Historia Normannis Byzantine Military Regulations

Historia Normannis +Deus Vult+ Byzantine Military Regulations v.2.1a

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Index

- Introduction: The Byzantine Empire - Rank in terms of the Thema o Skirmishers o Light Infantry o Heavy Infantry o Officers o Mercenaries - Wargear By Rank o Skirmishers and Archers ▪ Psiloi ▪ Toxotai (A) o Infantry ▪ Menavliatoi ▪ Peltastoi ▪ Hoplitai ▪ Skutatoi o Officers ▪ Dekerhios ▪ Kenterios ▪ Tagmatarch o Mercenaries ▪ Pechnegs (A) ▪ Armenians ▪ Varangi - Wargear Definitions and Regulations o Weapons and Shields ▪ Eastern Knife ▪ Spathion ▪ Paramenion ▪ Tabar ▪ Makron ▪ Menavliaton ▪ Eastern Bow ▪ Javelins ▪ Eastern Buckler ▪ Byzantine Roundshield ▪ Byzantine Kiteshield

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

o Helms and Body armour ▪ Padded Cap and Turban ▪ Byzantine Helm ▪ Byzantine Gambeson ▪ Klivanion o Leg Armour ▪ Greaves ▪ Mouzakia ▪ Krepides - Byzantine Military Clothing and Attire - Tagma Colours and Practices

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Introduction: The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire was ancient by the time of the Crusades, charting a clear line of decent from the Roman Empire and thence the Roman Republic itself. By Normannis’ period of interest, Constantinople had become a melting pot of cultures where elements of the Roman, Syrian and European cultures comingled. Western cultural influence had begun to restructure the society and the military of Byzantium- moving away from the well organised state regiments and towards a form of quasi-feudalism.

The Byzantine military model was an odd hybrid by the 12th century- most of the central military practises relied on the Macedonian Greek model- large phalanxes of spear-wielding troops supported by missile and cavalry forces. The predominance of the heavy infantry had somewhat declined in response to contact with the Syrian East, as cavalry archery had rendered the solely defensive formation redundant. To adapt the Byzantine world had turned its eyes Westward, and begun to emulate the armoured ‘knights’ of Europe- forming strong heavy cavalry forces designed to smash through Syrian formations. More auxiliary light cavalry forces were incorporated into the Byzantine force- so that enemy light skirmishers could be met by light skirmishing troops in turn. Mercenaries increasingly bulked out ever decreasing Byzantine forces- Alan and Norman heavy cavalry, Pechneg light cavalry, Varangian heavy infantry and Armenian infantry began to replace native troops.

Byzantine Military Forces in Normannis Members wishing to portray Byzantine troops will be, for the most part, required to acquire a distinct second set of equipment- some of their existing equipment may be allowed, but not a great deal of it (with the exception of the Varangi). The nature of the Byzantine army will also require a more ‘strict’ adherence to a set of military drill and style of combat in addition to the separate equipment and a far more ‘military’ Encampment, given that Byzantium still had the remnants of a state army and thus formalised and codified regulations to follow.

The Byzantine forces portrayed in Normannis are all of a single ‘Thema’ or ‘Tagma’- essentially the Byzantine equivalent of a Roman Legion. Therefore all troops bear a single shield (a blue shield with a golden yellow border) and fit somewhere within a standard Byzantine infantry unit’s makeup. Some members can portray mercenaries attached to the Thema from other units- Varangians, Pechnegs or Armenians- these troops bear red shields bordered with blue and gold alternating stripes (to mark their attachment to the Thema).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Rank In Terms of the Thema

Unlike some of the other regulation expansion, the Normannis rank system does not directly translate across in a rank-to-rank manner. Instead, the ranks are offered more as ‘bands’ depending on your Normannis Tier and therefore field experience. As such it is far more down to individual members who have completed their Norman kit impression to select a Byzantine kit impression to aim for within a band, depending on how much or how little gear they wish to purchase/acquire. As with all combat regulations, members may portray a lower Tier impression than their own.

As of the release of the 2017-18 Byzantine Regulations, the armour impressions have been simplified to the ‘bands’ listed below- Skirmishers, Light Infantry, Heavy Infantry and Officers. The only variation between the roles of the battlefield within a rank are the weapons section. This means the Byzantine army will be taking on a more uniform look and feel for the coming seasons, as well as being far easier for members to switch roles within a ‘band’ readily.

Skirmishers Only the Psiloi are included in this category- their role in Byzantine military practise wass to sieze territory ahead of the main army, and harass and provoke the main body of the enemy into combat. They would be of little use in a head-on confrontation with a well-equipped foe, but their light gear and manoueverability allowed them to be used in flanking manouevers when the main battle was met.

Light Infantry Field armies were expected to have lightly equipped infantry, who either functioned in a second-or-third rank support role, or fought in looser formations at the flanks. These men were typically equipped with padded armour or lighter forms of lamellar, designed to deflect glancing blows or help resist ranged attack.

Heavy Infantry The remaining ‘core’ of Roman influence in the Byzantine army was evident in their heavy infantry- especially the ‘shield bearing’ men who were expected to hold a steady front rank behind which subsequent lines of spearmen could form a deep phalanx. These men were deployed as the ‘anvil’ on which generals would seek to break enemy forces- usually sweeping them in with the ‘hammer’ of cavalry.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Officers Commanding Byzantine forces were experienced commanders who were considered ‘officers’. These men were typically of Byzantine stock- though some second generation mercenary families would make their way into their ranks in time. These men were well equipped and formally trained in officer ‘academies’, but tended towards conservative, classical-world strategy and often led from the rear, in the traditional Roman manner.

Mercenaries As mentioned above, the spine of the Byzantine army was increasingly the mercenary corps- Varangian heavy shock infantry, Armenian cavalry and Pechneg light cavalry. These troops fulfilled specialised roles and were usually deployed to the flanks of the deep central infantry formations.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Skirmishers (T1 and Above) Psiloi (A) These men were the most lightly equipped Byzantine troops in the field- unarmoured skirmishers who used a variety of ranged weapons to cause moderate causalities amongst the oncoming enemy and disrupt their formations.

