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A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family

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A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 625 A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions in History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Smithsonian Contributions in Visual and Material Culture Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution pubHshes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Contributions Series are distributed by mailing lists to Ubraries, universities, and similar institutions through- out the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smith- sonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affiliation with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines. General requirements for manuscript preparation are on the inside back cover of printed volumes. For detailed submissions require- ments and to review the "Manuscript Preparation and Style Guide for Authors," visit the Submissions page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 625 A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family Opostegidae (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis 0 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press 'WASHINGTON, D.C. 2007 ABSTRACT Davis, Donald R., and Jonas R. Stonis. A Revision of the New World Plant-Mining Moths of the Family Opostegidae (Lepidoptera: Nepticu- loidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 625,212 pages, 503 figures, 19 maps, 2 tables, 2007. — The systematics, morphology, and distributions are summarized for the 91 species and 2 subspecies of New World Opostegidae. A phylogenetic analysis using the "parsi- mony rachet" in Winclada and based on 34 morphological characters for the seven currently recognized world genera indicates the monotypic Chilean genus, Notiopostega, to be the basal taxon. Monophyly of the Nepticuloidea (Nepticulidae + Opostegidae) is well supported by nine morphological synapomorphies. Several synapomorphies distinguish the Opostegidae from all other Lepidoptera. Principal among these are the presence of a single, spinose seta on the larval mandible, adult wing venation extremely reduced with all veins unbranched, frenulum lost in both sexes, antennal flagellomeres each typically with 3 sets of ascoid sensillae, and a pedunculate, typically elliptical, cucuUar lobe bearing a well-developed pectinifer on the valva of the male genitalia. Larval biologies of only two New World species are known. Larvae of both species mine primarily the cambium layer in woody plant stems. Results from light trap sampling at the La Selva Biological Station in Heredia Province, Costa Rica, indicated that adult Opostegidae were much more abundant in canopy habitats compared with near-ground level. Four genera (Neopostega new genus, 5 species; Notiopostega Davis, 1 species; Opostegoides Kozlov, 1 species; and Pseudopostega Kozlov, 84 species and 2 subspecies) are recognized for the New World. One genus (Neopostega) and the following 68 species and 2 subspecies are described as new: Neopostega asymmetra Pseudopostega curtarama Pseudopostega mignonae Neopostega distola Pseudopostega denticulate Pseudopostega monstruosa Neopostega falcata Pseudopostega didyma Pseudopostega obtuse Neopostega longispina Pseudopostega diskusi Pseudopostega ovatula Neopostega petila Pseudopostega divaricata Pseudopostega parakempella Pseudopostega acrodicra Pseudopostega dorsalis dorsalis Pseudopostega paraplicatella Pseudopostega acuminate Pseudopostega dorsalis fasciata Pseudopostega plicatella Pseudopostega apotoma Pseudopostega duplicate Pseudopostega resimafurcata Pseudopostega attenuate Pseudopostega ecuadoriana Pseudopostega rotunda Pseudopostega beckeri Pseudopostega ferruginea Pseudopostega sectila Pseudopostega bicornuta Pseudopostega floridensis Pseudopostega serrata Pseudopostega bidorsalis Pseudopostega fum.ida Pseudopostega spatulata Pseudopostega brachybasis Pseudopostega galapagosae Pseudopostega sublobata Pseudopostega breviapicula Pseudopostega gracilis Pseudopostega subtila Pseudopostega brevifurcata Pseudopostega lateriplicata Pseudopostega suffuscula Pseudopostega brevivalva Pseudopostega latiapicula Pseudopostega