DOCSLIB.ORG

Zostera Marina and Epibionts: the Dynamics of Chemical Defenses.’ Selbständig Und Ohne Unerlaubte Hilfe Angefertigt Habe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zostera Marina and Epibionts: the Dynamics of Chemical Defenses.’ Selbständig Und Ohne Unerlaubte Hilfe Angefertigt Habe Zostera marina and epibionts: the dynamics of chemical defenses. Dissertation for the Academic Degree Dr. rer. Nat. at the Faculty of Mathematics and Nature Sciences of the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research GEOMAR Submitted by Chi Guan Kiel, 2017 Zostera marina and epibionts: the dynamics of chemical defenses. Dissertation for the Academic Degree Dr. rer. Nat. at the Faculty of Mathematics and Nature Sciences of the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research GEOMAR Submitted by Chi Guan Kiel, 2017 1. Gutachter / Referee: PD Dr. Florian Weinberger 2. Gutachter / Referee: Prof. Dr. Deniz Tasdemir Tag der mündlichen Prüfung / Date of Disputation: 21.06.2017 Zum Druck genehmigt / Approved of Print: 27.06.2017 gez. Dekan Prof. Dr. Natascha Oppelt Dedicated to my love Nancy Contents Summary............................................................................................................................................ 9 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................................12 General Introduction...................................................................................................................... 15 Epibiosis.................................................................................................................................... 15 The consequences of epibiosis.................................................................................................. 16 The role of bacteria in epibiosis................................................................................................18 Responses of the hosts...............................................................................................................19 The importance of surface extracts...........................................................................................20 Regulation of antifouling defense............................................................................................. 20 Induced chemical defense......................................................................................................... 22 The seasonality of antifouling defense......................................................................................23 Eelgrass.....................................................................................................................................23 Thesis outline.............................................................................................................................24 Study hypotheses....................................................................................................................... 26 References..................................................................................................................................27 Publications and Contributions of Authors..................................................................................35 Chapters I. The role of rosmarinic acid and sulfated flavonoids in the chemical defense of the eelgrass Zostera marina against microfouling 36 II. Heat waves accelerate the chemical defense of Zostera marina against microfoulers 72 III. Seasonal variations in the anti-bacterial defense activity of Zostera marina L. correlate with seasonal variations in fouling pressure and density of microepibionts..........107 General Discussion........................................................................................................................ 142 7 Chemical antifouling defense of eelgrass....................................................................... 142 Phenolic compounds on eelgrass....................................................................................144 Regulation of antifouling defense................................................................................... 147 Reference......................................................................................................................... 154 Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................... 161 Erklärung.......................................................................................................................................163 8 Summary Marine ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems differ in many aspects and one of these differences is in biofouling, which is considerably more important under water. The role of bacteria in biofouling is essential, as they precondition living and non-living surfaces for the settlement of other marine organisms. In most cases micro- and macro-epiphytes have harmful or even detrimental effects on their hosts, as they compete for resources, reduce the uptake of nutrients or solar energy and in some cases microepiphytes can even be pathogens. The bacterial density in the marine environment is rather high, with, for instance, 0.7 to 2.24 × 106 cells/ml in the western Baltic Sea. However most of the marine plants, such as the habitat forming species Zostera marina L., remain largely