DOCSLIB.ORG

Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates Diversification in Lepidopteran Caterpillars

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates Diversification in Lepidopteran Caterpillars J Chem Ecol (2010) 36:319–325 DOI 10.1007/s10886-010-9764-8 Fatty Acid-amino Acid Conjugates Diversification in Lepidopteran Caterpillars Naoko Yoshinaga & Hans T. Alborn & Tomoaki Nakanishi & David M. Suckling & Ritsuo Nishida & James H. Tumlinson & Naoki Mori Received: 30 September 2009 /Revised: 29 January 2010 /Accepted: 11 February 2010 /Published online: 27 February 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract Fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs) have the presence of FACs in lepidopteran species outside these been found in noctuid as well as sphingid caterpillar oral families of agricultural interest is not well known. We con- secretions; in particular, volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)- ducted FAC screening of 29 lepidopteran species, and found L-glutamine] and its biochemical precursor, N-linolenoyl-L- them in 19 of these species. Thus, FACs are commonly glutamine, are known elicitors of induced volatile emissions synthesized through a broad range of lepidopteran cater- in corn plants. These induced volatiles, in turn, attract natural pillars. Since all FAC-containing species had N-linolenoyl-L- enemies of the caterpillars. In a previous study, we showed glutamine and/or N-linoleoyl-L-glutamine in common, and that N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine in larval Spodoptera litura the evolutionarily earliest species among them had only plays an important role in nitrogen assimilation which might these two FACs, these glutamine conjugates might be the be an explanation for caterpillars synthesizing FACs despite evolutionarily older FACs. Furthermore, some species had an increased risk of attracting natural enemies. However, glutamic acid conjugates, and some had hydroxylated FACs. Comparing the diversity of FACs with lepidopteran phylog- eny indicates that glutamic acid conjugates can be synthe- N. Yoshinaga : J. H. Tumlinson Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, sized by relatively primitive species, while hydroxylation of The Pennsylvania State University, fatty acids is limited mostly to larger and more developed University Park, PA 16802, USA macrolepidopteran species. H. T. Alborn . Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Keywords Insect-produced elicitors Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Unit, Lepidopteran phylogeny. Volicitin . Insect-plant interactions U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1600 Southwest 23rd Drive, Abbreviations Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA FACs fatty acid amino acid conjugates T. Nakanishi VOC volatile organic compounds Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center, ESI electrospray ionization Fruit Tree Research Institute, Tokushima Prefectural Agriculture, Katsuura-cho, Katsuura, Tokushima 773-4301, Japan D. M. Suckling Introduction The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, PB 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand It is well documented that constituents of insect oral : : N. Yoshinaga R. Nishida N. Mori (*) secretions can trigger plant responses, such as elicitation Division of Applied Life Sciences, of induced de novo synthesis and release of volatile organic Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, compounds (VOCs) (Turlings et al. 1990; Paré et al. 1998; Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Kessler and Baldwin 2001). The best known and most e-mail: [email protected] studied of insect-produced elicitors are the fatty acid amino 320 J Chem Ecol (2010) 36:319–325 acid conjugates (FACs), first identified from beet army- lepidopteran larvae utilize FACs. Furthermore, differences worm Spodoptera exigua larvae (Alborn et al. 1997). In a in physiology or metabolism associated with glutamine- recent study of a range of plant species, FACs and espe- FACs vs. glutamic acid-FACs are not understood. These cially volicitin [N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine] questions are not easy to answer, since only a limited showed the broadest effects on plant hormone