Mardon Skipper Site Management Plans
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Self-Repair and Self-Cleaning of the Lepidopteran Proboscis
Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 8-2019 Self-Repair and Self-Cleaning of the Lepidopteran Proboscis Suellen Floyd Pometto Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Pometto, Suellen Floyd, "Self-Repair and Self-Cleaning of the Lepidopteran Proboscis" (2019). All Dissertations. 2452. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2452 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SELF-REPAIR AND SELF-CLEANING OF THE LEPIDOPTERAN PROBOSCIS A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ENTOMOLOGY by Suellen Floyd Pometto August 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Peter H. Adler, Major Advisor and Committee Co-Chair Dr. Eric Benson, Committee Co-Chair Dr. Richard Blob Dr. Patrick Gerard i ABSTRACT The proboscis of butterflies and moths is a key innovation contributing to the high diversity of the order Lepidoptera. In addition to taking nectar from angiosperm sources, many species take up fluids from overripe or sound fruit, plant sap, animal dung, and moist soil. The proboscis is assembled after eclosion of the adult from the pupa by linking together two elongate galeae to form one tube with a single food canal. How do lepidopterans maintain the integrity and function of the proboscis while foraging from various substrates? The research questions included whether lepidopteran species are capable of total self- repair, how widespread the capability of self-repair is within the order, and whether the repaired proboscis is functional. -
Two New Records for the Appalachian Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus Wyandot)
Banisteria, Number 24, 2004 © 2004 by the Virginia Natural History Society Status of the Appalachian Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus centaureae wyandot) in Virginia Anne C. Chazal, Steven M. Roble, Christopher S. Hobson, and Katharine L. Derge1 Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 217 Governor Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 ABSTRACT The Appalachian grizzled skipper (Pyrgus centaureae wyandot) was documented historically (primarily from shale barren habitats) in 11 counties in Virginia. Between 1992 and 2002, staff of the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, conducted 175 surveys for P. c. wyandot at 75 sites in 12 counties. The species was observed at only six sites during these surveys, representing two new county records. All observations since 1992 combined account for <80 individuals. Due to forest succession and threats from gypsy moth control measures, all recent sites for P. c. wyandot in Virginia may be degrading in overall habitat quality. Key words: Lepidoptera, Pyrgus centaureae wyandot, conservation, shale barrens, Virginia. INTRODUCTION wyandot) in Virginia. Parshall (2002) provides a comprehensive review of the nomenclature and The Appalachian grizzled skipper (Pyrgus taxonomy of P. c. wyandot. Most authors classify this centaureae wyandot) has a rather fragmented range, skipper as a subspecies of the Holarctic Pyrgus occurring in northern Michigan as well as portions of centaureae (e.g., Opler & Krizek, 1984; Iftner et al., Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and 1992; Shuey, 1994; Allen, 1997; Opler, 1998; Virginia; isolated historical records are known from Glassberg, 1999; Parshall, 2002), although some Kentucky, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, and lepidopterists treat it as a full species (Shapiro, 1974; the District of Columbia (Opler, 1998; NatureServe, Schweitzer, 1989; Gochfeld & Burger, 1997). -
Grizzled Skipper
Species: Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus wyandot) Global Rank: G1G2Q State Rank: S1 State Wildlife Action Plan: Immediate Concern Responsibility Species Climate Change Vulnerability: Highly Vulnerable Confidence: Very High Note: This assessment is expected to be similar for other butterflies of specialized or moderately specialized forest clearing habitats, with specific food plants, habitats exposed to gypsy moth spray; and lacking a fire resistant dormant stage (larval and/or pupal). Some examples: - Frosted Elfin (Callophrys irus); Global Rank G3, State Rank S2; Caterpillar hostplant Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria); Habitat typically grassy (Andropogon spp.) openings in oak habitats on sandy rocky soils; sometimes found in disturbed areas with hostplant such as powerline right-of-ways. - Persius Duskywing (Erynnis persius); Global Rank G5T1T3, State Rank S1; Caterpillar hostplant Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria); Habitats include pitch pine- scrub oak barrens, scrubby ridgetops, or powerline right-of-ways within such settings with sandy-gravelly soils. - Northern Metalmark (Calephelis borealis), Global Rank G3G4, State Rank S2; Caterpillar hostplant Round-leaved Ragwort (Senecio obovatus); Habitats are openings within forested or wooded areas such as natural outcrops, shale or limestone barrens, glades or powerline right-of-ways. Habitat (adapted from NatureServe 2008 and Schweitzer 1989): The Grizzled Skipper butterfly is an Appalachian Mountain habitat specialist that requires shale barren habitats with abundant exposed crumbly rock or soil. Shale barrens are semi-open shale slopes with sparse herbaceous vegetation and tend to be surrounded by scrubby oak or oak-hickory woodlands, often with a component of Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana). A natural area which meets the habitat requirements should maintain itself as a shale barren. -