Light Infantry (T1 and Above) Archers Psiloi (A) These men were the most lightly equipped Byzantine troops in the field- unarmoured skirmishers who used a variety of ranged weapons to cause moderate causalities amongst the oncoming enemy and disrupt their formations.

Toxotai (A) These were the more regular line-infantry archers. Where the Psiloi went in front of the infantry lines to throw javelins and lay down disrupting showers of arrows, the Toxotai stood in regular ranks to the rear of the infantry and dropped regular volleys on blocks of enemy troops.

Infantry Menavliatoi The Menavliaton was a bill-like spear, mounted on a thicker haft and designed to be wielded in closer quarters than the long spears and pikes of the infantry block. These men stood in the front-most ranks of the spear line and broke up enemy infantry or cavalry charges that came into contact with the phalanx. These troops were also used to oppose flanking actions when the longer makrons of the Hoplitai had been engaged and could not readily be disengaged.

Peltastoi The Peltastes were the light infantry section of the Thema- men trained to fight in relatively loose order at the flanks or in front of the main line to disrupt enemies who had broken through the screen of Psiloi. These men would also make up the majority of advanced units sent to sieze and hold territory on the battlefield when it was clear that the opposition would be too heavy for Psiloi.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Heavy Infantry (T3 and Above) Hoplitai Like the Skutatoi these men formed the solid block infantry of the Byzantine empire- they wielded the ‘Makron’ or long spear, and stood in close formation to present a hedge of points at both infantry and cavalry. Supported sufficiently by missiles and close-combat troops, these men were used on the field as almost a mobile palisade and made up the bulk of Byzantine infantry forces.

Skutatoi Literally this name translates as ‘shield bearers’- those men who formed the solid infantry lines behind which the spearmen sheltered and fought from. These men were trained with an emphasis on steady nerves, well-drilled manoeuvres and valued unit cohesion over individual combat skills.

Officers (See Ranks) Dekerhios (T5 upwards) The Dekerhios was the commander of a standard 10-man unit- somewhere between a modern corporal/sergeant in rank and responsibility. The Dekerhios was usually slightly better equipped than the men he led, but fought amongst them as a squad leader to maximise the tactical response of a unit.

Kenterios (T6 upwards) The Kenterios was the commander of a unit of 100- the Byzantine equivalent of a Centurion. In modern terms he ranked somewhere between a Sergeant and a Captain. Almost invariably these men were better armoured and led a block of infantry from the flank of the formation- marked out by a pektehron or coloured sash around their torso.

Tagmatarch (T8-T9) Literally the commander of a Tagmata or Thema. In Deus Vult only one member can portray a Tagmatarch at a time. These men would be well but lightly equipped, not expecting to fight in the front ranks, yet also wanting to emphasise their military role.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Mercenaries (T3 and Above) Pechnegs (A) The Pechnegs were eastern steppe-dwelling tribesmen who served the Empire as light cavalry and skirmishers. They fought with a mix of swords, maces, bows and lances, both from the saddle and on foot.

Armenians Armenian troops were valued both as cavalry and infantry, usually in a supporting role to formations of ‘Greek’ Byzantine forces. They were equipped in a more Western manner than most of the region, and were used as medium-weight, all-purpose troops, typically deployed with lances and swords and maces.

Varangi The Varangi were men of Saxon/Rus origin who served the Empire as heavy infantry mercenaries. Though they used a variety of weapons they were both famed and prized for their use of the two-handed axe. They frequently made up the ‘shock troop’ element of a Byzantine force, due to their ability to fight in more irregular formations and their willingness to charge headlong into enemy formations.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Wargear By Rank

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Regular Byzantine Military

Skirmishers Archers/Skirmishers Psiloi (A)

Light infantry Archers/Skirmishers Toxotai (A) Infantry Menavliatoi Peltastes

Heavy Infantry Hoplitai Skutatoi

Officers Dekerhios Kenterios Tagmatarch

The below ranks make up the majority of the Byzantine force on the battlefield, and as such make up the most desirous ranks for members to portray. As of the 2017-2018 season membership of the Purple Tagma will be considered for any member possessing a wargear impression largely drawn from the Ideal column- with especial attention paid to body armour and helmets.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Skirmishers and

Archers

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Psiloi Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head None Turban with padded cap Byzantine helm with turban Body None None Leather Klivanion or Light Gambeson Legs None None Winningas Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves - Arrows (6) (with bow) Weapons Javelins/Bow Javelins (6) or E. Bow Selfbow Lance E. Knife, Lance Long-knife, Tabar, Warclub Shield Eastern Buckler Byz. Roundshield Byz. Kite-shield (not worn when shooting)

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Psiloi Tunica Barelegged/ Turban Waist belt Braies and Hose Shoes/Ankle Boots

Rank at a Glance Psiloi were light ‘screen’ infantry, used to disrupt enemy advances and enfilade the flanks of enemy formations. These men were lightly equipped, to improve their agility and stamina, and to match Syrian enemies that wore no body armour.

The Psiloi were usually deployed with their bows or javelins, and rarely if ever fell into hand-to-hand combat, usually falling back to continue to harass and skirmish.

Members portraying Psiloi may do so with minimal specialist equipment- but should drill well to perform skirmishing manoeuvres. When in large groups the intention is that these members will perform ‘rolling advances’ with missile weapons.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Toxatoi

Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Turban with padded cap Byzantine helm with turban -

Body Light gambeson Byzantine Gambeson Leather Klivanion Legs - Winningas Mouzakia Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Weapons Bow Eastern Bow Selfbow/Warbow Eastern Knife/Tabar/Flanged Long knife Mace Spathion * Shield Byz. Roundshield Byz. Kite - (not worn when shooting) (not worn when shooting) *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Toxatoi Tunica Braies and Hose Turban Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Boots

Rank at a Glance

Toxatoi were the professional archers of the Byzantine army- and due to the nature of Near-Eastern warfare held as important a role as their infantry peers. Unlike western warfare where the importance of the bow was a relatively new innovation, the use of skirmishing light cavalry equipped with ranged weapons in the Near East necessitated a large number of troops with ranged weapons so that fire could be returned in kind.

