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Polites Mardon COMMON NA U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SPECIES ASSESSMENT AND LISTING PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT FORM SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polites mardon COMMON NAME: Mardon skipper LEAD REGION: Region 1 INFORMATION CURRENT AS OF: April 2007 STATUS/ACTION Species assessment ___ New candidate _X_ Continuing candidate ___ Non-petitioned _X_ Petitioned - Date petition received: 12/11/02 90-day positive - FR date: 12-month warranted but precluded - FR date: Did the petition request a reclassification of a listed species? FOR PETITIONED CANDIDATE SPECIES: a. Is listing warranted (if yes, see summary of threats below) YES b. To date, has publication of a proposal to list been precluded by other higher priority listing actions? YES c. If the answer to a. and b. is yes, provide an explanation of why the action is precluded. We find that the immediate issuance of a proposed rule and timely promulgation of a final rule for this species has been, for the preceding 12 months, and continues to be, precluded by higher priority listing actions (including candidate species with lower LPNs). During the past 12 months, almost our entire national listing budget has been consumed by work on various listing actions to comply with court orders and court- approved settlement agreements, meeting statutory deadlines for petition findings or listing determinations, emergency listing evaluations and determinations, and essential litigation-related, administrative, and program management tasks. We will continue to monitor the status of this species as new information becomes available. This review will determine if a change in status is warranted, including the need to make prompt use of emergency listing procedures. For information on listing actions taken over the past 12 months, see the discussion of “Progress on Revising the Lists,” in the current CNOR which can be viewed on our Internet website (http://endangered.fws.gov/). ___ Listing priority change Former LP: ___ New LP: ___ 1 Latest Date species became a Candidate: 10/25/99 NA Candidate removal: Former LP: ___ ___ A - Taxon is more abundant or widespread than previously believed or not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status. ___ F - Range is no longer a U.S. territory. I - Insufficient information exists on biological vulnerability and threats to support listing. ___ M - Taxon mistakenly included in past notice of review. ___ N - Taxon may not meet the Act’s definition of “species.” ___ X - Taxon believed to be extinct. ANIMAL/PLANT GROUP AND FAMILY: Insect; Hesperiidae (Skippers) HISTORICAL STATES/TERRITORIES/COUNTRIES OF OCCURRENCE: Washington, Oregon, and California CURRENT STATES/ COUNTIES/TERRITORIES/COUNTRIES OF OCCURRENCE: Washington, Oregon, and California LAND OWNERSHIP: Most of the sites occur on Federal lands, however, State, Tribal, and private lands also have occurrences. In the following states, land ownership includes: Washington: Department of Defense (Fort Lewis Army Installation) (5%), Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (5%), Yakama Indian Reservation (1%), private (1%), USDA Forest Service (53%). Oregon: USDA Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management (23%), and private ownership (2%). California: Redwood National Park (5%), USDA Forest Service Six Rivers National Forest (5%). LEAD REGION CONTACT: Scott McCarthy (503/231-6131), [email protected]. LEAD FIELD OFFICE CONTACT: Western Washington Fish and Wildlife Office, Ted Thomas (360/753-4327) BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION: Species Description The Mardon skipper (Polites mardon) is a small, nonmigratory butterfly that was first described by W. H. Edwards (1881) (Pyle 2002, Black et al. 2002). This tawny-orange butterfly has a stout, hairy body. Less than 1 inch across, the Mardon skipper is more compact, with shorter, rounder wings than other skippers (Pyle 2002). The upper surfaces of the wings are orange with broad dark borders. The lower surfaces are light tan orange, with a distinctive pattern of light yellow to white rectangular spots (Potter et al. 1999). 