tanygnatha Pseudopostega caulifurcata Pseudopostega latifurcata latifurcata Pseudopostega tenuifurcata Pseudopostega clavata Pseudopostega latifurcata apoclina Pseudopostega texana Pseudopostega colognatha Pseudopostega latisaccula Pseudopostega triangularis Pseudopostega concave Pseudopostega lobata Pseudopostega truncate Pseudopostega conicula Pseudopostega longifurcata Pseudopostega tucumanae Pseudopostega constricta Pseudopostega longipedicella Pseudopostega turquinoensis Pseudopostega contigua Pseudopostega microacris Pseudopostega uncinata. Pseudopostega crassifurcata Published by Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press P.O. Box 37012 MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 www.scholarlypress.si.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Davis, Donald R. (Donald Ray) A revision of the new world plant-mining moths of the family Opostegidae (Lepidoptera: Nepticuloidea) / Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis. p. cm. — (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 625) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Opostegidae—Classification. I. Stonis, Jonas R. II. Title. QL561.07D38 2007 595.78—dc22 2007021148 ^ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48—1992. Contents INTRODUCTION i Acknowledgments 2 Materials and Methods 4 BIOLOGY OF THE OPOSTEGIDAE 5 Distribution and Diversity 5 Life History 8 MORPHOLOGY 13 SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS 18 Characters Used in the Cladistic Analysis 21 OPOSTEGIDAE 22 Key to the Genera of the New World OPOSTEGIDAE 24 Notiopostega Davis 25 Notiopostega atrata Davis 33 Neopostega, new genus 34 Key to the Species of Neopostega 35 Neopostega longispina, new species 36 Neopostega falcata, new species 36 Neopostega asymmetra, new species 37 Neopostega petila, new species 38 Neopostega distola, new species 39 Opostegoides Kozlov 40 Opostegoides scioterma (Meyrick) 42 Pseudopostega Kozlov 46 Key to the Species Groups of Pseudopostega, Based on Characters of the Male Genitalia 50 The rotunda group 51 Pseudopostega rotunda, new species 51 Pseudopostega ovatula, new species 52 The serrata group 52 Pseudopostega serrata, new species 52 Pseudopostega ferruginea, new species 54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY The lateriplicata group 56 Pseudopostega abrupta (Walsingham) 56 Pseudopostega floridensis, new species 57 Pseudopostega lateriplicata, new species 59 Pseudopostega uncinata, new species 60 The spatulata group 61 Pseudopostega microacris, new species 61 Pseudopostega fumida, new species 62 Pseudopostega gracilis, new species 63 Pseudopostega tucumanae, new species 64 Pseudopostega apotoma, new species 65 Pseudopostega pexa (Meyrick) 66 Pseudopostega diskusi, new species 67 Pseudopostega truncata, new species 67 Pseudopostega monstruosa, new species 68 Pseudopostega microlepta (Meyrick) 69 Pseudopostega spatulata, new species 70 Pseudopostega albogaleriella (Clemens) 70 Pseudopostega denticulata, new species 74 The latisaccula group 75 Pseudopostega latisaccula, new species 75 The triangularis group 76 Pseudopostega attenuata, new species 76 Pseudopostega conicula, new species 78 Pseudopostega triangularis, new species 79 Pseudopostega sacculata (Meyrick) 80 Pseudopostega kempella (Eyer) 81 Pseudopostega paraplicatella, new species 82 Pseudopostega plicatella, new species 82 Pseudopostega cretea (Meyrick) 83 Pseudopostega breviapicula, new species 85 Pseudopostega mignonae, new species 86 Pseudopostega trinidadensis (Busck) 87 Pseudopostega subtila, new species 88 Pseudopostega acuminata, new species 89 Pseudopostega tanygnatha, new species 90 The saltatrix group 90 Pseudopostega colognatha, new species 90 Pseudopostega obtusa, new species 91 Pseudopostega galapagosae, new species 93 Pseudopostega saltatrix (Walsingham) 94 Pseudopostega dorsalis dorsalis, new species 98 Pseudopostega dorsalis fasciata, new subspecies 99 Pseudopostega parakempella, new species lOO The longipedicella group lOi Pseudopostega adusta (Walsingham) lOi Pseudopostega longipedicella, new species 102 The lobata group 103 Pseudopostega lobata, new species 104 Pseudopostega clavata, new species 105 NUMBER 625 Pseudopostega sublobata, new species
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