These troops were more lightly equipped than heavy infantry through necessity, but were universally armoured to allow them to resist incoming enemy missiles. In a typical formation Toxatoi would occupy the rearmost ranks of an infantry formation, providing supporting fire. Members wishing to portray a professional archer at this level are very well served to invest in a period-construction bow.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Infantry

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Menavliatoi Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Turban with padded cap Byzantine helm with turban -

Body Light gambeson Byzantine Gambeson Leather Klivanion Legs - Winningas Mouzakia Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Weapons Menavliaton Menavliaton E. Knife, Long-knife Tabar, Flanged Mace Spathion* Shield Byz. Roundshield Byz. Kite - (with melee weapons) (with melee weapons) *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Menavliatoi Tunica Braies and Hose Turban Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Boots

Rank at a Glance The Menavliaton was a short, heavy spear designed to address threats from heavily armoured enemies or cavalrymen who managed to close past the phalanx’s hedge of points. Menavliatoi would stand in the first or second rank of the formation and use such weapons to prevent the enemy attacking the bulk of the formation in close- quarters. Such men were relatively lightly equipped, despite being expected to complete ‘front rank duty’, being protected by the points of the Makronoi around them- and sometimes heavily equipped Skutatoi in front of them.

These spears should ideally be presented relatively low in formation, with Hoplitai presenting their Makronoi braced at shoulder-height, to prevent enemy troops being able to close on the formation. Ideally members using the Menavliaton should be experienced spearmen who have bill and polearm experience, and are therefore used to wielding this form of weapon.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Peltastoi

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Turban with padded cap Byzantine helm with turban -

Body Light gambeson Byzantine Gambeson Leather Klivanion Legs - Winningas Mouzakia Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Weapons Lance Lance Spathion* Flanged Mace, Tabar Long Knife E. Knife (as secondary) E. Knife Shield Byz. Roundshield Byz. Kite - *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Peltastoi Tunica Braies and Hose Turban Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Boots

Rank at a Glance Peltastoi represent the Byzantine ‘medium infantry’- able to operate as support troops in a formation or to form entire blocks of their own in a similar manner to Western infantry militia. These men would train excessively in formation work, predominantly in the use of the single-handed spear and shield, and would be masters of ‘grinding’ warfare where the enemy would push forward and try and break their formation.

The breakdown of the administration of some regions of the Byzantine Empire led to a rise in the number of such troops- as they were relatively easy to equip and train, though the standards they were once held to dropped significantly across the 12th century- somewhat like the quality of Auxiliary troops in the late Roman Empire.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Hoplitai

Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm over coif Byzantine helm with turban Body Full gambeson Metallic Klivanion over gambeson Byz. Gambeson Leather Klivanion over gambeson Legs Winningas Krepides/Mouzakia Leather greaves Additional Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Gear Weapons Long spear Makron, Tabar, Flanged Mace E. Knife Spathion* Paramenion* Shield Byz. Kite Byz. Kite - (shoulder slung) (shoulder slung)

*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Hoplitai Tunica Braies and Hose Turban Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides

Rank at a Glance

Hoplitai made up the backbone of the Byzantine infantry- using their closely-arrayed Makronoi (long spears) they formed almost impenetrable blocks that the cavalry could use as a base of operations, harassing enemy formations and charging their flanks, as well as a defensive formation that archers and artillery could be sited behind.

Hoplitai were well-drilled professionals who relied on group-work and armour to protect themselves from enemy heavy infantry- following the established pattern of engagement laid down by the ancient Macedonian pike phalanx.

Members portraying a Hoplitai would be well-served to practise line-drill with other interested members- especially marching in formation and presenting their Makronoi in an impenetrable ‘hedge’ formation.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Skutatoi

Equipment Required Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm over coif Byzantine helm with turban Body Full gambeson Metallic Klivanion over gambeson Byz. Gambeson Leather Klivanion over gambeson Legs Winningas Krepides/Mouzakia Leather greaves Additional Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Gear Weapons Lance Lance Mace, Paramenion* Mace Tabar, Spathion* Shield Byz. Kite Byz. Kite -

*must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Skutatoi Tunica Braies and Hose Turban Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Boots/Krepides

Rank at a Glance

Skutatoi or ‘shield-bearers’ were the heavy assault infantry of the Byzantine army- designed for taking ground from enemy infantry and screening lighter infantry from missiles or direct attack. Members portraying Skutatoi should seek to wear the heavier degree of armour described above- typically a leather klivanion over maille over padding, which would act as an impact defence, and prevent missiles from penetrating the maille easily. Only the poorest Skutatoi from the outer-lying regions of Byzantium would wear as little armour as a leather klivanion over padding- therefore this should be treated as a ‘stepping stone’ for members acquiring more armour.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Officers

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Dekerhios

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine helm over coif Body Metallic Klivanion Metallic Klivanion over Metallic klivanion over corslet over gambeson gambeson Legs Leather greaves Krepides Mouzakia Additional Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Gear White ‘Pektorhas’ sash Weapons Spathion Spathion Paramenion Flanged Mace Lance Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite -

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Dekerhios Tunica Braies and Hose Turban/ Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Bareheaded Boots/Krepides

Rank at a Glance

A hangover of the old Roman rank of ‘Decurion’, these men served much the same purpose as a modern NCO. These men would lead sections of the line and hold their formation together. Unlike in the west where warfare had become a cultural heritage, these men were trained in formal academies to learn how to respond to different battlefield threats and lead small units as part of the overarching Byzantine strategy.

