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Jenny Marx Du Même Auteur Jenny Marx Du même auteur Ouvrages divers de Jérôme Fehrenbach Un député picard de Varennes à Waterloo : Louvet de la Somme (1757‑1818), Encrage, 2006 Une famille de la petite bourgeoisie parisienne de Louis XIV à Louis XVIII : les Gaugé et leurs alliances à travers les archives (1680‑1820), L’Harmattan, 2007 Le Général Legrand, d’Austerlitz à la Bérézina, Éditions Soteca, 2012 Les Fehrenbach, 1270‑1970, auto-édition, Copy Média, 2015 La Princesse Palatine, l’égérie de la Fronde, Éditions du Cerf, 2016 Von Galen, un évêque contre Hitler, Éditions du Cerf, 2018 Ouvrages de Jérôme Fehrenbach en collaboration Un cœur allemand – Karl von Wendt (1911‑1942), un catholique d’une guerre à l’autre, avec Florence Fehrenbach, Éditions Privat, 2006 Nous voulions tuer Hitler, avec Philipp von Boeselager, Éditions Perrin, 2008 Les Boca, avec Olivier Boca, auto-édition, Copy Média, 2018 Ballons montés – Correspondance et tendresse conjugale pendant l’année terrible (septembre 1870‑mai1871), avec Pierre Allorant, Éditions du Cerf, 2019 Jérôme Fehrenbach Jenny Marx LA TENTATION BOURGEOISE ISBN : 978-2-3793-3486-3 Dépôt légal – 1re édition : mars, 2021 © Passés composés / Humensis, 2021 170 bis, boulevard du Montparnasse, 75680 Paris cedex 14 Le code de la propriété intellectuelle n’autorise que « les copies ou reproductions strictement réser- vées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective » (article L 122-5) ; il auto- rise également les courtes citations effectuées pour un but d’exemple ou d’illustration. En revanche, « toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle, sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite » (article L 122-4). La loi 95-4 du 3 janvier 1994 a confié au CFC (Centre français de l’exploitation du droit de copie, 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris) l’exclusivité de la gestion du droit de reprographie. Toute photocopie d’œuvres protégées, exécutée sans son accord préalable, constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code pénal. Sommaire Introduction ..................................................................................................... 15 Chapitre 1. Une enfant du siècle .................................................................... 21 Chapitre 2. L’héritage ..................................................................................... 41 Chapitre 3. Fiançailles romantiques et amour desséchant (1831-1843) ..... 75 Chapitre 4. Le vagabondage (1843-1849) ...................................................... 121 Chapitre 5. Les années de misère (1849-1856) ............................................. 181 Chapitre 6. La famille éclatée ......................................................................... 223 Chapitre 7. Valses et faux-semblants (1856-1871) ........................................ 271 Chapitre 8. Le dernier acte (1872-1881) ........................................................ 315 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 325 Annexes ............................................................................................................... 331 Notes ................................................................................................................. 343 Abréviations ..................................................................................................... 375 Bibliographie sommaire et sources ................................................................ 377 Index des noms de lieux .................................................................................. 381 Index des noms de personnes ........................................................................ 385 Remerciements ................................................................................................ 393 Ascendance de Jenny von William Christina William Robert wishart Burne Murray Campbell (1625-1692) (1629) Major (1643-1703) James William JanetMurray John Campbell Wishart Wishart of Touchadam of Orchard Amiral (1660-1729) († 1744) († 1768) (1659-1793) Anne Campbell IsaakChristian AnnaElisabeth George Anne Westphal Henneberg Wishart Campbell († 1753) (1705-1759) (1703-1785) (1710-1782) Philippvon Westphalen JeanieWishartof Pittarow (1724-1792) (1742-1811) JohannLudwig von Westphalen (1770-1842) Jenny von (1814-1881) genealogie_jenny_marx_v2.indd 2 Ascendance de Jenny von Westphalen Johann Michael Daniel Peter Friedrich Johannes Heubel zimmermann Heubel Storch (1647-1716) († 1725) (1654-1731) (1681-1751) 1680 1711 1691 1705 Maria Magdalena Anna elisabeth Amalie Alexandrine Trömel Trötzchel Rothe Koch († 1694) (1686-1754) (1670-1736) (1685) Johann Michael AnnaChristiane Julius Ernst Alexandrine Heubel Zimmermann Heubel