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Cronologia Della Vita E Dell'opera Di Karl Marx 1818-1883 (Pdf 556 CRONOLOGIA DELLA VITA E DELL’OPERA DI KARL MARX 1818-1883* 1818 5 maggio: Karl Marx nasce a Treviri, antica città medievale della Prussia renana e capoluogo del dipartimento francese della Sarre durante la domina- zione francese (1794-1814), centro di concerie e di fabbriche tessili situato in una regione vinicola caratterizzata dalla piccola proprietà contadina. L’indu- stria manufatturiera vi è poco sviluppata rispetto alle parti settentrionali della Renania, ove si trovano i centri metallurgici e cotonieri. Karl è il secondo- * La presente cronologia è basata su quella redatta da Maximilien Rubel per il vol. I delle Œuvres marxiane da lui curate per la “Bibliothèque de la Pléiade” di Gallimard. Laddove ci è parso opportuno, ne abbiamo integrato le informazioni. I titoli in corsivo, all’inizio di ogni anno, sono relativi ai principali scritti di Marx. I numeri tra parentesi quadre dopo ogni titolo rinviano a M. Rubel, Bibliographie des œuvres de Karl Marx, cit., e al relativo Supplément…, cit. La lettera P dopo il numero designa uno scritto postumo ed è seguìta dalla data di pubblicazione. Principali fonti utilizzate da Rubel: opere e corrispondenza di Marx ed Engels nelle loro diverse edizioni collettive; Fondo Marx-Engels dell’Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (Amsterdam). Per i documenti assenti dalle edizioni collettive: Karl Marx. Chronik seines Lebens in Einzelndaten, a cura di Vladimir V. Adoratskij, cit.; B. Nicolaevsky – O. Maenchen-Helfen, Karl Marx. Eine Biographie, cit. Per ampliare la “Chronologie” di Rubel abbiamo usato: D. Riazanov (a cura di), Carlo Marx: uomo, pensatore, rivoluzionario, Fasani, Milano, 1946; Aa. Vv., Ricordi su Marx, cit.; K. Marx – F. Engels, Le parti de classe, a cura e con note di R. Dangeville, François Maspero, Paris, 1973, 4 voll.; L. Krader, The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx, Transcribed and edited, with an introduction by Lawrence Krader, Van Gorcum & Comp. B. V., Assen, 1974 (2ª ed.); A. Macchioro, “Nota biografica”, in K. Marx, Il Capitale, I, utet, Torino, 1974; G. Backhaus, “Cronologia dell’opera economica”, in K. Marx, Il Capitale. Critica dell’economia politica. Libro primo. Il processo di produzione del capitale, I, Einaudi, Torino, 1975; C. Pennavaja, “Introduzione”, in K. Marx, L’analisi della forma di valore, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1976; L. Perini, “Cronologia della vita e delle opere di Karl Marx (1818-52)”, in K. Marx, Rivoluzione e reazione in Francia, 1848-1850, Einaudi, Torino, 1976; Colloqui con Marx e Engels…, cit.; G. M. Bravo, Marx e la Prima Internazionale, Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1979; K. J. Rivinius (a cura di), Il movimento sociale del diciannovesimo secolo in Germania, Inter Nationes, Bonn - Bad Godesberg, 1979; Karl Marx, biografia per immagini [scelta dei testi e apparati di A. Aiello], Editori Riuniti, Roma, 1983; H. Draper [with the assistance of the Center for Socialist History], The Marx-Engels Cyclopedia, Schocken, New York, 1985-1986, 3 voll.; B. Bongiovanni, Il pensiero socialista nel secolo XIX, utet Libreria, Torino, 1987; carteggio Marx-Engels, in Opere, voll. XXXVIII-IL, cit.; D. B. Rjazanov, Alle origini della Prima Internazionale, Edizioni Lotta Comunista, Milano, 1995; F. Leßner, Ricordi di un operaio comunista, Ed. Lotta Comunista, Milano, 1996. Quando non diversamente indicato, le note sono dei curatori. 434 Appendice genito degli otto figli (due femmine e due maschi moriranno di tubercolosi in tenera età) dell’avvocato Heinrich Marx (1782-1838) e di Henriette Pressburg (1787-1863), entrambi appartenenti a famiglie di rabbini. Per sfuggire alle vessazioni antiebraiche seguite alla caduta di Napoleone e alla riannessione della Renania alla Prussia, il padre Heinrich – liberal-moderato, patriota e ammiratore dei filosofi del Settecento (Locke, Voltaire, Diderot) – tra il 1816 e il 1819 si converte alla confessione evangelica. 1824 I piccoli Marx ricevono il battesimo protestante. 1825 Battesimo evangelico di Henriette. 1830 Marx entra al Liceo «Friedrich Wilhelm» di Treviri. 1835 Betrachtung eines Jünglings bei der Wahl eines Berufes [Considerazioni di un giovane in occasione della scelta di una professione] [1 P, 1929] Agosto-settembre: Marx supera l’esame di maturità. Nel suo tema di tede- sco per la licenza liceale (Considerazioni di un giovane in occasione della scelta di una professione), scrive: «la nostra posizione entro la società è in certa misura già delineata prima che noi siamo in grado di determinarla. […] Ma la guida principale che ci deve soccorrere nella scelta di una pro- fessione è il bene dell’umanità, la nostra propria perfezione. […] la natura dell’uomo è tale, che egli può raggiungere la sua perfezione solo agendo per il perfezionamento, per il bene del mondo in cui si trova». Ottobre: Marx entra alla facoltà di Diritto dell’Università di Bonn. Studia: enciclopedia delle scienze giuridiche, diritto europeo delle genti e diritto naturale (Eduard Puggé), istituzioni (Edward Böcking), storia del diritto romano e storia del diritto germanico (Ferdinand Walter), mitologia greca e latina (Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker), Omero e le Elegie di Properzio (August Wilhelm Schlegel), storia dell’arte moderna. Durante il soggiorno a Bonn, destinato a durare fino al marzo 1836, fa vita da studente ed entra a far parte di un circolo poetico. 