free of fouling although they are constantly exposed to those microbes. Such observations suggest that Z. marina may be capable of an antifouling defense. It was the primary goal of this work to identify relevant defense compounds and environmental factors that regulate the dynamics of their production. The chemical defense of Z. marina has been studied since the 1930s and various primary and secondary metabolites - especially phenolic compounds – have been identified as potentially defensive compounds that could defend plants from fouling. However, almost all of those compounds were isolated from the tissue of Z. marina and not from plant surfaces, where fouling actually occurs and the defensive effect would be required. In addition, only few studies determined minimum active concentrations of compounds that are required to deter ecologically relevant settlers and compared them to the concentrations of those compounds on host surfaces, which is important to identify ecologically relevant compounds that drive the natural antifouling defense of Z. marina. In this dissertation, ecologically relevant non-toxic repellents of bacterial microfoulers that are present in extracts from eelgrass surfaces were identified. In subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation steps, rosmarinic acid and two sulphated flavonoids (luteolin-7-sulphate and diosmetin /chrysoeriol-7-sulphate) were identified as bioactive components. All three compounds were dose-dependent in terms of antifouling defense, but rosmarinic acid turned out to be the most dominant and hence the most ecologically relevant of the three compounds. Concentrations of the two flavonoids and also of the known deterrent compound 9 zosteric acid were rather low in surface extracts but high in tissue extracts, which illustrates the importance to study surface extracts if ecologically relevant compounds are to be identified (Chapter I). To study the responses of Z. marina to temperature increase with the respect of chemical antifouling defense I incubated Z. marina several months in the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm facility under a simulated natural temperature regime with or without application of periodic or single heat waves (+5 °C within one week) compared to the seasonal environmental change heat waves increased the antifouling defense relatively moderately, and the increase was more obvious in the last month of incubation, when the seasonal temperature increase was at its maximum. The surface concentration of rosmarinic acid was not altered by heat wave treatments but by the seasonal environmental change. At the same time it correlated to some degree with the abundance of potential bacterial foulers, suggesting that a demand-driven regulation of antifouling defense possibly exists in Z. marina. Given that heat waves had no reducing effect on the deterrent capacity of Z. Marina, global warming in the future will possibly not decrease the resistance of eelgrass against bacterial foulers (Chapter II). To further study the effects of seasonal changes on the antifouling defense activity of Z. marina in the natural Baltic Sea environment, seagrass surface extracts were collected monthly over one vegetation period. The peak of defense activity appeared in summer, when the abundance of potential bacterial foulers was also higher than in all other seasons, which provided additional evidence of a demand-driven antifouling defense strategy in Z. marina. Also the seasonality of rosmarinic acid surface concentrations correlated with the bacterial fouling pressure and the density of bacteria that settled on eelgrass plants, which was also observed in the benthocosm experiment described in Chapter II. Besides of rosmarinic acid, additional surface compounds must be relevant for the defense activity of eelgrass against fouling, since both measures correlated to some degree only. In addition, abiotic factors such as temperature and nitrogen supply seem to play important roles in the regulation of antifouling defenses and hence the seasonal fluctuation of this activity. However, the influence of temperature is perhaps indirect, as it drives an increased fouling pressure in summer (Chapter III). 10 In summary, this thesis demonstrates that a chemical defense of Z. marina against fouling exists and it identifies the ecologically most relevant surface compounds. Abiotic and possibly also biotic factors that influence
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Faroe-Shetland Channel Bacterioplankton
    THE HYDROCARBON BIODEGRADATION POTENTIAL OF FAROE-SHETLAND CHANNEL BACTERIOPLANKTON Angelina G. Angelova Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heriot Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences July 2017 The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information. ABSTRACT The Faroe-Shetland Channel (FSC) is an important gateway for dynamic water exchange between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. In recent years it has also become a frontier for deep-water oil exploration and petroleum production, which has raised the risk of oil pollution to local ecosystems and adjacent waterways. In order to better understand the factors that influence the biodegradation of spilled petroleum, a prerequisite has been recognized to elucidate the complex