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The Face of Alaska: a Look at Land Cover and the Potential Drivers of Change

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The Face of Alaska: a Look at Land Cover and the Potential Drivers of Change The Face of Alaska: A look at land cover and the potential drivers of change By Benjamin M. Jones, Research Geographer, Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1161 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Jones, B.M., 2008, The Face of Alaska: A look at land cover and the potential drivers of change: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008-1161, 39 p. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................2 Land Ownership..................................................................................................................................................................4 Physical Environment ........................................................................................................................................................5 Ecoregions .......................................................................................................................................................................5 Forests ..............................................................................................................................................................................6 Glaciers.............................................................................................................................................................................7 Permafrost .......................................................................................................................................................................8 Volcanoes.........................................................................................................................................................................8 Earthquakes.....................................................................................................................................................................8 Socio-Economic Conditions............................................................................................................................................10 General Population.......................................................................................................................................................10 Native Population .........................................................................................................................................................12 Jobs.................................................................................................................................................................................12 Commodities ..................................................................................................................................................................13 Military............................................................................................................................................................................13 Tourism...........................................................................................................................................................................13 Factors Affecting Land Surface Features in Alaska ..................................................................................................14 Natural Drivers..............................................................................................................................................................14 Temperature and Precipitation ..............................................................................................................................14 Fires.............................................................................................................................................................................17 Lightning and Fire......................................................................................................................................................19 iii Insect Infestation......................................................................................................................................................20 Changes in Glaciers..................................................................................................................................................22 Other Examples of Glacier Change........................................................................................................................23 Glaciers in Central and Southcentral Alaska.......................................................................................................23 Glaciers in the Brooks Range .................................................................................................................................24 Glaciers in Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound..................................................................................24 Changes in Permafrost ............................................................................................................................................25 Coastal Erosion..........................................................................................................................................................26 Example of Coastal Erosion: Chukchi Sea Coast and Elson Lagoon ...............................................................28 Anthropogenic Drivers.................................................................................................................................................30 Urban Development..................................................................................................................................................30 Selected Communities .............................................................................................................................................31 Mining .........................................................................................................................................................................32 Discussion and Conclusions...........................................................................................................................................35 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................................................................37 iv Figures Figure 1. Comparison of Alaska to the contiguous United States .............................................................................2 Figure 2. General geography of Alaska showing large rivers, major cities and places mentioned in the text..............................................................................................................................................................................3 Figure 3. Elevation profile ranging from north to south through Alaska at ~151° W longitude ............................3 Figure 4. Alaska land status and ownership..................................................................................................................4 Figure 5. Unified Ecoregions of Alaska...........................................................................................................................5 Figure 6. Forested area in Alaska ....................................................................................................................................6 Figure 7. Two components of the cryosphere in Alaska: glaciers and permafrost................................................7 Figure 8. The volcanoes of Alaska...................................................................................................................................8 Figure 9. Earthquakes in Alaska with a magnitude greater than or equal to 6.0. ...................................................9 Figure 10. Alaska population, 1880 to 2004...................................................................................................................10 Figure 11. Graphic showing the gains and losses of basic industry jobs in Alaska from 1990-1999.................12 Figure 12. Graph showing the statewide mean annual temperature departure from 1954 to 2004...................14 Figure 13. Climate divisions in Alaska based upon Shulski et al. (2005).................................................................16 Figure 14. Mean annual precipitation change in Alaska, 1954 to
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