levels number of insect species (mainly of agricultural interest) as well as induction of plant volatiles compared with have been investigated for FAC content so far. Consequent- caeliferin A16:0 and inceptin, two recently identified new ly, we decided to collect and analyze gut contents from an classes of insect-produced elicitors of inducible plant environmentally, taxonomically, and physiologically di- defenses (Schmelz et al. 2006, 2009; Alborn et al. 2007). verse group of lepidopteran larvae consisting of 29 species It also has been shown that application of volicitin to a from16 families. mechanically wounded site selectively and transcriptionally activated genes for indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (Igl) and specific sesquiterpene cyclase (stc1), and that this Materials and Methods activation also occurred systemically in undamaged leaves (Frey et al. 2000; Shen et al. 2000). However, previous Caterpillar Source Colonies of Spodoptera litura, Mythimna studies (Truitt and Paré 2004; Truitt et al. 2004) showed separate, and Hyphantria cunea were maintained succes- that volicitin did not on its own serve as a mobile sively in the laboratory, and Helicoverpa armigera was messenger for systemic VOCs emissions, but rather that a supplied by Dr. Kenji Fujisaki, Anadevidia peponis by volicitin binding protein-ligand interaction may initiate Dr. Tetsu Ando, Samia cynthia ricini by Dr. Masatoshi plant defenses in response to herbivory. Ichida, and Agrius convolvuli by Dr. Masami Shimoda. Since glutamine-based FAC components initially were Commercially available Bombyx mori were purchased from identified in oral secretions from S. exigua larvae, several Mukin Yosan System Institute (Kyoto, Japan), Agrotis other noctuid caterpillars have been reported to have the ipsilon eggs were purchased from Benzon Research Inc. same glutamine-based FACs (Pohnert et al. 1999; Mori et (PA, USA), and Manduca sexta from North Carolina al. 2001, 2003; De Moraes and Mescher 2004). In addition, University, NC, USA. Another 18 wild species were oral secretions from some noctuid larvae such as S. collected in Kyoto, Osaka, Mie, and Tokushima prefectures littoralis also contain traces of glutamic acid-based FACs. in Japan. Malacosoma americanum was caught in Pennsyl- Glutamine conjugates also are the major FACs in species of vania, USA, all identified by their morphological traits and Geometridae, and one sphingid species (Pohnert et al. 1999; food habitats. Epiphyas postvittana from New Zealand were Mori et al. 2003). In contrast, glutamic acid conjugates are from a recently-established colony fed on apple. Hy. cunea the dominant FACs in the sphingid tobacco hornworm, and An. peponis were fed on artificial diet (Insecta-LFS, Manduca sexta, (Alborn et al. 2003) and tomato hornworm, Nihon Nosan Kogyo Ltd., Yokohama, Japan), while other M. quinquemaculata (Halitschke et al. 2001). Paré et al. species, including laboratory-reared species, were fed on (1998) showed that the fatty acid moiety of the FAC their host plants. Last-instars of each species were frozen molecule originates from the diet of the caterpillar. at −4°C to extract gut contents. Consequently, the fatty acid composition of the FACs roughly reflects the fatty acid composition in the host plant, Gut Content Extraction and Sample Preparation At least although there seems to be a preference for linolenic and three insects were used from one species (one insect per linoleic acid in the FAC synthesis (Aboshi et al. 2007). sample). The frozen gut contents were dissected out as Since the isolation and identification of FACs as elicitors earlier described (Mori et al. 2003), placed in plastic tubes, of defensive reactions in plants, one intriguing question still and immediately boiled for 20 min to avoid enzymatic remains to be answered: How do the insects benefit from decomposition of FACs (Mori et al. 2001). To each sample producing FACs? Recently, we discovered that, at least for was added an equal volume of 50% water/acetonitrile S. litura, glutamine-containing FACs play an active role in solution (v/v) (an addition of 10–300 µl, dependent on the nitrogen assimilation by regulating the glutamine supply in amount of gut content). The samples were then roughly the larval midgut (Yoshinaga et al. 2008). Enriching