Memória, Resistência E Intelectualidade Em Jenny Marx

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Memória, Resistência E Intelectualidade Em Jenny Marx Memória, Resistência e Intelectualidade em Jenny Marx THAIS DOMINGOS DOS SANTOS RODRIGUES* Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo elucidar a potência de resistência e intelectualidade de Jenny von Westphalen, colocando em debate o papel da mulher na produção de conhecimento e seus atrofiamentos numa sociedade patriarcal. Utilizamos como metodologia a análise de produções recentes e mais antigas como a biografia de Mary Gabriel – Amor e Capital: A Saga Familiar de Karl Marx e o Nascimento de Uma Revolução (2013), o filme O jovem Karl Marx (2017) de Raoul Peck e a biografia de Françoise Giroud: Jenny Marx ou a Mulher do Diabo (1996). A partir dessas obras procuramos elucidar uma Jenny que vai além da esposa, da mãe de sete filhos, da “bela prussiana”, mas com toda sua complexidade de uma grande revolucionária e peça fundamental para a elaboração da teoria marxiana, ou seja, com base nessas três linguagens oriundas de locais diferentes e em conjunto com a revisão bibliográfica analisamos as memórias de Jenny Marx enquanto mulher, comunista e intelectual. Encarando que a memória e o discurso estão sempre em disputa, trazemos o debate da historiografia feminina e a invisibilidade das mulheres na história apontando como meio de possibilidade de emergência de novas narrativas a utilização da história oral. Palavras-chave: Jenny Marx; Mulheres; História. Abstract: This article has as objective clarify the potency of resistance and intellectuality of Jenny von Westphalen, setting in debate the woman role in the production of knowledge and their atrophy in a patriarchal society. We resort as methodology the analysis of recent productions and oldest ones like the biography by Mary Gabiel - Love and Capital: Karl and Janny Marx and the Birth of a Revolution(2013), the movie The Young Karl Marx (2017) by Raoul Peck and the biography by Françoise Giroud: Jenny Marx or la femme du diable(1996). Starting from this productions we sought elucidate a Jenny who goes *Mestra em Educação pela Universidade Federal de São Carlos campus Sorocaba (PPGed-UFSCar) further the wife, mother of seven children, the " beauty Prussian ", but with all its complexity of a big revolutionary and fundamental piece for the elaboration of Marxian theory, it means, with base on this three languages originating from different places and together with the literature review we analyzed the memory of Jenny Marx qua woman, communist and intellectual. Viewing that the memory and the speech are always in dispute, we bring the debate of the female historiography and the invisibility of women in the history pointing out as a means of possibility of emergence of new narratives and use of the oral history. Key words: Jenny Marx; Women; History 1. Introdução: A história das mulheres é como uma sombra tênue no teatro da memória. É através dessa metáfora que Michele Perrot (1989), historiadora francesa, configura o vácuo que temos quando o assunto é a historiografia feminina. A autora também chama atenção em como a própria análise do poder das mulheres, quem elas foram, o que fizeram em suas vidas, como se organizaram, todas essas narrativas estão em constante disputa (idem, 2017). Assim, a busca para sairmos das sombras, preencher o mundo com uma outra história, uma no qual mulheres existem e resistem é também um jogo de poder. A história de Jenny Marx ou Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen – como é seu nome de nascença – é um desses marcos em disputa. Como uma mulher que dedicou a vida à política, toda sua narrativa não poderia ser outra coisa que não política. Tem quem busque reconstituir sua memória apenas com o intuito de atacar seu marido. A história de Jenny não foge da ideologia de quem a conta. O objetivo deste artigo é outro. Queremos saber de Jenny pela sua própria história, o que a história de um ser humano dotado de complexidade que dedicou a vida na construção de uma sociedade mais justa tem a nos contar. Não nos colocando fora da ideologia mas encarando como a contradição que Teresa de Lauretis (1994, p.218) pontua: “persistamos em fazer a relação imaginária mesmo sabendo, enquanto feministas, que não somos isso, e sim sujeitos históricos governados por relações sociais reais, que incluem predominantemente o gênero”, ou seja, encarando de fora os processos ideológicos mesmo sabendo que estamos contidas neles. 