Regardless of unit type, a Dekerhios were always issued with a sword and moderate body-armour, as befitted and officer. In Normannis terms, these members should be attached to units to lead them into the line combat in much the same manner Squires and Knights.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Kenterios

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine helm over coif Body Metallic Klivanion Metallic Klivanion over Metallic klivanion over corslet over gambeson gambeson Legs Leather/Steel greaves Krepides Mouzakia Additional Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Gear Red ‘Pektorhas’ sash Weapons Spathion Spathion/Paramenion - Flanged Mace Lance Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite -

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Kenterios Tunica Braies and Hose Turban/ Waist belt Shoes/Ankle Bareheaded Boots/Krepides

Rank at a Glance A Kenterios was the Byzantine equivalent of the Roman ‘Centurion’- a man in command of a hundred men. In modern terms these men occupied a space between a high-level Sergeant and a low-ranking officer- but were generally given sections of the overall line to command, assisted by a staff of Dekerhionoi.

These men would be seasoned professionals- rarely working their way into the ranks of officers, but usually retiring to a comfortable life on a military pension and a minor career in local politics.

These members should be trying to give an ideal impression of Byzantine equipment and should seek to acquire as much specific gear for their role as possible, rather than lower ranking Byzantine members who may be more casual in their involvement in the Tagma.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Tagmatarch

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Byzantine helm Byzantine helm with turban Byzantine helm over coif Body Metallic Klivanion Metallic Klivanion over Metallic klivanion over corslet over gambeson gambeson Legs Leather/Steel greaves Krepides Mouzakia Additional Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded mufflers Gear ‘Pektorhas’ sash in Arrows (12) Tagma colour (Blue or E. Quiver Purple)

Weapons Spathion Paramenion, Flanged Mace Spathion Lance E. Bow Shield Byzantine Kite Byzantine Kite -

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Tagmatarch Tunica Braies and Hose Turban/ Waist belt Dalmatica Shoes/Ankle Bareheaded Boots/Krepides

Rank at a Glance The Tagmatarch was the overarching commander of a regiment or ‘Tagma’. These men usually led from the rear, surrounded by a staff of officers and Kenterioi who would carry their orders out. Typically these men would wear equipment that was more ceremonial rather than practical, not expecting to do any fighting themselves, and marking their importance to their men.

Members may only portray a Tagmatarch if there is a Tagma without a commander present at an event, with a strict ‘one Tagmatarch to one Tagma’ rule. Other members with the correct equipment may dress their kit impression down slightly and portray senior Kenterioi as staff officers.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Mercenaries

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Mercenarry Troops Mercenaries Archers/Skirmishers Pechneg (A) Infantry Armenian Varangi

Mercenary forces made up a readily deployed aspect of the Byzantine military- though not the majority of it. At DV events the desired presence of mercenaries is roughly 1/5th (20%) of the overall force as a maximum. As such please check before putting together an impression from this list (especially Varangian).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Pechnegs

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Leather cap worn over Phrygian Open Helm (E) - skullcap helmet Body Leather klivanion Leather klivanion over Maille corslet over gambeson gambeson Legs Winningas Krepides Mouzakia Additional Gear Combat gloves Combat gloves Leather/Padded Arrows (12) mufflers E. Quiver Weapons Spathion Paramenion, Flanged Mace E.Knife E. Bow Tabar Shield Shield (either) Byz. Roundshield Byzantine Kite *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Pechneg Nomad Tunic Braies and Hose ‘Rus’ Hat Trews* Winningas Ankle boots/Calf Boots *-See Scottish Clothing Regulations Rank at a Glance

Pechnegs were ‘auxillary’ troops, hired as mercenaries in bulk from the steppe lands to the north-east of Byzantium. They were valued as skirmishers and medium cavalry- and were mostly employed to match Syrian light cavalry on a like-for-like basis. In time the importance of such mercenaries rose as intrigue made Greek troops less and less reliable (due to their possible political motives for deposing their leaders), and so the defence of Constantinople and the Imperial household fell to a mix of Pechneg and Varangian guardsmen. Members wishing to portray a Pechneg should keep in mind that these were a steppe people- and therefore not advisable for tall, blonde members of a pale complexion.

Note: The minimum required headgear for Pechnegs is a leather acorn or Phrygian hat worn over a skullcap helmet.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Armenians

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Open Helm (B or E) Nasal/Open Helm (B or E) - Body Maille corslet over full Maille hauberk over full Metallic Klivanion over gambeson gambeson full gambeson/ Leather klivanion over corslet and gambeson Legs Winningas Mouzakia Krepides Additional Gear Padded Mufflers Padded Mufflers Padded Mufflers

Weapons Lance Paramenion/Spathion* Sword* Flanged Mace Eastern Knife (as secondary) Shield Byzantine Kite Byz. Roundshield Transitional Kite *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Armenian Tunic Braies and Bareheaded Sword at waist Undertunic Hose Waist-belt Trews* Cross Winningas *-See Scottish Clothing Regulations Rank at a Glance Armenians were a ready source of auxillary troops to the Byzantine empire- and were sufficiently influenced by Western European and Slavic trends that they were distinct in wargear and tactics. These troops were often used as independent units- scouting in force and employing hit-and-fade tactics ahead of the main army. In battle Armenian horsemen made up medium auxillary infantry- used to counter-charge enemy cavalry that had engaged the infantry or archers.