1836 Agosto: Ottiene il certificato di licenza degli studî dall’Università di Bonn. A Treviri, durante le vacanze estive, si fidanza segretamente con l’amica d’infanzia Jenny von Westphalen (1814-1881), figlia del regio consigliere prussiano Ludwig von Westphalen (1770-1842) e di Caroline von Heubel. Tramite la nonna paterna, Jenny discende dagli Argyll-Campbell, un clan della più illustre aristocrazia scozzese (uno dei suoi antenati, Archibald Campbell, nono conte di Argyll, nel 1685 era stato esecutato a Edimburgo per essersi ribellato a Giacomo II). Il fratellastro di Jenny, Ferdinand (1799-1876), sarà ministro dell’Interno in Prussia. Ottobre: Marx s’immatricola alla facoltà di Diritto dell’Università di Berlino. Studia le Pandette (Friedrich Karl von Savigny), il diritto criminale (Eduard Gans), l’antropologia (Henrik Steffens), il diritto ecclesiastico, la procedura civile germanica, la procedura civile prussiana e la procedura penale (August Wilhelm Heffter), la logica (Georg Andreas Gabler), la geografia generale (Karl Ritter), il diritto d’eredità (Adolph August Friedrich Rudorff), Isaia Cronologia 1836-39 435 (Bruno Bauer), Euripide (Carl Eduard Geppert). È forse per il tramite di Gans – hegeliano, sansimoniano, ammiratore della Rivoluzione francese e autore di una serie di studî sul diritto di successione – che Marx scopre Hegel. — Invia a Jenny diversi quaderni di liriche. — A causa di questo fidanza- mento segreto, conflitto in casa Marx: il padre Heinrich, nonostante ami e ammiri profondamente il figlio, ne conosce e respinge la natura «demoniaca» e «faustiana», ch’egli teme possa trascinarlo in una situazione equivoca con la famiglia di Jenny e compromettere la reputazione della fidanzata. 1837 Marx continua gli studî giuridici seguendo anche corsi di filosofia e di sto- ria. Al Doktorklub, un circolo universitario d’ispirazione hegeliana, stringe amicizia con i fratelli Bauer (Bruno e Edgar) e con Karl Friedrich Köppen. Scrive versi e si cimenta nei generi del romanzo e del dramma. — In una lettera-confessione (10 novembre 1837), narra al padre le vicende della propria vita tormentata e degli studî a Berlino – in cui combina diritto, poe- sia e filosofia –, del suo tentativo di fondare un «nuovo sistema metafisico», delle notti in bianco, della solitudine e della malattia: «Un sipario era ca- duto, il mio sacrario era spezzato, e nuovi dèi dovevano essere insediati. Dall’idealismo – del quale […] erano stati per me modello ed alimento quello kantiano e quello fichtiano – giunsi a cercare l’idea nella realtà stes- sa». Aveva letto dei frammenti di Hegel, la cui «grottesca melodia rocciosa» non gli era piaciuta; aveva tentato un’opera di analisi filosofico-dialettica del concetto di divinità nelle sue manifestazioni in quanto religione, natura e storia. «La mia ultima frase era l’inizio del sistema hegeliano e questo lavo- ro, per il quale mi ero procurato una certa conoscenza della scienza della natura, di Schelling e della storia, che mi era costato una fatica infinita, ed è scritto in un modo tale […]1 – poiché propriamente doveva essere una nuova logica – che adesso io stesso stento a addentrarmici di nuovo col pensiero; questa mia creatura prediletta, nutrita al chiaro di luna, mi porta come una sirena ingannatrice tra le braccia del nemico». Il nemico è Hegel, che Marx, malato, ha studiato «dal principio alla fine […], insieme alla maggior parte dei suoi discepoli». Nella lettera Marx parla anche del- l’abitudine che ha preso di fare estratti dai libri letti e di «buttar giù» le proprie riflessioni. 1838 10 maggio: Morte di Heinrich Marx. Le sue ultime lettere manifestano lo scontento e la tristezza per la crisi morale del figlio, ma anche la sua fiducia in lui. — Grazie a un certificato medico procuratogli dalla madre, Marx è esonerato dal servizio militare. 1839 Nel corso dell’anno, Marx lavora alla tesi di dottorato (sulle filosofie epi- curea, stoica e scettica) nella prospettiva di ottenere una cattedra a Bonn, sull’esempio dell’amico Bruno Bauer. Questi lo assilla e lo incoraggia a scrivere e a finire in fretta l’esame, semplice «farsa», mentre «tutto resta da fare in questa Prussia ove, a dispetto degli interessi politici, gli interessi universali sono più ricchi e più complessi che altrove». — Prosegue anche lo studio di Hegel (Enciclopedia delle scienze filosofiche in compendio). 1 Il manoscritto reca qui una parte non decifrabile, probabilmente due frammenti di parola cancellati. [Nota di M. Rubel] 436 Appendice 1840 Mentre lavora alla conclusione della sua tesi, Marx legge e fa estratti dal De anima di Aristotele, nell’edizione curata da Friedrich Adolph Trendelenburg, per criticare la concezione della dialettica da questi espressa nelle Logische Untersuchungen [Ricerche logiche], Berlin, 1840. Marx vuole dimostrare che mentre la dialettica di Aristotele era reale, quella di Trendelenburg è solo formale; questi appunti sarebbero dovuti servire per un lavoro sulla dialettica.
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