coated plate was used for image recording. This was the fi rst manmade optical processing device. In 1873–1875, Willoughby Smith in the USA and Ernst Werner Siemens (Siemens 1875 ) in Germany described the remarkable sensitivity of a selenium fi lm conductivity to light illumination, thus creating a basis for photoelectric detectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency Characteristics of the Electron-Tube Oscillation Generator
    FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTRON—TUBE OSCILLATION GENERATOR BY RAY STUART QUICK B. S. University of California, 1916 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE! UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1919 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Hay Stuart 4uick ENTITLED Jgraqstaney Character i st.i cs of the Electron-Tube Oscillation Generator BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Snionoe in Eleotri nol Engin eering . \Mm Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :! Committee on Final Examination* *Required for doctor's degree but not for master's 1 CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION Page 1. Scope of work 2 2. Historical review. 2 II THEORETICAL DISCUSSION OP PROBLEM 1. General principles of operation. 4 2. Circuits used. 6 3. Work of previous investigators. 6 4. Mathematical solution of circuits. 8 III APPARATUS AND METHODS 1. Electron- tubes used. 13 2. Circuit properties. 13 3. Frenuency determinations. 13 IV DATA AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. Observed conditions necessary for constant eurrent and for oscillating eurrent. 36 2. Oscillograms. 36 3. Experimental results. 37 V CONCLUSIONS 1. Comparison of experimental ^nd theoretical results. 45 2. Suggestions as to future work 45 VI BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 2 I INTRODUCTIOU 1. Scope of Work. The development of the electron- tube ( also called three-electrode vacuum tube, vacuum- tube, thermionic amplifier, audion, etc. ) has brought to light many new and interest- ing problems. In using the tube as a source of continuous oscilla- tions it is desirable to be able to predetermine the frequency, wave-form and amplitude characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • A 24-Ee-C. 4, 4-Ce 1727 Apaavars 1 Sept
    Sept. 25, 1956 A. R. KNIGHT 2,764,698 CONTROL, SYSTEM Filed Nov. 23, 1942 3. Sheets-Sheet . a F/s, 2. 1aaaaasacas May-seat AfaaczeoMcS2a2My MM G. s. a / es. 42. al af 2 C a/ e 7 y 2 C2 7Mya O 72M-7a 1FM e.a. af y a 1% 17a7a-7 U/ae / M7// Ga-2 a 24-ee-c. 4, 4-ce 1727 apaavars 1 Sept. 25, 1956 A. R. KNIGHT 2,764,698 .CONTROL SYSTEM 1727 a 74/a McMawata/7 as 12-tea/Vass/ 2,764,698 United States Patent Office Patented Sept. 25, 1956 2 Figure 2 is a similar view of a reference image on an other iconoscope for purposes that will appear later. 2,764,698 Figure 3 illustrates the relationship of light intensity with respect to time for the iconoscope mosaic of Fig CONTROL SYSTEM ure 1. Arthur R. Knight, Dayton, Ohio Figure 4 illustrates the relationship of the light-intensity with respect to time for the iconoscope mosaic of Fig Application November 23, 1942, Serial No. 466,972 ure 2. - Figure 5 illustrates the differential light intensity with 8 Claims. (C. 250-214) () respect to time of the two iconoscope mosaics represented (Granted under Title 35, U.S. Code (1952), sec. 266) in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 6 illustrates the circuit diagram of one form of my invention. Figure 7 illustrates the time relationship. of the square The invention described herein may be manufactured wave voltage of the circuit, the sweep voltages of the and used by or for the Government for governmental iconoscope, and the differential output voltages of the purposes, without the payment to me of any royalty two iconoscopes.
    [Show full text]