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Kangri in Context: an Areal Perspective

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Kangri in Context: an Areal Perspective KANGRI IN CONTEXT: AN AREAL PERSPECTIVE by ROBERT D. EATON Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2008 Copyright © by Robert D. Eaton 2008 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the support of my wife, Barb, who put up with me spending too much time tucked away in my room, my children, who put up with very little attention from me, and God, who helped me with insight along the way. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Jerold Edmondson, Dr. Don Burquest, Dr. David Silva, and Dr. Nilaksha Veerabathina for their support, help, and feedback in this process. I would also like to thank the Indian linguists who encouraged my study of Kangri along the way: Dr. S. R. Sharma and Dr. J. C. Sharma. Special thanks also goes to my brother-in-law, Mr. Bill Neumann, who gave very useful feedback on drafts of this document. And last, but not least, I would also like to thank all the Kangri and Dogri wallahs who made our life in Himachal Pradesh a joy: the late Sri. Baldev Singh Thakur, Mrs. Parwin Goldsmith, Mr. Karan Dogra, Mr. Pawan Koundal, Dr. Veena Gupta, Dr. Shashi Pathania, Dr. Shiv Dev Manhas, Mr. Sadiq Masih, Mr. Suresh Kumar. Without them, of course, this would just be a bunch of front-matter. April 10, 2008 iii ABSTRACT KANGRI IN CONTEXT: AN AREAL PERSPECTIVE Robert D. Eaton, PhD. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2008 Supervising Professor: Dr. Jerold A. Edmondson This study is a grammatical description and analysis of the dialect of Pahari known as Kangri, spoken in and around Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. It presents data for Phonology, Tone, Stress, Morphology, and Syntax and includes feature comparisons with several of the related regional and high domain languages (Hindi, Punjabi, and Dogri), particularly at points where they differ. Special focus is given to issues involving stress assignment and tone. These are shown to be sensitive to different morphological categories, for which the framework of Lexical Phonology is useful in accounting. Various tense/aspect grammatical categories are also discussed, among which there are some unique features in Kangri. There is also a discussion of the copulas used in Predicate Nominal constructions which bear a striking resemblance to English copulas and provides a different analysis of the ‘be’ verb in both languages. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................xi ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ xv Chapter Page 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1 2 PHONOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Vowels.......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Consonants ................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Phonological Alternations.......................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Consonant Gemination.................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Flap Reduction .............................................................................. 15 2.3.3 Homorganic Nasal Epenthesis ...................................................... 18 2.3.4 Vowel Lowering............................................................................ 19 2.4 Lexical Phonology...................................................................................... 20 3 KANGRI TONE................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Tone languages........................................................................................... 26 3.2 Tone in Kangri ........................................................................................... 28 v 3.3 Voiced, Aspirated Consonants ................................................................... 34 3.4 Tone Association........................................................................................ 35 3.5 Directionality and Change of Surface Tone............................................... 44 4 STRESS................................................................................................................ 48 4.1 Stress Typology.......................................................................................... 48 4.2 Stress Assignment in Hindi........................................................................ 49 4.3 Stress Assignment in Kangri...................................................................... 52 4.3.1 Stress the Heaviest Syllable in the Stem....................................... 53 4.3.2 If All Syllables are LIGHT , then Stress the First Syllable .............. 54 4.3.3 Stress the Right-most Heavy Syllable........................................... 55 4.3.4 Factoring in Extrametricality ........................................................ 56 4.3.5 Stress May Only Be Assigned to Stem Vowels............................ 64 4.4 Coordination with the Gemination Rule .................................................... 68 5 MORPHOLOGY.................................................................................................. 71 5.1 Morphological Typology............................................................................ 71 5.2 Morphological Processes............................................................................ 72 5.2.1 Prefixation..................................................................................... 72 5.2.2 Stem Modification......................................................................... 74 5.2.3 Suffixation and Compounding...................................................... 76 5.3 Verb Morphology....................................................................................... 83 5.3.1 Noun Incorporation....................................................................... 83 5.3.2 Derivational Morphology.............................................................. 88 5.3.3 Verb-Verb Compounding.............................................................. 95 5.3.4 Inflectional Categories .................................................................. 99 vi 6 WORD CATEGORIES...................................................................................... 125 6.1 Nouns ....................................................................................................... 125 6.1.1 Sub-classifications....................................................................... 125 6.1.2 Mass/Count Nouns...................................................................... 128 6.1.3 Proper Nouns............................................................................... 128 6.1.4 Time Nouns................................................................................. 129 6.2 Adjectives................................................................................................. 130 6.3 Pronouns................................................................................................... 133 6.3.1 Nominative pronouns.................................................................. 134 6.3.2 Oblique pronouns........................................................................ 135 6.3.3 Genitive pronouns....................................................................... 136 6.3.4 Ergative pronouns ....................................................................... 138 6.4 Postpositions............................................................................................. 140 6.5 Cardinal Numbers .................................................................................... 142 6.6 The Interrogative-Relative-Deixis (IRD) Paradigm................................. 143 6.6.1 IRD Forms as a Marker of Language Variety Identification...... 151 7 PREDICATE NOMINAL CONSTRUCTIONS ................................................ 153 7.1 Proper Inclusion ....................................................................................... 154 7.2 Equation ................................................................................................... 159 7.3 Attribution ................................................................................................ 160 7.4 Location.................................................................................................... 163 7.5 Existential................................................................................................. 164 7.6 Possession................................................................................................. 165 8 IS ‘BE’ A VERB? .............................................................................................. 170 vii 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................
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