Storch (1690-1776) (1715-1788) (1695-1760) (1712-1777) Julius Christoph Heubel SophieHeubel (1741-1818) (1744-1816) CarolineHeubel (1776-1856) 1812 von Westphalen (1814-1881) 01/02/2021 11:57 La double fratrie de Jenny von Karl Septimus Sophie Albertine v. Veltheim v. Pannwitz (1751-1796) (1758-1789) Carl Achaz Franz Wilhelm Werner LouiseWilhemine v. Veltheim v. Veltheim v. Veltheim v. Ve (1785-1839) (1778-1807) Friedrich Wilhelm Albertinev.Veltheim v. Röder (1794-1844) (1775-1833) Ferdinand Lisette Carl v. Westphalen v. Westphalen v. Westphalen (1799-1876) (1800-1863) (1803-1840) Louise Adolph v. Florencourt v. Krosigk (1805-1861) (1799-1856) Werner Margarethe Anton v. Veltheim v. Krosigk v. Krosigk (1817-1855) (1824-1885) (1827-1888) Fr 8enfants Ernestine v. Veltheim Nando Louise Anna v. Westphalen v. Westphalen v. Westphalen 9enfants (1822-1883) (1822-1883) (1822-1883) Erich v. Krosig (1829-1917) Sidonie v. Vel En grisé : les parents directs de Jenny Louise v. S genealogie_jenny_marx_v2.indd 1 La double fratrie de Jenny von Westphalen Julius Christoph SophieHeubel Heubel (1744-1816) (1741-1818) Lisette Johann Ludwig Caroline Christiane v. Veltheim v. Westphalen Heubel Heubel (1778-1807) (1770-1842) (1776-1856) (1778-1856) Franziska Jenny Laura Edgar en v. Westphalen v. Westphalen v. Westphalen v. Westphalen (1803-1840) (1807-1896) (1814-1881) (1817-1821) (1819-1890) KarlMarx (1818-1883) Général Jenny Laura Franziska Eleanor Gebhard Marx Marx Marx Marx Friedrich (1844-1883) (1845-1911) (1851-1852) (1856-1898) v. Krosigk (1835-1904) Edgar Guido Marx Marx et 8autres (1847-1855) (1849-1850) enfants rosigk (1829-1917) v. Veltheim 3enfants dont le Ministredes Finances v. Schwerin Lutz v. Schwerin-Krosigk (1887-1977) 01/02/2021 11:56 Lieux de vie et séjours de Jenny Marx en Europe ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET D’IRLANDE Ramsgate Walton-on-the-Naze 1858 1859 1862 ROY. DE HOLLANDE E Zalt Bommel P R U S S Londres D E 1850 M E 1849-1881 R O Y A U Bruxelles Hasting ROY. DE 1845-1848 1860 BELGIQUE 1863 Francfort 1837 Trèves 1849 Paris 1844 1843-1845 1845 Baden-Baden 1849 1849 1838 1881 1855 Niederbronn, Strasbourg 1856 1838 CONF. HELVÉTIQUE FRANCE Genève, Lausanne 1875 N 200 km Legendes Cartographie L’Allemagne des Westphalen Mer Baltique Mer du Nord Lübeck Blücher Harmshagen Hambourg Rondeshagen Oder Salzwedel r e 1814-1816 s Schöenfliess e Hanovre W Hohenerxleben Berlin Brunswick E Bornum lb Halberstadt e Rathmannsdorf Blankenburg Meisdorf R Daubitz h i n Dresde Cologne 1848-1849 Coblence Francfort Lieux de vie de Jenny en Allemagne Bad Kreuznach Lieux de mémoire de la famille paternelle N Trèves 1842-1843 Châteaux de la famille du premier lit 1816-1842 50 km Origines maternelles de Jenny Introduction Pendant six ou sept générations, Marx a aimanté, repoussé, séduit, effrayé, galvanisé, dégoûté, épuisé. Les passions sont à présent retombées. Un intérêt subsiste pour son œuvre, mêlé de scepticisme. Surtout, les questions subsistent sur sa personnalité, sur son cheminement, sur son couple. Tiraillé et tenaillé entre intuition et rationalité, entre poésie et cynisme, entre vision du futur et goût des classiques, entre révolution et racines bour- geoises, Marx, que tant de contradictions auraient pu conduire à l’impuissance du désespoir, a eu pour ciment et pour miroir la figure de son épouse, non moins complexe. Celle-ci appartient depuis longtemps à une légende qu’il est temps de ramener dans le champ de l’Histoire. Jenny Marx est le produit d’une hybri- dation entre progressisme et conservatisme. En cela elle est le reflet féminin de Marx. Si elle épouse sans nuance les causes de son mari, Jenny Marx sera toute sa vie marquée par son éduca- tion et sa naissance, par une double affiliation aristocratique et bourgeoise. Particulièrement révélatrice est la lettre que, à 57 ans, elle adresse à son ami Wilhelm Liebknecht, un socialiste de la première heure, au sujet d’un épisode dramatique de la Commune. Le 3 avril 1871, lors d’une sortie infructueuse des Parisiens en direction de Rueil, le communard Gustave Flourens – que les Marx avaient bien connu pendant son exil à Londres – a été capturé. Il est tombé quelques instants plus tard sous les balles des Versaillais. Il avait 25 ans. Jenny Marx écrit alors ces lignes, qui seront reproduites dans le journal socialiste Volksstaat : 15 Jenny Marx Je ne peux exprimer dans quel état de nervosité, de crainte et de désespoir nous nous trouvons tous ici à la maison. […] Au pre- mier chef nous avons été profondément bouleversés par la mort de Gustave Flourens. Nous avions noué avec lui des relations d’amitié. […] Flourens, maintenant tombé sous les coups d’une brochette de bonapartistes qui en ce moment jouent les exécuteurs des
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