A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family
Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 625 A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions in History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Smithsonian Contributions in Visual and Material Culture Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution pubHshes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Contributions Series are distributed by mailing lists to Ubraries, universities, and similar institutions through- out the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smith- sonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affiliation with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines. -
Native Grasses Benefit Butterflies and Moths Diane M
AFNR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE Native Grasses Benefit Butterflies and Moths Diane M. Narem and Mary H. Meyer more than three plant families (Bernays & NATIVE GRASSES AND LEPIDOPTERA Graham 1988). Native grasses are low maintenance, drought Studies in agricultural and urban landscapes tolerant plants that provide benefits to the have shown that patches with greater landscape, including minimizing soil erosion richness of native species had higher and increasing organic matter. Native grasses richness and abundance of butterflies (Ries also provide food and shelter for numerous et al. 2001; Collinge et al. 2003) and butterfly species of butterfly and moth larvae. These and moth larvae (Burghardt et al. 2008). caterpillars use the grasses in a variety of ways. Some species feed on them by boring into the stem, mining the inside of a leaf, or IMPORTANCE OF LEPIDOPTERA building a shelter using grass leaves and silk. Lepidoptera are an important part of the ecosystem: They are an important food source for rodents, bats, birds (particularly young birds), spiders and other insects They are pollinators of wild ecosystems. Terms: Lepidoptera - Order of insects that includes moths and butterflies Dakota skipper shelter in prairie dropseed plant literature review – a scholarly paper that IMPORTANT OF NATIVE PLANTS summarizes the current knowledge of a particular topic. Native plant species support more native graminoid – herbaceous plant with a grass-like Lepidoptera species as host and food plants morphology, includes grasses, sedges, and rushes than exotic plant species. This is partially due to the host-specificity of many species richness - the number of different species Lepidoptera that have evolved to feed on represented in an ecological community, certain species, genus, or families of plants. -
Investigating Suburban Micromoth Diversity Using DNA Barcoding of Malaise Trap Samples
Urban Ecosyst DOI 10.1007/s11252-016-0597-2 Investigating suburban micromoth diversity using DNA barcoding of malaise trap samples Kaare Aagaard1 & Kai Berggren2 & Paul DN Hebert3 & Jayme Sones3 & Beverly McClenaghan3 & Torbjørn Ekrem1 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Micromoths can be challenging to identify based Introduction on morphology and are frequently omitted in assessments of moth diversity. However, their species richness and biology Urban ecology is a field in constant growth (Cressey 2015). make them important components of terrestrial ecosystems. In Traditionally, birds, mammals and flowering plants have been this study we identified 1227 micromoths from a suburban considered in urban ecology studies, but butterflies and moths garden at 63° north using DNA barcoding of Malaise trap are now often also investigated (Goode 2014). The larger samples. We recorded 78 different species with the 11 most moth species are reasonably well known and easy to identify abundant taxa accounting for 82 % of the catch. The remaining in temperate regions, but micromoths require more taxonomic 67 species were represented by fewer than 14 specimens, but expertise and are therefore rarely considered in urban ecology the number was often sufficient to provide a good idea of studies. However, extensive investigations of urban moth phenology. The larvae of these 78 species all feed on plants communities were recently undertaken in Scotland (Lintott common in suburban environments. We show that when et al. 2014) and Michigan, USA (Rice and White 2015). facilitated by identifications through DNA barcoding, Malaise Urbanization is generally supposed to contribute to biodi- traps provide interesting insights into the micromoth commu- versity loss (McKinney 2002), but only a few large cities in nities of suburban environments that might otherwise be Norway have an extreme urban structure. -
Getting to Grips with Skippers Jonathan Wallace Dingy Skipper Erynnis Tages