Members portraying Armenians require very little distinct wargear and are therefore best served by acquiring the Ideal wherever possible to avoid a relatively neutral kit impression.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Varangi

Equipment Minimum Ideal Acceptable Head Nasal Helm Nasal/Byzantine Helm Open Helm (B or E) Body Maille corslet over full Metallic Klivanion over full Early Hauberk/Haubergion gambeson gambeson over full gambeson Either Klivanion over maille

Legs Winningas Mouzakia Krepides Splinted Greaves Additional Combat gloves Combat gloves /Padded - Gear Mufflers

Weapons Axe Dane-axe/Hand-axe Lance Sword* Shield Shield (any) Soldier’s Kite/Transiitonal Roundshield Kite *must be cadre-passed to use a sword in combat **see Scottish regulations

Body Legs Head Accoutrements Varangi Tunic Braies and Hose/ Acorn/Phrygian Cap Waist belt Undertunic Rus Trews ‘Rus’ Hat Seax in horizontal Rectangular Cloak Winningas sheath (optional) Ankle Boots/ Scandinavian Boots

Rank at a Glance The Varangi were men of Scandinavian, English or Rus origin who were employed by the Byzantine Empire as heavy ‘shock’ infantry. Known simple as ‘axemen’ in some military treaties, these men were notable for their physical stature and their ferocity in combat. The events of 1066 left a distinct ‘ex-pat’ community of Anglo-Saxons in Byzantium, so much so that another term for Varangi became ‘the Aenglish Guard’.

Varangi were considered elite infantry- so members portraying them should seek to acquire the Ideal equipment and drill together to give the impression of a well- seasoned professional unit that were expected to take ground aggressively from the enemy.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Wargear Definitions And Regulations

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Weapons and Shields Eastern Knife

Eastern Knife R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X E. Knife Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 8” 18” 16” Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 3” rounded 2008 issue 10p

Overview Knives in the near east followed a distinct design- the same S-curve form that would later become popular in Turkic swords. These knives were usually wider at the base of the blade, tapering to a point whilst following a gently curved form (see above right).

These knives can feature either a bone or antler handle, and should ideally feature some form of upper and lower guard, either in brass or iron.

These knives may feature a diamond-section blade, or a flat blade with a fuller running down the rear ‘spine’ of the blade.

These weapons should always be accompanied by a leather sheath which may suspend the knife either vertically or horizontally.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Spathion

Spathion R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X X Kenterios X X Tagmatarch (A) X X Spathion Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 26” 32” 28”-30” Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 2008 issue 2p 2008 issue 10p

Overview Byzantine swords came in two major varieties- straight bladed arming swords (Spathions) and curved bladed sabres (Paramenions).

Spathions should feature either a diamond-section or singe-fullered blade, and were similar in form to their Western counterparts- though the hilts tended to vary somewhat in aesthetic design. Ideally, they should feature globular pommels and slightly more elaborate guards (see below). Some standard Normannis swords are considered acceptable for Byzantine military impressions as a ‘Spathion’- (B1, B2, B3, C2, C3, G1, G2, G3, I2, I3).

Members buying a Spathion purely for Deus Vult events are served well by purchasing a standard form arming-sword, and having custom fittings mounted to match one of the examples given below; typically Byzantine crosses featured spherical finials not typically seen on western swords, or broad downward curving guards (see 4th and 5th examples from left, below).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Paramenion

Paramenion R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Paramenion Minimum Maximum Ideal Blade Length 26” 32” 28”-30” Point Profile 2008 issue 1p 2008 issue 2p 2008 issue 10p

Overview Byzantine swords came in two major varieties- straight bladed arming swords (Spathions) and curved bladed sabres (Paramenions). The Paramenion was predominantly a cavalry weapon that had developed from contact with Turkic and nomadic peoples of the near east who used such swords. Paramenion hilts vary in design, but usually conform to one of the patterns below- especially the extreme rightmost design, constituting a downward curved guard and a cylindrical or ‘scent stopper’ pommel.

Blades of such weapons should, ideally, not feature a fuller, but instead should feature a diamond-section blade. Such weapons must conform to all the normal safety rules regarding swords in the society.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Tabar

Tabar R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Tabar Minimum Maximum Ideal Length Wrist to Elbow Armpit to Fingertips Elbow to Fingertips Blade Profile Points- 2008 issue 1p Points- 1” rounded Points- 2008 issue 10p

Overview The Tabar was the term used in the near East and Levant for a crescent-bladed hand- axe. Such axes featured a flared cutting blade, but may also feature a hammer or spiked back mounted on the socket.

These heads should be mounted on a cylindrical shaft, which may feature a lanyard. As with all axes, the head may be mounted by splitting and wedging the haft, or riveting the blade in place (less desirable). These axes do not seem to have featured any form of decoration (being a relatively poor weapon in the east).

It is imperative that when acquiring an axe that members find a head of a suitable weight that can be easily managed on their length of haft, and assure that there are no snag points that can hook on to enemies during combat.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Makron

Makron R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Makron Minimum Maximum Ideal Length 9’ 10’ 10’ Head Small ‘lance’ head Medium ‘spear’ head Small ‘lance’ head

Overview The Makron was the standard Byzantine infantry ‘pike’- designed exclusively for two handed use in deep line formations. These spears usually featured relatively narrow hafts and small heads to make them as wieldy as possible for a long spear. Members may use any long-spear that conforms to the above description, however excessively long or winged spearheads cannot be used as a ‘Makron’.

When made exclusively for Deus Vult shows, these spears should feature no leather collar around the haft, and should feature the Tagma’s colours painted in bands.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Menavliaton

Menavliaton R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Menavliaton Minimum Maximum Ideal Length 7’ 8’ 7’ 6” Head Long spear head Winged long-spear head Winged 1’ spear head

Overview These spears were described as ‘heavy bladed’, suggesting a long spearhead that was bladed along the edges- they were mounted on shorter, heavier hafts (usually made from a single sapling length for additional strength) designed for swinging as well as stabbing. These weapons were effectively the Byzantine equivalent of a bill or glaive- used to support the front ranks of the phalanx and break up formations of horsemen or infantry that directly assaulted it.

These weapons should ideally be 7.5’ in length, with a thick haft around two inches in diameter. These weapons should ideally feature a leather collar, and when used exclusively for Deus Vult shows, have the Tagma’s colours painted in bands around the haft, below the collar.

