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The Changing Role of Botanic Gardens in the Mediterranean

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The Changing Role of Botanic Gardens in the Mediterranean The changing role of botanic gardens in the Mediterranean Gianniantonio Domina & Cristina Salmeri Orto botanico ed Herbarium Mediterraneum, via Lincoln 2, 90133 Palermo, Italy. Botanical Garden of Padua established in 1545 in its actual seat World Heritage site of UNESCO Source of inspiration for many other gardens in Italy and around Europe Testimony of scientific and cultural significance Integrity Authenticity Botanical Garden of Pisa established in 1543‐1544 by Luca Ghini, with the financial support by Cosimo I de' Medici, Granduca di Toscana, initially near the Convento di San Vito, was moved in the actual seat in 1591 Botanical Garden of Bologna established in 1568, under the proposal by Ulisse Aldrovandi, initially inside the courtyard of the Palazzo Pubblico in the city center, reached the actual seat in 1803. The Hortus Botanicus of Leiden In 1590 the Hortus was founded by the University of Leiden. In 1594 Carolus Clusius (1526‐1609) turned it into a medicinal herb garden. The Hortus botanicus of Leiden is the oldest botanical garden in the Netherlands and located in the historical centre of the city behind the academy building of the Leiden University. Layout of the Montpellier Botanical Garden, the oldest in France, created by Pierre Richier de Belleval in 1593. © Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Dist. RMN‐Grand Palais/image du MNHN, Bibliothèque Centrale. Jardin des plantes in Paris was planted by Guy de La Brosse, Louis XIII's physician, in 1635 as a medicinal herb garden. It was originally known as the Jardin du Roi. The botanic garden of the Universidad de Valencia, known as El Botànic, was founded in 1567. Up until the 19th century it was located in a number of places within the city of Valencia. The year 1802 marks the point at which the University definitively moved the gardens to el Huerto de Tramoyeres, outside the city walls, near the Convent of San Sebastián, near the Torres de Quart. Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome The Cantino planisphere, completed by an unknown Portuguese cartographer in 1502, is one of the most precious cartographic documents of all times. It depicts the world, as it became known to the Europeans after the great exploration voyages at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century to the Americas, Africa and India. It is now kept in the Biblioteca Universitaria Estense, Modena, Italy Wild flower growing in the Central Asia and were first cultivated by the Turks as early as 3000 BP. Carolus Clusius director of the Hortus Botanicus in Leiden in 1590' got some bulbs from Turkey from his friend Ogier Ghiselain de Busbecq, the ambassador of Constantinople Amsterdam & Paris 1706 1716 1658 1714 1696 According to Rich & Wilson (1967), Coffee native to Ethiopia, was put in cultivation in Arabia before the era of European explorations. From there was introduced to India and to Ceylon (in 1658) and Java (in 1696). In 1706 one coffee plant from Java reached the Amsterdam Botanic Garden, and from its progeny the coffee populations of America. After it was introduced from Amsterdam to Surinam in 1714 and from The Jardin Royal (later Jardin des Plantes) in Paris to Martinique in 1716 an 1723. 120 107 100 95 80 60 40 30 16 20 13 12 14 10 10 8 9 4 4 5 4 1 3 3 1 1 2 1111 1 2 0 In the Mediterranean countries, according to the BGCI there are 359 Botanic gardens and consimilar institutions Present roles of Botanical Gardens Conservation Research Education Services Planning Present roles of Botanical Gardens Conservation ‐ wild plant species research conservation and management ex situ and in situ; ‐ plant reintroductions and habitat restoration research; ‐ cultivar conservation and maintenance; ‐ seed banking; ‐ field genebanks; Krigas N. & al. 2014: Plant Biosystems 150(3): 573‐582. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2014.988194 The “Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles (CBNMP)” has more than 500 trees and about one hundred accessions of Olea europaea var. europaea. Present roles of Botanical Gardens Research ‐ arboriculture; ‐ horticultural and floricultural research; ‐ new crop genetic resource introduction and assessment; ‐ laboratory research, including in vitro plant propagation (tissue culture); ‐ cultivation; ‐ ethnobiological research; Primula x kewensis hybrid between P. verticillata and P. floribunda created in the early 1900's at Kew gardens Present roles of Botanical Gardens Education ‐ environmental education programs for children and adults; ‐ teacher training; ‐ horticultural and floricultural training; ‐ remedial training and therapy; environmental education programs for children and adults Present roles of Botanical Gardens Services ‐ tourism and ecotourism; ‐ public recreation; Each Botanical Garden has its website http://www.jardibotanic.org http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/jardin/ These are often higly interactive pages with several data, on collections, research and events Touristic fruition Botanical Gardens are review on traveller webistes as all other monuments exhibition markets Mostra mercato la Zagara, Botanical Garden of Palermo fashion shows fashion show promoted by Volpi held the botanical garden of Modena Concerts Dinner and concert inside the botanical gardens of Padova audioguides demonstration workshops generate an awareness of national and local identities and cultures, in which plants, their cultivation and uses constitute an important element Present roles of Botanical Gardens Planning ‐ city and town planning, resource allocation and land use. Botanical Garden of the University of Lecce, S Italy established in 1994 on 2 hectars Botanical Garden of the University of Calabria, Arcacavata di Rende, Calabria, S Italy established in 1981 on 8 hectars, contiguous to the campus of the University Nezahat Gokyigit Botanic Garden, Istanbul, Turkey Privately funded (ANG Foundation) was established in 2003 in an area on a 46 hectare area of land transfromed since 1995 in Memorial Park, at the motorway intersection which was leased from the Roads Directorate. New greenhouses in the Bot. Gard. of Zuerich New greenhouses in Leipzig built in 1999‐2000 This garden was established for the first time in 1542 although the garden has moved and its structures rebuilt several times New greenhouses in Padua Thanks for your attention.
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