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Rembert Dodoens, Cruyde Boeck 1563, Einführung Rembert Dodoens Cruyde Boeck Antwerpen 1563 Rembert Dodoens Cruyde Boeck Antwerpen 1563 Digitales Faksimile nach dem Exemplar der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg Herausgegeben und mit einer Einführung von Thomas Gloning, Lydia Kaiser und Ans Schapendonk Marburg 2005 Schriften der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg Band 125 Mit freundlicher Unterstützung von Roche Diagnostics, Basel und Nederlandse Taalunie, 's-Gravenhage Ultimate-Custom-Bikes, Marburg Internet-Fassung und Updates: http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/eb/2005/0001/ Alle Rechte vorbehalten (c) Digitales Faksimile: UB Marburg (c) Einführung: UB Marburg und die Autoren ISSN: 0931-7163 ISBN: 3-8185-0416-4 Danksagung Als wir vor gut drei Jahren das kolorierte Marburger Exemplar des Kräuter- buchs von Dodoens als einen lohnenden Gegenstand erstmals wahrnahmen, dachten wir, man könnte das Exemplar "mal kurz einscannen" und im Internet zur Verfügung stellen: nackt und kommentarlos. "Hauptsache, der Text ist ver- fügbar", so war die Überlegung. Es ist dann anders gekommen ... Zuvörderst sprachen konservatorische Erwägungen gegen diese Methode. Die Lösung bot uns schließlich das Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum, perso- nell verkörpert in Michael Liebetruth, in dem wir einen sehr engagierten, sach- kundigen und äußerst kooperativen Gesprächspartner fanden. Die Unterstützung für die Digitalisierung verdanken wir der Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. Dirk Barth, dem Direktor unserer Universitätsbibliothek, und Herrn Prof. Dr. Werner Schaal, der unserer Universität von 1994 bis 2000 als Präsi- dent vorstand. Herr Prof. Schaal hat die Verbindung hergestellt zu Roche Dia- gnostics in Basel, die schnell und unbürokratisch Mittel bereitstellten. Dem Unternehmen Roche Diagnostics in Basel danken wir sehr herzlich für diese großzügige Förderung. Wenn es einen Ort in Europa gibt, an dem die Traditionslinien des Humanismus, des Buchdrucks, der Medizin- und Pharma- ziegeschichte besonders viele Schnittpunkte aufweisen, dann ist es Basel. Wir sehen mit besonderer Freude, dass diese Traditionslinien nicht nur Geschichte sind, sondern auch Verpflichtung für die Gegenwart. Herzlicher Dank geht auch an Ultimate-Custom-Bikes, Marburg, für vielfäl- tige und weitreichende Unterstützung vor allem bei der aufwändigen Program- mierung der CD! In unseren Dank schließen wir die Nederlandse Taalunie mit ein, die unser Projekt ebenfalls unterstützt hat. Mehrere wichtige Faksimile- drucke konnten aus Mitteln des Preises der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen für das Jahr 2003 beschafft werden. Auch dafür sagen wir herzlichen Dank. Johannes Borbach-Jaene hat im Vorfeld des Projekts, bevor er zur UB Pa- derborn wechselte, an den konzeptionellen Arbeiten mitgewirkt. Julia Rissel hat viele Daten erfasst und korrigiert: eine langwierige und viel Konzentration erfordernde Tätigkeit. Urs C. Bänziger hat nicht nur viele gute Ideen zur Kon- zeption und zur Gestaltung des digitalen Faksimiles beigesteuert, er hat auch die gesamte Einrichtung und Programmierung der CD-ROM geleistet! Herrn Hans Steiß danken wir für Rat und Tat vor und bei der Drucklegung. Für viele hilfreiche Kommentare und Beiträge zur Einführung bedanken wir uns schließlich sehr herzlich bei Herrn Dr. Dirk Barth, Herrn Dr. Uwe Brede- horn, Herrn Prof. Dr. Peter Dilg und Herrn Prof. Dr. Peter Seidensticker. Lydia Kaiser Ans Schapendonk Thomas Gloning Rembert Dodoens und sein Cruyde Boeck (1563) Thomas Gloning, Lydia Kaiser und Ans Schapendonk 1. Einleitung Eines der bedeutendsten und schönsten Exponate der Ausstellung Die wider- spenstigen Niederlande 1998 in der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg war das in niederländischer Sprache verfasste, 1563 erschienene Cruyde Boeck des Flamen Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585). Das Werk ist Teil eines umfangreichen und vielgestaltigen Bestandes an alten Drucken in niederländischer Sprache, der nun im Katalog dieser Ausstellung dokumentiert ist.1 Der Arzt und spätere Medizin-Professor Rembert Dodoens gehört neben Otto Brunfels, Leonhart Fuchs, Hieronymus Bock und Carolus Clusius zu den Sternen erster Größe in der wis- senschaftlichen Botanik des 16. Jahrhunderts. Sein in der Volkssprache veröffentlichtes Kräu- terbuch erschien erstmals im Jahr 1554, in einer erweiterten und überarbeiteten Auflage, die wir hier dokumentieren, im Jahr 1563. Zusammen mit seinem großen lateinischen Kräuterbuch (Stirpium historiae pemptades sex, 1583) und den nach seinem Tod veröffentlichten Überset- zungen dieses Kräuterbuchs mit eingearbeiteten Abb. 1: Rembert Dodoens Nachträgen gehört das Werk zu den wichtigsten Aus: Schierbeek S. 10. Beiträgen zur Botanik seiner Zeit und zur Be- schreibung der regionalen Flora seiner Heimat. Das kolorierte Marburger Ex- emplar des Kräuterbuchs besticht auch durch die Schönheit seiner Abbildungen. Der Arzt und Botaniker Rembert Dodoens beschreibt in seinem Cruyde Boeck von fast 800 Seiten mehr als 1400 Pflanzen der Alten und der Neuen Welt. Das Darstellungsschema umfasst unter anderem Angaben zu Fragen der Klassifizierung,2 zur äußeren Gestalt, zum Vorkommen, zu den Bezeichnungen 1 Vgl. Schapendonk 1998; zum Cruyde Boeck S. 44, Nr. 60. 