dynamics of microbial communities and their relationships to their ecosystem. This research project was a pioneering attempt to investigate the FSC’s microbial community composition, its response and potential to degrade crude oil hydrocarbons under the prevailing regional temperature conditions. Three strategies were used to investigate this. Firstly, high throughput sequencing and 16S rRNA gene-based community profiling techniques were utilized to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of the FSC bacterioplankton. Monitoring proceeded over a period of 2 years and interrogated the multiple water masses flowing through the region producing 2 contrasting water cores: Atlantic (surface) and Nordic (subsurface). Results revealed microbial profiles more distinguishable based on water cores (rather than individual water masses) and seasonal variability patterns within each core.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Epibiotic Communities of Ubiquitous and Abundant Marine Diatoms Are Distinct in Short- and Long-Term Associations
    fmicb-09-02879 December 1, 2018 Time: 14:0 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02879 Bacterial Epibiotic Communities of Ubiquitous and Abundant Marine Diatoms Are Distinct in Short- and Long-Term Associations Klervi Crenn, Delphine Duffieux and Christian Jeanthon* CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Roscoff, France Interactions between phytoplankton and bacteria play a central role in mediating biogeochemical cycling and food web structure in the ocean. The cosmopolitan diatoms Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros often dominate phytoplankton communities in marine systems. Past studies of diatom-bacterial associations have employed community- level methods and culture-based or natural diatom populations. Although bacterial assemblages attached to individual diatoms represents tight associations little is known on their makeup or interactions. Here, we examined the epibiotic bacteria of 436 Thalassiosira and 329 Chaetoceros single cells isolated from natural samples and Edited by: collection cultures, regarded here as short- and long-term associations, respectively. Matthias Wietz, Epibiotic microbiota of single diatom hosts was analyzed by cultivation and by cloning- Alfred Wegener Institut, Germany sequencing of 16S rRNA genes obtained from whole-genome amplification products. Reviewed by: The prevalence of epibiotic bacteria was higher in cultures and dependent of the host Lydia Jeanne Baker, Cornell University, United States species. Culture approaches demonstrated that both diatoms carry distinct bacterial Bryndan Paige Durham, communities in short- and long-term associations. Bacterial epibonts, commonly University of Washington, United States associated with phytoplankton, were repeatedly isolated from cells of diatom collection *Correspondence: cultures but were not recovered from environmental cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterium That Produces Antifouling Agents
    International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1998), 48, 1205-1 21 2 Printed in Great Britain ~- Pseudoalteromonas tunicata sp. now, a bacterium that produces antifouling agents Carola Holmstromfl Sally James,’ Brett A. Neilan,’ David C. White’ and Staffan Kjellebergl Author for correspondence : Carola Holmstrom. Tel: + 61 2 9385 260 1. Fax: + 6 1 2 9385 159 1. e-mail: c.holmstrom(cx unsw.edu.au 1 School of Microbiology A dark-green-pigmented marine bacterium, previously designated D2, which and Immunology, The produces components that are inhibitory to common marine fouling organisms University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, has been characterized and assessed for taxonomic assignment. Based on Australia direct double-stranded sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene, D2Twas found to show the highest similarity to members of the genus 2 Center for Environmental (93%) B iotechnology, Un iversity Pseudoalteromonas. The G+C content of DZT is 42 molo/o, and it is a of Tennessee, 10515 facultatively anaerobic rod and oxidase-positive. DZT is motile by a sheathed research Drive, Suite 300, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA polar flagellum, exhibited non-fermentative metabolism and required sodium ions for growth. The strain was not capable of using citrate, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol and glycerol but it utilizes mannose and maltose and hydrolyses gelatin. The molecular evidence, together with phenotypic characteristics, showed that this bacterium which produces an antifouling agent constitutes a new species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas.The name Pseudoalteromonas tunicata is proposed for this bacterium, and the type strain is DZT (= CCUG 2 6 7 5 7T). 1 Kevwords: PseudoalttJvomonas tunicata, pigment, antifouling bacterium, marine, 16s I rRNA sequence .__ , INTRODUCTION results suggested that the genus Alteromonas should be separated into two genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Figure S2. Taxonomic Composition in Individual Microcosm Treatments Across a 14-Week Experiment
