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A Case Study of Post-Disaster Housing in Aceh, Indonesia

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A Case Study of Post-Disaster Housing in Aceh, Indonesia At Home in the Post-Tsunami Landscape? A Case Study of Post-Disaster Housing in Aceh, Indonesia by Catherine Louise Elliott School of Land and Food Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania October, 2014 Abstract On December 26th 2004 the second largest earthquake on record occurred off the coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering tsunami waves reaching 15 metres above sea level. In Aceh, the northernmost province of Sumatra, more than 167,000 lives were lost and half a million people were left without shelter. The international response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was unprecedented in terms of the amount of aid funding, much of this donated to aid organisations by private individuals. This funding enabled a major housing reconstruction effort in Aceh, with approximately 100 international non-government organisations (INGOs) involved in housing programs. The scale of the disaster combined with complex pre-disaster conditions in Aceh ensured that the reconstruction effort was conducted under difficult circumstances. Prolonged conflict between the Acehnese Freedom Fighters (GAM) and the Indonesian military had contributed to livelihood losses, high levels of poverty, low education rates, and low levels of trust in foreign organisations and the national government. Despite these challenging circumstances, more than 125,000 aid houses had been built in Aceh within five years of the tsunami. While there has been research into the approaches and outcomes of post-disaster housing programs in Aceh, little is known about the experiences of those living in this housing. In response, this thesis reports on an in-depth qualitative case-study in one rural village in Aceh. The research was conducted with inhabitants of post-disaster housing built by two large international NGOs and was designed to give voice to their experiences, views and priorities. I employed a multi-method approach using interviews, visual elicitation and ethnographic observation to elucidate participants’ housing experiences. Analysis of field materials was thematic and iterative. I report four key findings. First, despite the disruption of the tsunami, participants had a strong, ongoing sense of place, one tied to their coastal location, which was an important source of political and cultural capacity. This finding supports efforts to ensure that housing reconstruction takes place in situ whenever possible. Second, the design of the post-disaster houses and re-settlement plans challenged the rural livelihood practices of inhabitants. Both small plot sizes and relocation of some post-disaster houses away from livelihood sites created difficulties for participants. These factors particularly impacted on women’s abilities to earn an income while caring for children. This finding supports integrated approaches to post-disaster aid that recognise the interdependence of housing and livelihood needs. i Third, participants were engaged in a dynamic process of adapting to post-disaster houses while also adapting these houses to their way of life. Participants were both grateful for the gift of these houses and acutely aware of how they altered the material and cultural fabric of their community. Through studying how participants inhabit post-disaster housing, it is possible to understand how their housing culture is not simply a historic tradition, but rather a living and dynamic expression of an ecology of relations involving cultural norms, values and place-based identities. Fourth, participants had limited opportunities to influence the design and construction of post-disaster housing, although these were greater with one INGO than the other. The capacity of participants to influence housing reconstruction was strongly shaped by the relationships established between village leaders and on-ground INGO staff. As shown by their subsequent adaptation of post-disaster housing to better suit their sense of place and identity, participants had considerable underutilised capacity to participate in the planning, design and building of their new houses. Increased local participation in housing reconstruction is likely to ensure that intrinsic relationships between everyday living patterns, livelihood activities and built structures are re-established. I conclude from this research that the process of providing post-disaster housing cannot be divorced from pre-existing socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental relationships. To disregard these relationships in the planning, design and construction of post-disaster housing disempowers local communities and challenges their long term viability. I thus advocate a relational approach to post-disaster housing provision which is attuned to cultural as well as material needs, and to their interactions. This approach involves five elements: respecting sense of place, re-establishing homes rather than building houses, creating adaptable houses, integrating landscape, livelihood and housing, and empowering community participation in the reconstruction of their houses. ii Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Catherine Elliott October, 2014 Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. iii Acknowledgements This research would never have been possible without the support and encouragement of David O’Brien at the University of Melbourne who has been a mentor and friend. I am grateful for the generous support of the International Centre for Aceh and Indian Ocean Studies (ICAIOS/ARTI) and the staff in the Banda Aceh office: I would particularly like to thank Saiful Mahdi, Michael Leigh, Fachrurazi Arwin, Teuku Murdani, Lenna Avonius, Eve Warburton and Harold Crouch. I would also like to thank my colleges in Aceh, both at Universitas Syiah Kuala (UNSYIAH) and ICAIOS. I am particularly grateful for the friendship, honesty and support of Evie Susianti, Desi Safura and Sazali M. Syukur Ismail. I would like to thank my supervisors Aidan Davison and Michael Lockwood for their tireless reading of my draft chapters, their revisions and suggestions. Thank you to the staff in the School of Geography and Environmental Studies (now Land and Food), particularly to Patricia McKay. Thank you to the University of Tasmania for awarding me an Australian Postgraduate Award. I would like to thank my fellow PhD candidates for their belief in this research. In particicular I would like to thank Millie Rooney, Anna Egan, Mahni Duggan, Phillipa Watson and Natalie Smith. Special thanks go to my family, my friends and my husband for your support and encouragement. I am grateful to all those who gave their time to participate in interviews, who shared their stories and experiences, who drew pictures and carefully explained them to me, who took photos to tell the stories of their every day practices, who showed patience in explaining what to them were the commonsense norms of their daily lives. It is for all of you that I have written this thesis. iv Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i Declaration of Originality ......................................................................................... iii Authority of Access ................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ v List of Figures ............................................................................................................ ix 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Recovery and Reconstruction in Aceh .................................................................... 5 1.2 Thesis premise ......................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Research Question ................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Chapter Outline ....................................................................................................... 9 2. Post-Disaster Houses in the International Context ........................................... 12 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Post-Disaster Shelters, Houses and Resettlement ................................................. 12 2.3 Three Approaches to Post-Disaster Programs ....................................................... 16 2.3.1 Technocratic Approach ........................................................................................ 16 2.3.2 Vulnerability Approach .......................................................................................
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