If members are seeking to acquire this weapon solely for Deus Vult use it is worthwhile speaking to a weapon smith who produces custom work to make a spearhead with a broad blade and wings that matches the image (right).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Eastern Bow

Eastern Bow R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Eastern Bow Minimum Maximum Ideal Length Hip to Ground Armpit to Ground Mid-torso to Ground Poundage 20lb 25lb 23lb Overview These bows were popular in the near East since the classical era- typically made of composite materials and steamed to produce the distinctive ‘double curve’. These bows were capable of loosing arrows with significantly more force than a straight- limbed bow of the same size and bend. Whilst the exact form of the bow may vary, it should always form a distinct ‘double bend’ when strung (see sample image above).

These bows may feature leather binding around the ‘flex points’ on the upper and lower limbs, and when carried by Syrian or Byzantine higher ranks feature painted decoration. Bows covered in leather to conceal modern construction are Acceptable but not Ideal- bows where wooden and composite limbs are distinctly visible are given preference.

At ranks which would be mounted on horseback (Pechnegs and the Tagmatarch ) these bows should ideally be accompanied by a rigid Eastern quiver also designed to accommodate the strung bow (left). Otherwise an ordinary quiver should be used.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Javelins

Eastern Bow R I A U Psiloi (A) * X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X * - Either 6 javelins or an Eastern Bow Javelin Minimum Maximum Overall Length 3’ 5’ Point Profile Black-Head blunt Red-Head blunt

Javelins consist of a dowel with a slight rake away from the head. These items should be as light as possible, with a red-head or black-head blunt to prevent injury. These items may feature a small leather collar to add weight to the leading end.

These weapons should be thrown in a dart-like manner gripped around 2/3rds of the length down to provide enough weight to carry the javelin forward. Members portraying Peltastoi at shows regularly are encouraged to train in the effective and accurate use of the javelin.

These items should be clearly painted with the markings of the Tagma and marked with a unique group burn mark to prevent confusion and loss on the Encampment.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Eastern Buckler

Eastern Buckler R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Eastern Buckler Minimum Maximum Ideal Diameter 16” 20” 18”

Overview Used more often by Syrian cultures in the Levant and in Sicily, the Eastern Buckler was small and manoeuvrable- more like a buckler in size than a typical western shield.

These shields are clearly depicted as being An Eastern Buckler. (A) shows the shield as it should gripped by two leather straps (as show, right)- appear when not in use, whereas (B) shows the straps as they would be with a hand gripping them. allowing them to be employed in movements away from the main trunk of the body unlike arm-strapped shields. On occasion there are depictions of archers wearing the shield on their left forearm, leaving the hand free to grip a bow- this is encouraged amongst those members of the Psiloi depicting archers.

These shields do not feature bosses or additional fittings- and were typically around 20” in diameter.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Byzantine Roundshield

Byzantine Roundshield R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X Byzantine Minimum Maximum Ideal Roundshield Diameter 24” 30” 28”

Overview These shields, the apparent descendants of the Greek aspsis were domed or conical in construction and featured two leather straps, both placed behind the centre of the shield, no more than four or six inches apart. These straps were gripped together in the left hand, like a boss-grip shield’s handle. An Byzantine Roundshield. (A) shows the shield as it should appear when not in use, whereas (B) shows the Members should preferably attach a padded straps as they would be with a hand gripping them. square to prevent injury to the knuckles. When used by Byzantine infantry these should also feature a long guige strap which allows them to be worn over the shoulder, or a third strap that the arm passes through- like a kite shield’s enarmes.

The shield may feature no boss at all, or a domed boss, or most preferably, a conical steel boss fitted over the conical ‘point’ of the shield- though efforts should be made to ensure that this is not pointed enough to cause injury.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Byzantine Kiteshield

Byzantine Kiteshield R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X X Skutatoi X X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X X Kenterios X X Tagmatarch (A) X X Byzantine Kite Minimum Maximum Ideal Width (at belly) 22” 24” 24”

Overview These shields betray their near-Eastern origin in a more ‘squashed’ shape that resembles more of an ovoid than a gradual and graceful tear-drop in the manner of Anglo-Norman shields (see diagram).

These shields were the ‘standard’ shield of the Byzantine Tagmas- and are the ideal for any melee infantry in the line.

When used by infantry using the Menavliatoi or the Makron, these shields should be slung from the leading shoulder and hang across the body. The shield may be loosely buckled to the elbow-joint from the arm-strap, or feature a second horizontal strap that is gripped in the hand with the spear haft to aid use and manoeuvring.

These shields should ideally stand between the C and D lines on the diagram (right).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Helms and Body Armour Padded Cap and Turban

Padded Cap and Turban R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X Tagmatarch (A) X

Overview Unlike the standard Norman regulations, members in the Thema are permitted to wear a padded cap and turban and still count their armour as including a helmet. This is due to the Byzantine military practise of using such items in place of steel helmets as an economic measure. The padded cap should be made as an acorn hat in construction, comprising thick gamboised panels (to afford real protection) which may be fronted in either linen or thick cotton. The turban is then wound over the brow and the sides of the cap. The cap should feature no ties, and instead fit the head snugly and be secured with the turban.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Byzantine Helm

Byzantine Helm R I A U Psiloi (A) T Menavliatoi T Peltastes T Toxotai (A) T Hoplitai X X T Skutatoi X X T Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X T X Kenterios X T X Tagmatarch (A) X T X T – Worn with turban Overview Byzantine helms in the 12th/13th century seem to have almost universally been without facial projections- as such they would be considered ‘open helms’ from the usual regulations, though they seem to have been exclusively rounded bowls or raised peaks- sometimes featuring a ‘finial’ at the top. These helmets seem to have featured an aventail of maille hanging at the back, though this does seem to be absent in some images and a flap of fabric in others- as such it is down to the individual’s personal preference if they include a maille ventail, fabric flap, or leave the helmet plain (though in this case it is much more desirous to wrap a turban around it). Using the Wargear Regulations table any helmet with no nasal A-E can be considered a Byzantine helm- including Spangen domes (which seem to have been far more common in the east). There is also a helmet unique to the Byzantines in period, featuring multiple Spangen panels curving from the rear to the front of the helmet, taking Phrygian- like forward lean. This helmet is commercially available and exactly matches the helmets from the Skylities Chronicle and is therefore highly recommended for members wishing to put together a dedicated Byzantine impression.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Byzantine Gambeson