homogenized with a plastic homogenizer and centrifuged at artificial diet with linolenic acid not only resulted in an 14,000g for 5 min. Ten-fold dilutions of the supernatants increased FAC synthesis, but also promoted a 50% with 50% acetonitrile solution were analyzed by LCMS. increased glutamic acid to glutamine conversion, ultimately resulting in a significantly increased amount of glutamine LC/MS Analyses Mass spectral measurements were carried in the whole body. Thus, the ability to utilize FACs in the out with an LCMS-2010A instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, digestive system might be one way that lepidopteran larvae Japan) combined with an HPLC system (LC-10ADvp pump, optimize their growth rate. However, it is not known if all CTO-10ACvp column oven, and SCL-10AVvp system J Chem Ecol (2010) 36:319–325 321 controller, Shimadzu). Three µl of sample solution were For some species, a few FACs were detected only in injected into a reversed-phase column (Cosmosil 5C18-AR-II, trace amounts. In such cases, we increased sample numbers, 50×2.0 mm I.D., Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan) eluted for and determined an FAC was present only when it was 15 min at (0.2 ml/min) with a solvent gradient of 40–95% detected in more than three replicates. CH3CN containing 0.08% acetic acid, in water containing 0.05% acetic acid. The column temperature was maintained
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Self-Repair and Self-Cleaning of the Lepidopteran Proboscis
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 8-2019 Self-Repair and Self-Cleaning of the Lepidopteran Proboscis Suellen Floyd Pometto Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Pometto, Suellen Floyd, "Self-Repair and Self-Cleaning of the Lepidopteran Proboscis" (2019). All Dissertations. 2452. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2452 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SELF-REPAIR AND SELF-CLEANING OF THE LEPIDOPTERAN PROBOSCIS A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ENTOMOLOGY by Suellen Floyd Pometto August 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Peter H. Adler, Major Advisor and Committee Co-Chair Dr. Eric Benson, Committee Co-Chair Dr. Richard Blob Dr. Patrick Gerard i ABSTRACT The proboscis of butterflies and moths is a key innovation contributing to the high diversity of the order Lepidoptera. In addition to taking nectar from angiosperm sources, many species take up fluids from overripe or sound fruit, plant sap, animal dung, and moist soil. The proboscis is assembled after eclosion of the adult from the pupa by linking together two elongate galeae to form one tube with a single food canal. How do lepidopterans maintain the integrity and function of the proboscis while foraging from various substrates? The research questions included whether lepidopteran species are capable of total self- repair, how widespread the capability of self-repair is within the order, and whether the repaired proboscis is functional.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Insect Science: Vol
    Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 9 | Article 61 Invasive Arthropods 2007 The Bugwood Network (www.bugwood.org) has Correspondence: [email protected] partnered with The Southern Plant Diagnostic Network Laurel wilt is a new vascualar disease of redbay (Persea (SPDN) to develop a comprehensive list of organisms-of- borbonia) and other plant species in the family Lauraceae. interest to SPDN. This list is being used to solicit images The disease is caused by a fungus (Raffaelea sp.) that is in- to populate the IPMImages image archive system troduced into host trees by a non-native vector, the red- (www.ipmimages.org) to support SPDN training and bay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). The redbay am- educational programs. This project builds upon the suc- brosia beetle was first detected in the U.S. near Savan- cessful Bugwood Network image system that provides nah, Georgia in 2002. Laurel wilt has caused high levels high resolution, identified and credited images that are of redbay mortality in coastal regions South Carolina, available at no-cost for educational uses. The Bugwood Georgia, and Florida and by January 2007 had spread to image system currently contains more than 54,000 im- at least 31 counties. Affected redbays exhibit wilted fo- ages on 9,000 subjects that have been taken by over liage and dark streaks of discoloration in the sapwood. 