Getting to Grips with Skippers Jonathan Wallace Skippers (Hesperidae) are a family of small moth-like butterflies with thick-set bodies and a characteristic busy, darting flight, often close to the ground. Eight species of skipper occur in the United Kingdom and three of these are found in the North East: the Large Skipper, the Small Skipper and the Dingy Skipper. Although with a little practice these charming butterflies are quite easily identified there are some potential identification pitfalls and the purpose of this note is to highlight the main distinguishing features. Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages This is the first of the Skippers to emerge each year usually appearing towards the end of April and flying until the end of June/early July (a small number of individuals emerge as a second generation in August in some years but this is exceptional). It occurs in grasslands where there is bare ground where its food plant, Bird’s-foot Trefoil occurs and is strongly associated with brownfield sites. The Dingy Skipper is quite different in appearance to the other two skippers present in our region, being (as the name perhaps implies) a predominantly grey-brown colour in contrast to the golden-orange colour of the other two. However, the species does sometimes get confused with two day-flying moth species that can occur within the same habitats: the Mother Shipton, Callistege mi, and the Burnet Companion, Euclidia glyphica. The photos below highlight the main differences. Wingspan approx. 28mm. Note widely spaced antennae with slightly hooked ends. Forewing greyish with darker brown markings forming loosely defined bands. -
Oviposition Selection in Montane Habitats, Biological Conservation
Biological Conservation 143 (2010) 862–872 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Oviposition selection by a rare grass skipper Polites mardon in montane habitats: Advancing ecological understanding to develop conservation strategies Loni J. Beyer, Cheryl B. Schultz * Washington State University Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Ave, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA article info abstract Article history: The Grass skipper subfamily (Hesperiinae) includes many at risk species across the globe. Conservation Received 31 March 2009 efforts for these skippers are hindered by insufficient information about their basic biology. Mardon skip- Received in revised form 3 November 2009 per (Polites mardon) is declining throughout its range. We surveyed mardon oviposition across nine study Accepted 25 December 2009 meadows in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest of Washington State. We conducted habitat surveys with Available online 21 January 2010 respect to oviposition (n = 269) and random (n = 270) locations, recording data on over 50 variables. Mar- don oviposited on 23 different graminoid species, yet are selective for specific graminoids within mead- Keywords: ows. Most frequent ovipositions across meadows occurred on Festuca idahoensis and Poa pratensis Butterfly (accounting for 112 of 269 total oviposition observations). Discriminant Function Analyses revealed that Graminoids Habitat preference mardon habitat was too variable to detect oviposition selection across study meadows, yet there was 2 Host selection strong selection occurring within meadows (r ranging from 0.82 to 0.99). Variables important to within Life history meadow selection were graminoid cover, height, and community; oviposition plant structure (leaf den- Management sity, height, area); insolation factors (tree abundance and canopy shading); and litter layer factors (cover Meadow and depth). -
Polites Mardon COMMON NA
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SPECIES ASSESSMENT AND LISTING PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT FORM SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polites mardon COMMON NAME: Mardon skipper LEAD REGION: Region 1 INFORMATION CURRENT AS OF: April 2007 STATUS/ACTION Species assessment ___ New candidate _X_ Continuing candidate ___ Non-petitioned _X_ Petitioned - Date petition received: 12/11/02 90-day positive - FR date: 12-month warranted but precluded - FR date: Did the petition request a reclassification of a listed species? FOR PETITIONED CANDIDATE SPECIES: a. Is listing warranted (if yes, see summary of threats below) YES b. To date, has publication of a proposal to list been precluded by other higher priority listing actions? YES c. If the answer to a. and b. is yes, provide an explanation of why the action is precluded. We find that the immediate issuance of a proposed rule and timely promulgation of a final rule for this species has been, for the preceding 12 months, and continues to be, precluded by higher priority listing actions (including candidate species with lower LPNs). During the past 12 months, almost our entire national listing budget has been consumed by work on various listing actions to comply with court orders and court- approved settlement agreements, meeting statutory deadlines for petition findings or listing determinations, emergency listing evaluations and determinations, and essential litigation-related, administrative, and program management tasks. We will continue to monitor the status of this species as new information becomes available. This review will determine if a change in status is warranted, including the need to make prompt use of emergency listing procedures. -
