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Limnology of Denali National Park and Preserve

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Limnology of Denali National Park and Preserve National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Alaska Shallow Lake Monitoring Program Limnology of Denali National Park and Preserve Natural Resource Data Series NPS/CAKN/NRDS—2012/410 ON THE COVER View of Alaska Range from a Shallow Lake in Denali National Park and Preserve Photograph by Amy Larsen Alaska Shallow Lake Monitoring Program Limnology of Denali National Park and Preserve Natural Resource Data Series NPS/CAKN/NRDS—2012/410 Amy S. Larsen National Park Service Fairbanks Administrative Center 4175 Geist Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99709 Heidi Kristenson National Park Service Fairbanks Administrative Center 4175 Geist Rd. Fairbanks, AK 99709 December 2012 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado Month Year U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer- reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Central Alaska Network and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). Please cite this publication as: Larsen, A. S., and H. Kristenson. 2010. Alaska Shallow Lake Monitoring Program: Limnology of Denali National Park and Preserve. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/CAKN/NRDS— 2012/410. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 965/118218, December 2012 ii Contents Page Figures............................................................................................................................................. v Equations......................................................................................................................................... v Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vi Plates .............................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Rationale for Sampling Shallow Lakes ................................................................................... 1 Abundance .......................................................................................................................... 1 Ecological Diversity............................................................................................................ 1 Climate Change Implications .............................................................................................. 1 Shallow Lake Monitoring Objectives ...................................................................................... 2 Methods........................................................................................................................................... 3 Synoptic Sampling ................................................................................................................... 3 Study Area .......................................................................................................................... 3 Sampling Schedule.............................................................................................................. 4 Water Sampling .................................................................................................................. 4 Vegetation Sampling ........................................................................................................... 4 Macroinvertebrate Sampling ............................................................................................... 4 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................... 6 Synoptic Sampling ................................................................................................................... 6 Physical description ............................................................................................................ 6 Abundance and Distribution ........................................................................................ 6 Lake Types ................................................................................................................. 10 iii Contents (continued) Page Lake Substrate ........................................................................................................... 13 Lake Area and Depth ................................................................................................. 14 Shoreline Development Index ................................................................................... 18 Temperature and Light Penetration ........................................................................... 19 Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)............................................................................. 20 Water Chemistry ............................................................................................................... 22 pH .............................................................................................................................. 22 Alkalinity ................................................................................................................... 24 Specific Conductivity ................................................................................................ 24 Ions ............................................................................................................................ 25 Nutrients, Chla and Trophic Status ............................................................................ 26 Nutrients, Chla and Trophic Status ............................................................................ 26 Conclusions................................................................................................................ 32 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 32 iv Figures Page Figure 1. Location of the 122 shallow lakes sampled during the 2006-2008 field seasons in Denali National Park and Preserve ................................................................................ 3 Figure 2. Lake density and limnetic ratio of lakes found in each subsection of Denali National Park and Preserve. ............................................................................................................ 8 Figure 3. Shoreline density estimated for each subsection of Denali National Park and Preserve. .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4. Hypsometric index for each subsection of Denali National Park and Preserve. ........... 13 Figure 5. Linear relationship between lake surface area and elevation. ....................................... 17 Figure 6. Box plot of lake surface area by lake order. .................................................................. 18 Figure 7. Linear relationship between elevation and epilimnetic temperature. ............................ 19 Figure 8. Frequency distribution of Secchi depth for all lakes in Denali. .................................... 20 Figure 9. Boxplot of DOC found in lakes within each of the six subsections. ............................. 21 Figure 10. Linear relationship between elevation and DOC......................................................... 22 Figure 11. Frequency distribution of lake pH in Denali National Park and Preserve. ................. 23 Figure 12. Boxplots showing pH within each major subsection of Denali National Park and Preserve .................................................................................................................................
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