Byzantine Gambeson R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi I Peltastes I Toxotai (A) I Hoplitai * I Skutatoi * I Pechneg (A) * Armenian * Varangi X Dekerhios * Kenterios * Tagmatarch (A) * *- Under armour I- As independent armour X- Both

Overview Like their western counterparts, these are a padded garment with or without a padded collar, reaching to at least the knees and the wrists. These should meet the requirements of a standard Norman gambeson but should feature diagonal breaks in the vertical stitch lines (right) or diapered diamond patterns (below right). These garments may have hemmed holes in the armpits so that members can pull their arms through as shown in some Byzantine artistic depictions- and may feature shorter sleeves (mid-forearm).

When made solely for Deus Vult events, these gambesons may be faced in heavy-grade cotton. Officer’s (Kenterios, Tagmatarch) may have gambesons fronted in silk, and they should ideally feature the diamond diapered stitch pattern and be dyed in a Thema colour. These garments can be worn in place of a full gambeson for any rank- and are encouraged where the member is wearing their gambeson as their sole armour.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Klivanion

Lamellar Klivanion R I A U Psiloi (A) L Menavliatoi L Peltastes L Toxotai (A) L Hoplitai M* L* Skutatoi M M* M+ Pechneg (A) L L* Armenian M*/L+ Varangi M* L+/M+ Dekerhios M M* M+

Kenterios M M* M+ Tagmatarch (A) M M* M+ L- Leather M-Metallic *-Over Padding + -Over Maille X-All other

Overview A klivanion is formed of small, modular plates of leather, horn, steel or copper alloy. Across the Byzantine empire these klivanions were constructed in a range of methods from banded scale/lamellar (top image), scale (middle image) and lamellar (bottom image).

Banded Scale This is the most encouraged form of klivanion in the Deus Vult timeline, and can be made either in metal scales mounted on leather, or as thicker (3mm-4mm) hardened leather mounted on more flexible leather (this must be demonstrably able to provide protection). These scales should feature either a single or two rivets to secure them to the backing, and vertical lacing to hold the banding together in a cohesive garment. The Klivanion may either feature pteruges for the arms and legs, or panels that cover the thighs and the arms (though these should be inverted from the direction of the chest).

Scale Rarer than the Banded Scale mentioned above, but depicted almost as widely, this armour is constructed from metallic panels attached to a backing garment of leather. The garment may either feature attached sleeves and skirts, or pteruges (though this is far less common).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Lamellar Some sources do seem to show ‘classic’ lamellar, though this armour is distinctly rarer in the region and the period than the above armours (even for mercenaries, who would probably have drawn their armour from Byzantine armouries). Lamellar can either be made up of metallic or leather plates- though leather lamellae should be of a sigmificant thickness to as to provide real defensive value. Lamellar can either feature attached ‘sleeves’ and skirts or pteruges.

Separate ‘rebraces’ Some images show separate armoured segments specifically worn on the arms that are not apparently attached to the main garment. These may be worn in place of either pteruges or attached sleeves to any of the above armours.

Pteruges In period depictions it is assumed that pteruges are strips of reinforced leather- some show evidence of rivets or similar- and in some cases seem to have been formed of strips of scale or similar metallic armour to reinforce the strips. Leather klivanions should have pteruges of leather, whilst metallic klivanions may feature metallic reinforcements (rivets, scales, etc.).

Klivanions and padding Several entries on the above regulations state a Klivanion without padding listed. As of the 2017-18 season it will be allowable to wear any of the above armours directly over the tunica- due to their inherent ability to resist impact it is presumed that the gambeson (an otherwise western necessity) could be left aside for better heat resistance.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Scale armour is made from overlapping rows of metallic plates or ‘scales’, arranged in staggered rows and riveted or laced at the top to a leather backing. In the 12th century these items were actually quite antiquated- and were worn more as a matter of tradition rather than practicality- as such these items are only really worn by the richest officers in emulation of their classical forebears. When worn for practicality most officers would wear the riveted-and-laced form of Klivanion mentioned above.

Scale cuirasses must cover to the upper-thighs, and cover the torso back-and-front. They may additionally feature steel shoulder pauldrons and upper-arm protection integrated to the garment- these should be constructed in the same manner as the main garment and cover to just above the elbow, as shown in period depictions.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Leg Armour

Greaves

Greaves R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai L Skutatoi L Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi S Dekerhios L Kenterios L/M Tagmatarch (A) L/M L- Leather M-Metallic S-Splinted X-Any Greaves

Overview Greaves were predominantly only an item of parade armour- again, maintaining the military tradition that dates to the ancient Greeks of the classical era. There are, however, still some written and pictorial evidence for these items being worn by infantrymen unable to acquire Krepides, or by officers in the field. These items should be made of either leather or more rarely for higher ranking members, steel (see the rank descriptors) - and should only be worn in place of Krepides (never with Krepides). These items may be laced or buckled to the calf- and steel greaves may feature leather lacing points attached along the sides to allow them to be laced closely around the back of the leg.

Varangian members may have the leather greaves additionally reinforced with strips or iron or steel riveted to the leather. These strips should typically be around 1.5” wide, spaced roughly an inch apart and be rounded at the upper and lower extent to prevent self-injury.