Genomics of a Complete Butterfly Continent
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/829887; this version posted November 4, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Genomics of a complete butterfly continent Jing Zhang2,*, Qian Cong3,*, Jinhui Shen2, Paul A. Opler4 and Nick V. Grishin1,2,# 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and 2Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; 3Institute for Protein Design and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; 4Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA. *These authors contributed equally to this work, #Corresponding author: [email protected] Never before have we had the luxury of choosing a continent, picking a large phylogenetic group of animals, and obtaining genomic data for its every species. Here, we sequence all 845 species of butterflies recorded from North America north of Mexico. Our comprehensive approach reveals the pattern of diversification and adaptation occurring in this phylogenetic lineage as it has spread over the continent, which cannot be seen on a sample of selected species. We observe bursts of diversification that generated taxonomic ranks: subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, and species. The older burst around 70 Mya resulted in the butterfly subfamilies, with the major evolutionary inventions being unique phenotypic traits shaped by high positive selection and gene duplications. The recent burst around 5 Mya is caused by explosive radiation in diverse butterfly groups associated with diversification in transcription and mRNA regulation, morphogenesis, and mate selection. -
Management Plans for Mardon Skipper (Polites Mardon Ssp
Management Plans for mardon skipper (Polites mardon ssp. klamathensis) sites on Lily Glen and Howard Prairie Prepared by Rich Hatfield, Scott Hoffman Black, and Sarina Jepsen The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation March 14, 2013 U.S.D.A. Forest Service Region 6 and U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management Interagency Special Status and Sensitive Species Program Table of Contents Section 1: Status and Threats ....................................................................................................... 3 Background ................................................................................................................................ 3 History and Taxonomy of Mardon Skipper in Southern Oregon ........................................... 3 Species Range, Distribution, Abundance, and Trends ............................................................ 4 Species Life History ................................................................................................................ 4 Recent Searches for Mardon Skipper in the Southern Oregon Cascades ............................... 6 Status of BLM sites in the southern Oregon Cascades ........................................................... 7 Howard Prairie and Lily Glen ................................................................................................. 8 Threats ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Small Populations .................................................................................................................. -
Coastal Butterflies & Host Plants
GIANT SKIPPERS Family: Hesperiidae, Subfamily: Megathymi- nae Yucca Giant-Skipper: Megathymus yuccae Host: Yuccas (Yucca aloifolia, Y. gloriosa, Y. fila- mentosa, Y. flaccida) Carolina Satyr S. Pearly-eye Gemmed Satry Viola’s Wood-Satyr Horace’s Duskywing by Gosse Silver-spotted Skipper nectaring on pickerlweed Butterflies need native host plants to complete SATYRS their life cycle. The larvae of many species can Family: Nymphalidae, Subfamily: Satyrinae only survive on specific plants; think of mon- Southern Pearly-eye: Enodia portlandia * archs and milkweeds, longwings and passion- Host: Switchcane (Arundinaria tecta) flowers. The host plants listed here are native to the coastal region of Georgia & South Caro- Creole Pearly Eye: Enodia creola Delaware Skipper Long-tailed Skipper Host: Switchcane (Arundinaria tecta) lina. They provide a critical link for butterfly survival. Protect native plants in your landscape Appalachian Brown: Satyrodes appalachia and grow them in your gardens to support Host: Carex spp., Rhynchospora spp. these important pollinators. Gemmed Satyr: Cyllopsis gemma * Host: Woodoats (Chasmanthium laxum, C. ses- siliflorum) Sachem Skipper Whirlabout Skipper Carolina Satyr: Hermeuptychia sosybius * Host: St. Augustine (Stenotaphrum secundatum) Georgia Satyr: Neonympha areolata Host: Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), Sedges (Cyperaceae) Fiery Skipper Checkered Skipper Provided by Coastal WildScapes Little Wood Satyr: Megisto cymela * Twin-spotted Skipper Lace-winged Roadside (www.coastalwildscapes.org) Host: St. Augustine