2 Taxonomy The original description of the species was made by Edwards in 1881. The type specimens of Polites mardon were based on three males and three females taken from grasslands near Tenino, Washington by H.K. Morrison in 1880. The subspecies P. mardon klamathensis was named from specimens collected near the current Soda Mountain sites in Jackson County, WA (Mattoon et.al 1998). Only the butterflies known from southern Oregon are of the subspecies P. m. klamathensis. Habitat /Life History The Mardon skipper spends its entire life cycle in one location; it does not migrate. Dispersal distance is unknown, but because the species is nonmigratory it is believed to be limited. Runquist (2004) reported observing Mardon skipper dispersing up to 1.6 km, which may restrict the species ability to move between habitat patches and their host food plants. After mating, females deposit their eggs (oviposit) into tufts of bunchgrass (Festuca roemeri, F. idohaensis, or F. rubra)(Ann Potter, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), pers. comm. 2003; USFS 2006; Beyer and Black 2007) and California oatgrass (Danthonia californica) and sedge (Carex spp) (Beyer and Black 2007). Eggs hatch after 6 or 7 days (Newcomer 1966; Black et al. 2002). Larvae feed on fescue and oatgrass for approximately 3 months (Dornfeld 1980; Black et al. 2002; Pyle 2002). Pupae hibernate through winter, loosely cocooned in the grass and thatch (Newcomer 1966; Pyle, 2002). In the South Puget Sound Region of Washinton, Mardon skippers are found in open, glacial outwash grasslands with abundant Festuca roemeri interspersed with Viola adunca (Potter et al. 1999; Black et al. 2002) on the remnant prairies. On these prairies, adults feed on nectar from a variety of herbaceous plants (Black et al. 2002; Beyer and Black 2007), although they prefer the early blue violet (Viola adunca) (Pyle 2002). The Early blue violet and common vetch (Vicia sativa) were strongly preferred as nectar sources, and Scot=s broom (Cytisus scoparius) was strongly avoided (Hays et al. 2000; Black et al. 2002). Nectaring has also been observed on common camas (Camassia quamash), prairie lupine (Lupinus lepidus), fine-leaved desert parsley (Lomatium utriculatum), western buttercup (Ranunculus occidentalis), sea blush (Plectritis congesta) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium). In the southern Cascades of Washington, the Mardon skipper is found in open grasslands within ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) savanna/woodland or at higher elevations ranging from 549 to 1,677 meters (m) (1,800 to 5,500 feet (ft)) in the grand fir (Abies grandis) zone (Harke 2001; Potter and Fleckenstein 2002). This forest types span from the Mt Adams Ranger District of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest to the Naches Ranger District on Wenatchee National Forest, where a small population of Mardon skipper was detected in 2006. In the southern Cascades of Washington, adults have frequently been observed nectaring on vetch (Vicia spp.), penstemon (Penstemon procerus), and sego lily (Calochortus spp.) (Potter and Fleckenstein 2002, ). Wallflower (Erysimum capitatum, E. asperum), hawkweed (Hieracium 3 sp.), hawksbeard (Crepis sp.), geranium (Geranium sp.), fleabane (Erigeron perigrinus), strawberry (Fragaria spp).) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) are also reported nectar sources from this region (Newcomer 1966; Harke 2001; Potter and Fleckenstein 2002; Beyer and Black 2007). The Mardon skipper detection sites in the southern Cascade of Washington vary in size from small 0.25 hectare (ha) (0.5 acre (ac)) or less meadows to large grassland complexes. Site conditions range from dry, open ridgetops to grasslands associated with wetlands, springs, or riparian habitat. Sites with grassland vegetation, including grassy forest openings, roadside meadows in dry forest buffers, and grass-dominated tree plantations may support Mardon skipper populations. Populations in southern Oregon occupy small (less than 0.25B4 ha (0.5B10 ac)) high-elevation (1,372B1,555 m (4,500B5,100 ft)) grassy meadows within mixed conifer forests. The habitat features where Mardon skipper are found are dominated by fescue grasslands and the primary nectar plants being utilized are cinquefoil (Potentilla), butterweed (Senecio) and self-heal (Prunella) (Ross 2007). The habitat for Mardon skipper in southwestern Oregon and northern California have been historically subjected to frequent low-intensity fires (Agee 1994), which played an important role in maintaining the grassland plant communities free from trees. The California populations are located on serpentine balds dominated by Festuca idahoensis in sparse Jeffery Pine forests. Common nectar plants include Phlox, Potentilla, Viola, and Castilleja (Runquist 2004). The four principal grasslands of this historic population cover an area of less than 2 hectares (4.5 acres). A new population was discovered in 2004 on Little Bald Hill in Redwood National Park more than 10 km distance from the original population (G. Falxa, FWS, Arcata, CA pers. comm. 2006). This distance appears to be well beyond the dispersal distance of a sedentary, nonmigratory butterfly like the Mardon skipper (Pyle, 2002). Historical Range/Distribution The Mardon skipper is a northwestern butterfly with a remarkably disjunct range. No estimates of abundance are available from any site prior to 1980. It is likely that Mardon skipper were more widespread prior to widespread contraction of grassland habitat in the past century.
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