Members allowed to wear steel greaves may paint them in colours to match their Tagma- much in the same manner as Norman helmets painted in heraldic colours.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Mouzakia

Krepides R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X

Tagmatarch (A) X

Overview These items are not technically an item of armour, however they were stated as a requirement of Byzantine military regulations, and offer limited leg protection- and as such they are described here. These boots generally covered to the mid-shin (similar to Norman calf-boots)- and may be internally reinforced with an additional strip of 3mm leather down the shin. Ideally when bought solely for Byzantine use, these boots should not feature any form of tie or securement, but equally standard Norman calf-boots can be used in place of Mouzakia, though obviously this is less desirable.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Krepides

Krepides R I A U Psiloi (A) X Menavliatoi X Peltastes X Toxotai (A) X Hoplitai X Skutatoi X Pechneg (A) X Armenian X Varangi X Dekerhios X Kenterios X

Tagmatarch (A) X

Overview These items are not technically an item of armour, however they were stated as a requirement of Byzantine military regulations, and offer limited leg protection- and as such they are described here. These boots featured a long tapering top that could cover the knee in combat, and are described by Manuel’s Composition of Warfare as being folded down when marching or riding. These items were given as the ‘preferred’ leg protection for the standard infantry, though in depictions they are significantly rarer in comparison to the Mouzakia, which Manuel described as ‘less ideal’- but were presumably easier to produce. These boots, like Mouzakia may be internally reinforced with an additional strip of 3mm leather down the shin.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Byzantine Military

Clothing and Attire

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Turban and Cap (Universal) A long length of linen or cotton which would be wound around the cap, padded cap or helmet. When not being worn in armour, they should be worn over a thick linen acorn-cap style hat. Variations by Rank- T1-T6- These members should have bleached linen or cotton turbans. T7-T9- When worn in civilian gear, these members may wear turbans in Tagma colours.

Rus Trews- These trousers were formed like an oversized pair of braies that reach the ankles, but being fitted tightly to the leg below the knee. This should ideally be achieved by gathering the excess ‘down’ in a series of stitched pleats at the knee, and the lower leg panel being attracted separately from fabric cut on the bias. These garments may be constructed from heavy linen or, more preferably, wool. Their final appearance is very much like modern Cossack trousers- with a baggy excess of fabric around the thighs and waist but otherwise close-fitting in the leg.

Nomad Tunic The tunics worn by the Pechneg and Steppe peoples around the Byzantine empire followed a similar and distinct design- formed like a modern dressing gown these garments folded closed across the breast and laced and belted in place. These garments may be made from fine wool or thick linen, and should hang to just above the knee, featuring deep gores to allow the maximum leg movement. These garments may be edged in a contrasting coloured fabric around the hems and along the chest split.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Tunica The military issued tunica resembled its former Roman counterpart. These garments should feature full-length sleeves, tight to the arm as is practical, but quite baggy in the torso and armpit. These garments were always worn to the knee or just below (an inch or so) so as to allow free arm movement. These garments may be made from fine wool, linen or heavy cotton, or a blend. Most members with a standard length Undertunic will find that it will serve equally well as a tunica. Many patterns were woven into fabric so members may wear striped or simply patterned cloth.

Rus Hat- A hat formed of four leather or fabric segments, resembling a skullcap, and surrounded by a wide fur brim. Must be made of acceptable leather and a suitable fur or substitute.

Dalmatica- A dalmatica was the traditional court garment of high- ranking Byzantine men. It was similar in appearance to some variants of the Bliaut (see Clothing Regulations), featuring elbow-length loose sleeves and full flowing skirts. These garments were made from the most expensive cloths (silks, high-quality wools) in the most complicated and intricate of woven patterns (diamonds, floral designs, etc.).

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Tagma Colours and Practises

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Tagma Colours

At present there are two Byzantine Tagmas (or Themas) in the society.

Blue Tagma- (Blue and Gold) (banner- left, shield, near right). Members taking part in Deus Vult Byzantine events as Byzantines are de facto made part of the Blue Tagma. If members gain an almost entirely ‘ideal’ Byzantine impression they will be promoted to the Purple Tagma. Mercenaries (Pechnegs, Varangi, Armenians) carry red shields with the Tagmas colours in alternating bands around the rim (far right). All markings in the Thema should be in the Thema’s colours- so painted helms, pennons and similar attached to Byzantine gear should all be based around the blue-and-gold colour scheme.

Purple Tagma- (Purple and Silver) (banner- below, shield, below right) Members with an outstanding Byzantine impression will be attached to the Purple Tagma, which represents a more professional Imperial Unit. This Tagma will not incorporate mercenaries or other forces- only a pure ‘Greek’ infantry unit.

Historia Normannis – Byzantine Military Regulations (DV)

Byzantine Portrayal Byzantine members are portraying a far more regular military force than their western Norman counterparts. Rather than relatively irregular troops, Byzantine infantry would be subject to regular drill and be trained to a regulated standard. This means practically, on the encampment, there should be a far more organised layout and less civilian ‘home comforts’ for the Byzantine force.

Members wishing to give a craft impression alongside their military impression should select one that is a distinct military support trade- such as a Medic (or Chirigeon) or an armourer- trades which would be found on a Byzantine military encampment.

At present the Byzantine force is almost solely a ‘Bellatores’ affair- there are plans at present to draw up additional documentation and expand the impression of the Byzamtine encampment to include Oratores and Laboratores impressions.

Byzantine Encampment Byzantine Military encampments were, like their Roman forebears, carefully organised and state-supplied. Therefore all Byzantine tents appear to have been what the Normans considered ‘Pavillions’. These tents were arrayed in a cyclic or square array- officers would have one such tent to themselves, whereas most would contain eight or twelve soldiers and their gear, their bed-rolls radiating out from the central pole towards the tent walls. Dedicated Byzantine members are encouraged to accquire a bed roll and a leather or linen ‘kit bag’. Descriptions of all these items feature in the Ecampment Regulations (Bed Roll), or Constable’s Wargear Regulationsn (Kit Bag). At larger events it is proposed that the Byzantine encampment be arranged as a true marching camp- with mutiple pavillions laid out as barrack tents surrounded by a short palisade fence made up of wooden stakes.