2 Para tal jornada utilizamos como fonte trabalhos oriundos das artes. Partimos de duas obras literárias biográficas: Jenny Marx ou a Mulher do Diabo de Françoise Giroud e Amor e Capital: A Saga Familiar de Karl Marx e o Nascimento de Uma Revolução de Mary Gabriel e dentro do âmbito das artes visuais foi utilizado o filme O jovem Karl Marx, lançado em 2017 com direção de Raoul Peck. O objetivo é a partir dessas três linguagens, oriundas de locais diferentes, e em conjunto com a revisão bibliográfica fazer a análise das memórias de Jenny Marx enquanto mulher, comunista e intelectual. Posteriormente, encarando que a memória e o discurso estão sempre em disputa, trazemos o debate da historiografia feminina e a invisibilidade das mulheres na história, apontando como meio de possibilidade de emergência de novas narrativas a utilização da história oral. 2. Jenny: dos livros para tela – as representações de uma mulher comunista Quando a história de uma mulher consegue nadar contra a maré de uma historiografia que prioriza homens é possível imaginar sua grandiosidade. Jenny Marx tem furado a bolha do isolamento sobre a história de mulheres e já não é possível falar da história de seu marido, Karl Marx, sem falar de sua importância. Como destaca Mary Gabriel (2013, p. 14), as histórias das mulheres que compõe a vida de Marx – Jenny, Eleonor, Laura, Jennychen - não podem mais permanecer na obscuridade, uma vez que “sem elas não haveria Karl Marx, e sem Karl Marx o mundo não seria como nós o conhecemos.” A autora Mary Gabriel retrata em seu livro todo o trajeto da família Marx, desde o período da adolescência de Jenny e Karl até o desfecho de suas vidas e o falecimento de suas filhas. Com quase 900 páginas ela já imprimiria a importância de Jenny logo através do título do livro: Love and Capital: Karl and Jenny Marx and the birth of a Revolution. No entanto, a versão brasileira excluiu o nome de Jenny e ficou com o seguinte título: Amor e Capital: a saga familiar de Karl Marx e a história de uma revolução, um apagamento significativo. A outra biografia utilizada, de autoria de Françoise Giroud (1996), escritora e política francesa, não nega a que veio: atacar Karl Marx através da história de sua esposa. O título do livro: Jenny Marx ou a mulher do diabo - não poderia ser mais tendencioso. 3 O objetivo não é falar da pessoa que foi Jenny, mas sim, do próprio diabo, ou seja, Karl Marx. Segundo Gabriel (2013, p.12) é corriqueiro que as biografias de Marx sejam deturpadas, e dessa maneira os “detalhes de sua vida, e por extensão da vida de sua família”, variam conforme “a descrição do santo comunista ou do pecador iludido.” A autora, Giroud, parece a todo momento querer chocar as pessoas que leem seu livro com informações do tipo: você sabia que Jenny e Karl transaram antes do casamento? Que ela era mais velha do que ele? Que ela era rica enquanto Marx vendia a imagem de libertador dos pobres? Que Karl não conseguia ser o homem provedor da casa? E a mais certeira de todas, você sabia que Marx teve um filho fora do casamento? Dessa forma, toda a trajetória da vida de Jenny deixa de ser analisada por si mesma e passa a ser produto de especulação para difamar os escritos de seu marido. O perfil ideológico fica claro em passagens como a seguir: Jenny e Karl Marx estiveram casados durante 38 anos. Uma longa jornada, e não foi exatamente um caminho de flores. Mas foi um amor e de uma espécie terrível – daquela que acorrenta uma mulher a um homem de gênio. Hoje o ídolo está fracassado. Como substituto da eterna necessidade de crença do homem, o marxismo recuou. Como método de gestão de uma sociedade, está desqualificado. Não se pode negar que em 74 anos de aplicação prática nenhum de seus objetivos foi alcançado e que não proporcionou àqueles que o apoiaram bem-estar, dignidade ou liberdade. (GIROUD, 1996, p. 12). Para a construção deste artigo, assim como todo o debate sobre a história de mulheres, também se apresentaram algumas armadilhas. Uma delas é cair na ideia de que mulheres puxam os fiozinhos dos bastidores e que manipulam os homens como marionetes, enquanto esses ficam na cena pública (PERROT, 2017). Outro erro é cair nas figurações de uma mulher exclusivamente mãe-suporte-emocional-dos-homens, sempre abnegada e disposta a se colocar em segundo lugar; ou da mulher redentora – que está ali salvando a todos, quase como uma super-heroína. Quando se trata da história de Jenny os riscos são imensos. Obviamente ela foi mãe e esposa. Também estava ao lado de seu marido nas mais diversas e adversas situações. Nas obras consultadas, todas, em algum momento, destacavam como Jenny conseguia acalmar os nervos de Marx. Também não há produção que não destaque sua beleza: “Jenny Von Westphalen era a moça mais cobiçada de Trier” diz Mary Gabriel 4 (2013, p. 20); Françoise Giroud (1992, p.21) também destaca: “Aos dezoito anos, Jenny, baronesa von Westphalen, era sublime, a mais bela moça de Trier: morena, alta, de olhos verdes, o rosto ovalado perfeito, a pele de jasmim” (1992, p.21). Aparentemente é impossível falar de Jenny sem destacar seus aparatos físicos, o mesmo não ocorre quando se descreve Karl Marx (embora em alguns momentos é lembrado o quanto ele era feio em relação a Jenny).
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