2 Unterm Stichwort gheslacht. Die Frage, auf welche modernen Klassifikationsebenen die- se Angaben jeweils zu beziehen sind, müssen wir den Botanikern überlassen. Wir ver- wenden Ausdrücke wie Art, Variante usw. durchweg nicht im modernen fachlichen Sinn. 1 in unterschiedlichen alten und neuen Sprachen, zur Wachstums- und Blüteperi- ode sowie zu den medizinischen Eigenschaften und Heilwirkungen, die weitge- hend auf der damals nach wie vor maßgebenden Vier-Säfte-Lehre beruhten; zuweilen finden sich auch Angaben zu Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Pflanzen in Küche, Handwerk, Kunst und Gewerbe. Das Werk wird erschlossen durch sieben Register. Bei den überwiegend naturgetreuen Abbildungen handelt es sich um mehr als 800 kolorierte Holzschnitte, die zum Teil aus dem Werk von Leonhart Fuchs übernommen, zum Teil aber auch ganz neu angefertigt wurden. Das Kräuterbuch und seine Pflanzenbe- schreibungen stehen in einem Spannungs- feld zwischen der Orientierung an den alten medizinischen und naturkundlichen Auto- ritäten, die auch in der Frühen Neuzeit noch bestimmend waren (z.B. Hippokrates, Dioskurides, Galen, Plinius), und einem an der Erfahrung und der eigenen Beobach- tung orientierten Neuaufbruch, wie er für die wissenschaftliche Botanik des 16. Jahr- hunderts charakteristisch ist. Rückwärtsge- richtet steht das Werk also in einer jahrhun- dertealten Tradition der medizinisch orien- tierten Kräuterkunde, die von der Antike bis zu den Autoren des arabischen Kulturraums Abb. 2: Aus: Hartmann Schedel, und anderen mittelalterlichen Fachtexten Liber chronicarum, 1492 reicht. Zugleich steht das Werk aber auch in einer Linie mit dem neuen Programm der eigenen Beobachtung und der empiri- schen Forschung, wie es von den 'Deutschen Vätern der Pflanzenkunde' Otto Brunfels, Hieronymus Bock, Leonhart Fuchs und Valerius Cordus vertreten wurde. Die Lebensleistung und Bedeutung von Rembert Dodoens liegt neben seinem Beitrag zu einer empirischen Neuausrichtung der wissenschaftlichen Pflanzen- kunde auch darin, dass er dabei die regionale Flora von Brabant besonders be- rücksichtigt hat. Immer wieder bezieht er sich bei der Charakterisierung der Standorte von Pflanzen auf die Verhältnisse in seiner Heimat. Zur wissen- schaftlichen Bedeutung unseres Autors gehört auch, dass Dodoens die weithin übliche alphabetische Anordnung der Pflanzenbeschreibungen in den Kräuter- büchern ersetzte durch Ansätze zu einer klassifikatorischen Systematik, wie sie erst viel später von Linné konsequent und definitiv durchgeführt wurde. Aller- 2 dings sind hiervon im Kräuterbuch aus dem Jahr 1563 erst Ansätze zu spüren, denn Gruppierungen wie "van den cruyden/ wortelen ende vruchten/ diemen in die spijse ghebruyckt" liegen natürlich keine botanischen Kriterien zugrunde, sondern praktische Gesichtspunkte der Nutzung von Pflanzen, etwa für die Er- nährung. Bei der Anordnung der einzelnen Pflanzenkapitel innerhalb der Groß- gruppen hat Dodoens offenbar vor allem Gesichtspunkte der Ähnlichkeit in der äußeren Gestalt zugrundegelegt. Das Cruyde Boeck ist also in mehr als einer Hinsicht wichtig und interessant: es ist ein bedeutendes kulturgeschichtliches Dokument, ein wertvolles wissen- schaftsgeschichtliches Zeugnis der Frühen Neuzeit, ein Markstein in der Ent- wicklung des Botanikers Rembert Dodoens und überdies ein schönes Buch, durch dessen Seiten das Auge mit Wohlgefallen streift. In den folgenden Abschnitten wollen wir versuchen, den Autor und sein Buch vorzustellen und in den Kontext seiner Zeit einzuordnen. Abb. 3: Porträt Rembert Dodoens Aus: Rembert Dodoens: Cruyde Boeck, Antwerpen 1554. 3 2. Rembert Dodoens: sein Leben und seine Bücher Die Lebensumstände von Dodoens sind mehrfach dargestellt worden, unter an- derem in der auch heute noch lesenswerten Monographie von Meerbeeck (1841), sodann vor allem in neueren Arbeiten von A. Louis (1954; 1963; 1986) und auch in verschiedenen Beiträgen zu Festschriften (z.B. Andries 1917). Kurzfassungen finden sich u.a. in den biographischen Lexika und in Baumann u.a. (2001, S. 80f.). Das Buch von Meerbeeck bietet zudem einen breit ange- legten Überblick über das publizierte Werk von Dodoens. Gleichwohl muss man sagen, dass eine fundierte neuere Monographie zu Leben und Werk von Dodoens, die man etwa an die Seite der Werke von Hunger zu Clusius oder von Louis zu De l'Obel stellen könnte, bis heute fehlt. Die folgende Darstellung be- ruht im wesentlichen auf Meerbeeck und Louis. 2.1 Lebensstationen
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