    100. 0 f Viruses|g Viruses|s Sulfitobacter phage pCB2047 C f Viruses|g Viruses|s Sulfitobacter phage pCB2047 A f Sinobacteraceae|g Sinobacteraceae f Vibrionaceae|g Vibrio|s Vibrio splendidus f Vibrionaceae|g Vibrio|s Vibrio kanaloae f Piscirickettsiaceae|g Methylophaga|s Methylophaga 90.0 f Piscirickettsiaceae|g Cycloclasticus|s Cycloclasticus pugetii f Pseudomonadaceae|g Pseudomonas|s Pseudomonas stutzeri f Pseudomonadaceae|g Pseudomonas|s Pseudomonas sp S9 f Pseudomonadaceae|g Pseudomonas|s Pseudomonas pelagia f Pseudomonadaceae|g Pseudomonas|s Pseudomonas f Pseudomonadaceae|g Cellvibrio|s Cellvibrio 80.0 f Moraxellaceae|g Psychrobacter|s Psychrobacter cryohalolentis f Moraxellaceae|g Acinetobacter|s Acinetobacter f Oceanospirillaceae|g Marinomonas|s Marinomonas sp MWYL1 f Oceanospirillaceae|g Marinomonas|s Marinomonas f Halomonadaceae|g Halomonas|s Halomonas titanicae 70.0 f Halomonadaceae|g Halomonas|s Halomonas f Alcanivoracaceae|g Alcanivorax|s Alcanivorax f Gammaproteobacteria|g Gammaproteobacteria|s gammaproteobacterium HIMB55 f Enterobacteriaceae|g Buchnera|s Buchnera aphidicola f Shewanellaceae|g Shewanella|s Shewanella frigidimarina f Shewanellaceae|g Shewanella|s Shewanella baltica 60.0 f Shewanellaceae|g Shewanella|s Shewanella f Pseudoalteromonadaceae|g Pseudoalteromonas|s Pseudoalteromonas undina f Pseudoalteromonadaceae|g Pseudoalteromonas|s Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis f Pseudoalteromonadaceae|g Pseudoalteromonas|s Pseudoalteromonas arctica f Pseudoalteromonadaceae|g Pseudoalteromonas|s Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans
    [Show full text]
  • Centro De Investigación Científica Y De Educación Superior De Ensenada, Baja California
    Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California Maestría en Ciencias en Acuicultura Calidad bacteriológica del agua en sistemas de mantenimiento de reproductores de Seriola lalandi Tesis para cubrir parcialmente los requisitos necesarios para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias Presenta: Miriam Esther Garcia Mendoza Ensenada, Baja California, México 2017 Tesis defendida por Miriam Esther Garcia Mendoza y aprobada por el siguiente Comité Dr. Jorge Abelardo Cáceres Martínez Director de tesis Dra. Rebeca Vásquez Yeomans Dra. Beatriz Cordero Esquivel Dr. Pierrick Gerard Jean Fournier Dr. Jorge Abelardo Cáceres Martínez Coordinador del Posgrado en Acuicultura Dra. Rufina Hernández Martínez Directora de Estudios de Posgrado Miriam Esther Garcia Mendoza © 2017 Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra sin el permiso formal y explícito del autor y director de la tesis. ii Resumen de la tesis que presenta Miriam Esther Garcia Mendoza como requisito parcial para la obtención del grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Acuicultura. Calidad bacteriológica del agua en sistemas de mantenimiento de reproductores de Seriola lalandi Resumen aprobado por: __ ____________________________ Dr. Jorge Abelardo Cáceres Martínez Director de tesis Con la expansión e intensificación de la piscicultura, los brotes de enfermedades infecciosas se han incrementado y reconocido como una limitante para su desarrollo. Entre éstas, se encuentran las causadas por bacterias, que ocasionan uno de los efectos más negativos. La industria japonesa de cultivo de Seriola spp. pierde anualmente $200 millones de USD debido a estas enfermedades. Una medida recomendada para evitar su ocurrencia, es conocer la carga y diversidad de comunidades bacterianas a las que están expuestas los peces.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum Y Su Microbioma Como Herramienta Para La Recuperación De Suelos Degradados
    Arthrocnemum macrostachyum y su microbioma como herramienta para la recuperación de suelos degradados TESIS DOCTORAL Salvadora Navarro de la Torre Sevilla, 2017 DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA Y PARASITOLOGÍA FACULTAD DE FARMACIA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA ARTHROCNEMUM MACROSTACHYUM Y SU MICROBIOMA COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA LA RECUPERACIÓN DE SUELOS DEGRADADOS SALVADORA NAVARRO DE LA TORRE SEVILLA, 2017 La Tesis Doctoral titulada “Arthrocnemum macrostachyum y su microbioma como herramienta para la recuperación de suelos degradados”, realizada por la Licenciada en Biología Dña. Salvadora Navarro de la Torre para optar al grado de Doctor en Biología Molecular y Biomedicina con Mención Internacional por la Universidad de Sevilla, se presenta con la aprobación de los Directores y el Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología de la Universidad de Sevilla. Los directores, Fdo. Dr. Ignacio D. Rodríguez Llorente Fdo. Dra. Eloísa Pajuelo Domínguez El Director del Departamento, La doctoranda, Fdo. Dr. Miguel Ángel Caviedes Formento Fdo. Salvadora Navarro de la Torre A todas las personas que han formado parte de esta etapa de aprendizaje “Sin prisa, pero sin descanso” Johann W. Goethe “Una sucesión de pequeñas voluntades consigue un gran resultado” Charles Baudelaire AGRADECIMIENTOS Todos los que me conocéis sabréis como soy, y por ello sabréis que esta parte de la Tesis puede que haya sido la más difícil de escribir, por lo que intentaré que no quede muy sosa. Siempre me gustó el Conocimiento del Medio en el colegio, y conforme esta asignatura fue avanzando durante el instituto, me fue gustando cada vez más, sobre todo “esa parte” de las bacterias y las células (desde pequeña iba para bióloga de bata).