1,100 contributors in 45 countries. Bugwood web sites re- The disease has also been detected in related species, in- ceived 118 million hits during 2006. The Bugwood Net- cluding sassafras (Sassafras albidum), pondspice (Litsea aes- work – SPDN partnership has been made possible tivalis), avocado (Persea americana) and the endangered through a CSREES Southern Region IPM project with pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Modular Structure, Sequence Diversification and Appropriate
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Modular structure, sequence diversifcation and appropriate nomenclature of seroins produced Received: 17 July 2018 Accepted: 14 February 2019 in the silk glands of Lepidoptera Published: xx xx xxxx Lucie Kucerova1, Michal Zurovec 1,2, Barbara Kludkiewicz1, Miluse Hradilova3, Hynek Strnad3 & Frantisek Sehnal1,2 Seroins are small lepidopteran silk proteins known to possess antimicrobial activities. Several seroin paralogs and isoforms were identifed in studied lepidopteran species and their classifcation required detailed phylogenetic analysis based on complete and verifed cDNA sequences. We sequenced silk gland-specifc cDNA libraries from ten species and identifed 52 novel seroin cDNAs. The results of this targeted research, combined with data retrieved from available databases, form a dataset representing the major clades of Lepidoptera. The analysis of deduced seroin proteins distinguished three seroin classes (sn1-sn3), which are composed of modules: A (includes the signal peptide), B (rich in charged amino acids) and C (highly variable linker containing proline). The similarities within and between the classes were 31–50% and 22.5–25%, respectively. All species express one, and in exceptional cases two, genes per class, and alternative splicing further enhances seroin diversity. Seroins occur in long versions with the full set of modules (AB1C1B2C2B3) and/or in short versions that lack parts or the entire B and C modules. The classes and the modular structure of seroins probably evolved prior to the split between Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. The diversity of seroins is refected in proposed nomenclature. Te silk spun by caterpillars is a composite material based on two protein agglomerates that have been known for centuries as fbroin and sericin.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera Learning Objective
    QUARANTINE SIGNIFICANT LEPIDOPTERA OF CONCERN TO THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES STEVEN PASSOA USDA/APHIS/PPQ 2007 1 LEPIDOPTERA GOALS . Learn techniques of specimen preparation and submission for CAPS Lepidoptera . Develop a list of Lepidoptera of regulatory concern to the southern USA . Learn to SCREEN samples for these species in the stage most likely to be seen by diagnostic labs using the MAJOR characters. Some species are only defined by a combination of features. In those cases, using the associated key and references listed is more accurate. Give examples from the major superfamilies . Distributions and hosts mentioned are the most likely pathways 2 DEVELOP A LIST . Criteria originally modified from biocontrol of weeds list in July 1991 memo, then modified by NEPSC committee . Now widely used in APHIS as mini-PRA . Survey methodology and taxonomic recognition added to economic criteria . Results are either threats (no pathway), CAPS targets (need to survey), or a dead survey (not practical to consider) 3 WHY LABS HATE TO IDENTIFY LEPIDOPTERA . Secret society of critical characters . Constant name changes . Characters hard to see, covered with scales, or both 4 EGGS . Two types . Do not kill important finds and sent urgent . Plan to rear them in a quarantine facility . Spodoptera and Lymantria (and others) cover the eggs with scales from the female’s body 5 LARVAE . Associate leaf miners with the mine and host . Mouthparts are the “genitalia” of the larval world . Fill vials so there is no air bubble when shipping . “Burp” rubber stoppers and parafilm screw top vials . Can kill and ship in vinegar . Put loose parts in small vials 6 PUPAE .