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Bacterial Community Metabolism and Composition During
    Changes in bacterial community metabolism and composition during the degradation of dissolved organic matter from the jellyfish Aurelia aurita in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon Marine Blanchet 1,2 , Olivier Pringault 3, Marc Bouvy 3, Philippe Catala 1,2 , Louise Oriol 1,2 , Jocelyne Caparros 1,2 , Eva Ortega-Retuerta 1,2,4 , Laurent Intertaglia 5,6 , Nyree West 5,6 , Martin Agis 3, Patrice Got 3, Fabien Joux 1,2* 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire dOcéanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/mer, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7621, Laboratoire dOcéanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, F- 66650 Banyuls/mer, France 3UMR5119 Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (ECOSYM), CNRS, IRD, UM2, UM1; Université Montpellier 2. Case 093, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 4Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 5Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMS 2348, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France 6CNRS, UMS 2348, Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France *corresponding author: Email: [email protected], Phone: 33(0)4 6888 7342, Fax: 33(0)4 6888 7395 Abstract Spatial increases and temporal shifts in outbreaks of gelatinous plankton have been observed over the past several decades in many estuarine and coastal ecosystems. The effects of these blooms on marine ecosystem functioning, and particularly on the dynamics of the heterotrophic bacteria are still unclear. The response of the bacterial community from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon to th e addition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the jellyfish Aurelia aurita, corresponding to an enrichment of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 1.4, was assessed during 22 days in microcosms (8 liters).
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Abundant Prokaryotic Organisms in the Water Column of the Central Baltic Sea with an Oxic–Anoxic Interface
    AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 46: 177–190, 2007 Published February 2 Aquat Microb Ecol Distribution of abundant prokaryotic organisms in the water column of the central Baltic Sea with an oxic–anoxic interface Matthias Labrenz*, Günter Jost, Klaus Jürgens IOW (Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde)-Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde, Department of Biological Oceanography, Seestrasse 1, 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany ABSTRACT: Anoxic marine deeps are characterized by their chemically stratified water columns. This has implications for the vertical distribution of microbial assemblages, but knowledge of this distribution is still poor. To further evaluate these systems we investigated the Fårö Deep (central Baltic Sea), which was anoxic in its bottom waters in August 2003. To resolve the vertical distribution of the dominating prokaryotic microorganisms along the physico-chemical gradients, we used 16S rRNA or 16S rRNA gene-based single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Altogether, 43 microorganisms were differentiated by sequenc- ing of gel bands; 55% of these belonged to Phylum Proteobacteria, 24% to Phylum Bacteroidetes, 7% to Class Actinobacteria, 5% to Phylum Cyanobacteria, 2% were distantly related to the genus Nitro- spina and 5% were identified as Phylum Crenarchaeota. Only 10% of the investigated assemblages were identified by both fingerprinting methods used. However, both methods revealed dominant 16S rRNA bands, the sequences of which were related to the following organisms: a phototrophic Synechococcus in the photic zone, an aerobic and heterotrophic Pseudoalteromonas in the oxic to suboxic zone, and an anaerobic and autotrophic nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacterium in the anoxic to sulphidic zone. The latter 2 bacterial taxa have also been reported from other anoxic basins and seem to be characteristic of marine pelagic redoxclines, indicating that these environments could harbor similar microbial communities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity and Biotechnological Application of Marine Microbes Producing Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    THE DIVERSITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF MARINE MICROBES PRODUCING OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS BY JINWEI ZHANG A thesis presented for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY March 2011 SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY NEWCASTLE Copyright statement This copy of the thesis has been supplied on the condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior written consent. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my sincere thanks to my supervisors, without whom this thesis would never have been completed. Professor Grant Burgess, Professor Keith Scott and Dr. Gary Caldwell gave me their valuable scientific guidance, advice, suggestions and discussion throughout this work. My sincere thanks also go to Professor Alan Ward, Professor Michael Goodfellow, Dr Ben Wigham, Dr Jarka Glassey and Dr Michael Hall (Newcastle University), to Dr Keith Layden, Dr Surinder Chahal and Dr Robin Mitra (Croda Enterprises Ltd, England), and Dr Craig Hurst (Croda Europe Ltd - Leek) for their helpful discussions. In particular, I would like to thank Mr John Knowles, Mr Tristano Bacchetti De Gregoris, Mr William Reid and Miss Nithyalakshmy Rajarajan, who are my good colleagues in the laboratory and have given me great help during my working period at Newcastle University. I would also like to express my great thanks to Dr Enren Zhang for his inspiration and help on the microbial fuel cell project. Particularly, I am grateful for the encouragement from my friends and family.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy Metal(Loid) Transformations by Bacteria Isolated from Extreme Environments
    Heavy Metal(loid) Transformations by Bacteria Isolated from Extreme Environments By Chris Maltman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Microbiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Copyright © 2016 by Chris Maltman I Abstract The research presented here studied bacteria from extreme environments possessing strong resistance to highly toxic oxyanions of Te, Se, and V. The impact of tellurite on cells of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs and heterotrophs from freshwater and marine habitats was 2- investigated. Physiological responses of cells to TeO3 varied. In its presence, biomass either increased, remained similar or decreased, with ATP production following the same trend. Four detoxification strategies were observed: 1) Periplasmic based reduction; 2) Reduction needing an intact cytoplasmic membrane; 3) Reduction involving an undisturbed whole cell; and 4) Membrane associated reduction. The first three require de novo protein synthesis, while the last was constitutively expressed. We also investigated two enzymes responsible for tellurite reduction. The first came from the periplasm of deep-ocean hydrothermal vent strain ER-Te-48 associated with tube worms. The second was a membrane associated reductase from Erythromonas ursincola, KR99. Both could also use tellurate as a substrate. ER-Te-48 also has a second periplasmic enzyme which reduced selenite. Additionally, we set out to find new organisms with the ability to resist and reduce Te, Se, and V oxyanions, as well as use them for anaerobic respiration. New strain CM-3, a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium from gold mine tailings of the Central Mine in Nopiming Provincial Park, Canada, has very high level resistance and the capability to perform dissimilatory anaerobic reduction of tellurite, tellurate, and selenite.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Fish Pathogens
    Bacterial Fish Pathogens Brian Austin • Dawn A. Austin Bacterial Fish Pathogens Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish Sixth Edition Brian Austin Dawn A. Austin Institute of Aquaculture School of Life Sciences University of Stirling Heriot-Watt University Stirling , UK Edinburgh , Scotland , UK ISBN 978-3-319-32673-3 ISBN 978-3-319-32674-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32674-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952087 4th edition: © Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 5th edition: © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Biofilm Formation in Marine Bacteria Isolated from Ballast Tank
    Trends in Research Research Article ISSN: 2516-7138 A study of biofilm formation in marine bacteria isolated from ballast tank fluids Lahiru Malalasekara, Douglas P Henderson and Athenia L Oldham* University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA Abstract Seawater-compensated fuel ballast systems maintain ship stability as fuel is spent but can introduce microorganisms that form biofilms, biodegrade fuel components, or enhance corrosion; all of which increase operating and maintenance costs. The aim of this study was to isolate planktonic bacteria from ballast tank fluids and taxonomically classify those that formed biofilm in culture. Twenty-two isolates were identified as belonging to seven genera based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Of the seven genera represented Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, and Brevundimonas strains produced quantifiable biofilm in crystal violet assays. To test the hypothesis that the level of bulk nutrients would influence the extent of biofilm formation, isolates were grown in a conventional marine medium and marine medium supplemented with tryptone and yeast extract to represent standard and nutrient-replete media, respectively. While 80% of the Pseudoalteromonas strains produced 7 to 11-fold more biofilm in conventional medium vs. the supplemented medium, 64% of Alteromonas strains produced up to 50-fold less in the same medium. These results suggest that bulk nutrients influence the extent of biofilm formation in a taxa-specific fashion in these marine organisms. The sole Dasania marina isolate failed to display considerable biofilm growth in either media but was the only isolate to produce quorum sensing molecule(s), N-acyl homoserine lactone(s), in assays using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens reporter strain.
    [Show full text]