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier Area, Swellendam
    Biodiversity and Ecology of Critically Endangered, Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld in the Buffeljagsrivier area, Swellendam by Johannes Philippus Groenewald Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science in Conservation Ecology in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Michael J. Samways Co-supervisor: Dr. Ruan Veldtman December 2014 Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration I hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis, for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Ecology, is my own work that have not been previously published in full or in part at any other University. All work that are not my own, are acknowledge in the thesis. ___________________ Date: ____________ Groenewald J.P. Copyright © 2014 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Firstly I want to thank my supervisor Prof. M. J. Samways for his guidance and patience through the years and my co-supervisor Dr. R. Veldtman for his help the past few years. This project would not have been possible without the help of Prof. H. Geertsema, who helped me with the identification of the Lepidoptera and other insect caught in the study area. Also want to thank Dr. K. Oberlander for the help with the identification of the Oxalis species found in the study area and Flora Cameron from CREW with the identification of some of the special plants growing in the area. I further express my gratitude to Dr. Odette Curtis from the Overberg Renosterveld Project, who helped with the identification of the rare species found in the study area as well as information about grazing and burning of Renosterveld.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera
    Chapter 6 Acoustic Communication in the Nocturnal Lepidoptera Michael D. Greenfield Abstract Pair formation in moths typically involves pheromones, but some pyra- loid and noctuoid species use sound in mating communication. The signals are generally ultrasound, broadcast by males, and function in courtship. Long-range advertisement songs also occur which exhibit high convergence with commu- nication in other acoustic species such as orthopterans and anurans. Tympanal hearing with sensitivity to ultrasound in the context of bat avoidance behavior is widespread in the Lepidoptera, and phylogenetic inference indicates that such perception preceded the evolution of song. This sequence suggests that male song originated via the sensory bias mechanism, but the trajectory by which ances- tral defensive behavior in females—negative responses to bat echolocation sig- nals—may have evolved toward positive responses to male song remains unclear. Analyses of various species offer some insight to this improbable transition, and to the general process by which signals may evolve via the sensory bias mechanism. 6.1 Introduction The acoustic world of Lepidoptera remained for humans largely unknown, and this for good reason: It takes place mostly in the middle- to high-ultrasound fre- quency range, well beyond our sensitivity range. Thus, the discovery and detailed study of acoustically communicating moths came about only with the use of electronic instruments sensitive to these sound frequencies. Such equipment was invented following the 1930s, and instruments that could be readily applied in the field were only available since the 1980s. But the application of such equipment M. D. Greenfield (*) Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l’insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261, Parc de Grandmont, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France e-mail: [email protected] B.
    [Show full text]
  • Envis Bulletin ______
    ISSN : 0971-7447 ENVIS BULLETIN ________________________________________________________________________ HIMALAYAN ECOLOGY Volume 12, No. 2, 2004 G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (An autonomous Institute of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India) Kosi-Katarmal, Almora - 263 643, Uttaranchal, India ENVIS Bulletin : Himalayan Ecology 12(2), 2004 1 About the Bulletin ENVIS Bulletin on Himalayan Ecology is a biannual non-priced publication of the ENVIS Centre that was established in the headquarters of the G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (GBPIHED) in 1992 with the financial support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi. The present volume of the ENVIS Bulletin is twelfth in a series of its biannual publication and contains papers on various aspects of horticulture, animal husbandry, forest fragmentation, power generation, etc. The news and views offered in the papers in this publication are the views of the concerned authors. Therefore, they do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors, the ENVIS Centre or the Institute. The content of the Bulletin may be quoted or reproduced for non-commercial use provided the source is duly acknowledged. The contributions to the next issue of the Bulletin in a form of research paper, popular article, news item, technical report, etc., related to the aspects of Himalayan Ecology, are always welcome. However, the matter supplied by the individual/organization may be edited for length and clarity. Request for institutional subscription of the Bulletin may be sent to the Scientist-in-Charge of the ENVIS Centre. The comments/suggestions for further improvement of the Bulletin are welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • 1996 No. 4 December
    TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA NEWS December 1996 No.4 LEPIDOPTERORUM CATALOGUS (New Series) The new world catalog of Lepidoptera renews the series title The new series (as edited by J. B. Heppner) began already in first begun in 1911. The original catalog series was published by 1989 with publication of the catalog of Noctuidae, by R. Poole. W. Junk Publishers of Berlin, Germany (later The Hague, E. J. Brill Publishers, of Leiden, Netherlands, published this first Netherlands), continuing until 1939 when the incomplete series fascicle in 3 volumes, covering already about a third of all known was deactivated due to World War II. The original series Lepidoptera. Since ATL took over the series, several families completed a large number of families between 1911 and 1939, have been readied for publication. Already this month, Fascicle totalling about 3 shelf-feet of text. Most Microlepidoptera, 48, on Epermeniidae, was published (authored by R. Gaedike, of however, were not covered, as also several macro families like the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, Germany). Noctuidae, and several families are incomplete (e.g., Geometridae In 1997, several other smaller families are expected, including and Pyralidae). Even for what was treated, the older catalogs are Acanthopteroctetidae (Davis), Acrolepiidae (Gaedike), Cecidosi­ now greatly out of date, due to the description of many new dae (Davis), Cercophanidae (Becker), Glyphipterigidae (Heppner), species and many changes in nomenclature over the last 5 to 8 Neotheoridae (Kristensen), Ochsenheimeriidae (Davis), Opostegi­ decades. dae (Davis), and Oxytenidae (Becker). Much of the publication The new series resembles the old series in some ways but it schedule depends on the cooperation of various specialists who will also have features not found in the old work.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Mitogenomic Phylogeny of Lepidoptera ⇑ Martijn J.T.N
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79 (2014) 169–178 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Towards a mitogenomic phylogeny of Lepidoptera ⇑ Martijn J.T.N. Timmermans a,b, , David C. Lees c, Thomas J. Simonsen a a Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom b Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom c Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Downing Street CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: The backbone phylogeny of Lepidoptera remains unresolved, despite strenuous recent morphological and Received 13 January 2014 molecular efforts. Molecular studies have focused on nuclear protein coding genes, sometimes adding a Revised 11 May 2014 single mitochondrial gene. Recent advances in sequencing technology have, however, made acquisition of Accepted 26 May 2014 entire mitochondrial genomes both practical and economically viable. Prior phylogenetic studies utilised Available online 6 June 2014 just eight of 43 currently recognised lepidopteran superfamilies. Here, we add 23 full and six partial mitochondrial genomes (comprising 22 superfamilies of which 16 are newly represented) to those Keywords: publically available for a total of 24 superfamilies and ask whether such a sample can resolve deeper tRNA rearrangement lepidopteran phylogeny. Using recoded datasets we obtain topologies that are highly congruent with Ditrysia Illumina prior nuclear and/or morphological studies. Our study shows support for an expanded Obtectomera LR-PCR including Gelechioidea, Thyridoidea, plume moths (Alucitoidea and Pterophoroidea; possibly along with Pooled mitochondrial genome assembly Epermenioidea), Papilionoidea, Pyraloidea, Mimallonoidea and Macroheterocera.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 385: 1–207 (2014) Chinese Trigonalyidae 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.385.6560 MONOGRAPH www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea) Hua-yan Chen1,2,†, Cornelis van Achterberg3,‡, Jun-hua He4,§, Zai-fu Xu1,| 1 Department of Entomology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural Uni- versity, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China 2 Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, U.S.A. 3 Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversi- ty Center, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands 4 Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China † http://zoobank.org/CDB89961-BBC3-412B-BE7F-B3B9E290B991 ‡ http://zoobank.org/D6374CF4-8F07-4FA8-8C55-9335FD19CECD § http://zoobank.org/CDFF38D9-E9AE-4C8F-99CE-23151D3878F3 | http://zoobank.org/A2A78F02-B9EC-46F7-AEB3-EC5F819CC117 Corresponding author: Zai-fu Xu ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Engel | Received 25 December 2013 | Accepted 17 February 2014 | Published 28 February 2014 http://zoobank.org/0203ECD5-5D61-4E39-8CDD-5608B626E184 Citation: Chen H-y, Achterberg C van, He J-h, Xu Z-f (2014) A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea). ZooKeys 385: 1–207. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.385.6560 Abstract The Chinese fauna of the family Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887, is revised, keyed and fully illustrated for the first time. Eight genera of this family (Bakeronymus Rohwer, 1922, Bareogonalos Schulz, 1907, Jezonog- onalos Tsuneki, 1991, re-instated, Lycogaster Shuckard, 1841, Orthogonalys Schulz, 1905, Pseudogonalos Schulz, 1906, Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906 and Teranishia Tsuneki, 1991) are recorded from China.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphiesmeno- Ptera: the Caddisflies and Lepidoptera
    CY501-C13[548-606].qxd 2/16/05 12:17 AM Page 548 quark11 27B:CY501:Chapters:Chapter-13: 13Amphiesmeno-Amphiesmenoptera: The ptera:Caddisflies The and Lepidoptera With very few exceptions the life histories of the orders Tri- from Old English traveling cadice men, who pinned bits of choptera (caddisflies)Caddisflies and Lepidoptera (moths and butter- cloth to their and coats to advertise their fabrics. A few species flies) are extremely different; the former have aquatic larvae, actually have terrestrial larvae, but even these are relegated to and the latter nearly always have terrestrial, plant-feeding wet leaf litter, so many defining features of the order concern caterpillars. Nonetheless, the close relationship of these two larval adaptations for an almost wholly aquatic lifestyle (Wig- orders hasLepidoptera essentially never been disputed and is supported gins, 1977, 1996). For example, larvae are apneustic (without by strong morphological (Kristensen, 1975, 1991), molecular spiracles) and respire through a thin, permeable cuticle, (Wheeler et al., 2001; Whiting, 2002), and paleontological evi- some of which have filamentous abdominal gills that are sim- dence. Synapomorphies linking these two orders include het- ple or intricately branched (Figure 13.3). Antennae and the erogametic females; a pair of glands on sternite V (found in tentorium of larvae are reduced, though functional signifi- Trichoptera and in basal moths); dense, long setae on the cance of these features is unknown. Larvae do not have pro- wing membrane (which are modified into scales in Lepi- legs on most abdominal segments, save for a pair of anal pro- doptera); forewing with the anal veins looping up to form a legs that have sclerotized hooks for anchoring the larva in its double “Y” configuration; larva with a fused hypopharynx case.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Insect Pest Complex Infesting Okra [Abelmoschus
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(5): 1968-1972 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Biodiversity of insect pest complex infesting okra JEZS 2017; 5(5): 1968-1972 © 2017 JEZS [Abelmoschus esculentus] in Tripura, N.E. India Received: 11-07-2017 Accepted: 12-08-2017 Navendu Nair Navendu Nair, U Giri, T Bhattacharjee, B Thangjam, N Paul and MR Department of Agriculture Debnath Entomology, College of Agriculture, Tripura, India Abstract U Giri Field experiments were conducted to study the biodiversity of insect pest species infesting okra in Department of Agronomy, Tripura during two seasons viz, summer (April to July, 2016) and winter (October, 2016 to January, College of Agriculture, Tripura, 2017). A total of twenty eight insect pest species belonging to 6 orders were found to infest this crop. India Maximum number of species were belonging to Hemiptera (12 nos.) followed by Lepidoptera (9 nos.) and Coleoptera (4 nos.). The Shannon and Wiener diversity index (H’) during summer and winter season T Bhattacharjee for the insect pest complex of okra was calculated as 1.01 and 0.91, respectively. The Simpson’s Department of Horticulture, diversity index (D) during summer and winter season was calculated as 0.14 and 0.19, respectively. College of Agriculture, Tripura, India These two indices for summer and winter season were more or less equal and exhibited a similar diversification. Similarly, Species Richness (7.31 and 7.49) and Species Evenness (0.71 and 0.64) during B Thangjam summer and winter season were more or less equal. However, by number the Leaf hopper (Amrasca Department of Agriculture biguttula biguttula ), Leaf beetle (Podagrica sp.), Blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata) and Leaf folder Entomology, College of (Syllepte derogata) were more abundant in the field during summer season where as, Leaf hopper Agriculture, Tripura, India (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), Aphid (Aphis gossypii), White fly (Bemisia tabaci) and Leaf folder (Syllepte derogata) were more abundant during winter season.
    [Show full text]