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INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World’s Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8812270 The Byzantine Fortress at Isthmia, Greece and the transition from Late Antiquity to the Medieval period in the Aegean Kardulias, Paul Nick, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print _______ 3. Photographs with dark background. 4. Illustrations are poor copy _______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ^ 6. Print shows throug h as there is text on both sides of page _______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages _ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements ______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print _______ 11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages ^ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other THE BYZANTINE FORTRESS AT ISTHMIA, GREECE AND THE TRANSITION FROM LATE ANTIQUITY TO THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD IN THE AEGEAN DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State University BY Paul Nick Kardulias, B.A., M.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by William M. Sumner, Chairman Timothy E. Gregory Jack M. Balcer Adviser Mark D. Fullerton Department of Anthropology ...Why don’t our distinguished orators turn up as usual to make their speeches, say what they have to say? Because the barbarians are coming today and they're bored by rhetoric and public speaking. Why this sudden bewilderment, this confusion? (How serious people’s faces have become.) Why are the streets and squares emptying so rapidly, everyone going home lost in thought? Because night has fallen and the barbarians haven’t come. And some of our men just in from the border say there are no barbarians any longer. Now what’s going to happen to us without barbarians? They were, those people, a kind of solution. From "Waiting for the Barbarians” by Constantine P. Cavafy S t o u q yov.eic; fiouj, t o v repo Apocfo: h o c i t t ) v @eo6ooia, (xe aTretp-p ayaTtt) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It Is Impossible to reach this stage in an academic career without having incurred numerous debts, intellectual and other. This is an appropriate forum to express my gratitude to the many people who have provided encouragement and assistance over the years. First and foremost, deepest thanks go to my parents, Drosos and Theodosia Kardulias, whose stress on education as the route to a better life was borne out of the hard realities of life in rural Greece. Their support through the years was unfailing. I only hope that I am worthy of the many sacrifices they made on my behalf. Numerous teachers contributed to my intellectual growth during my formal education. I would like to thank collectively the educators at Fifth Street Elementary School in Clairton, Pennsylvania, the 71st Demotiko Scholeio in Athens, Greece, the American Community School in Athens, Memorial High School in Campell, Ohio, and Tarpon Springs Senior High School in Florida. During my undergraduate years, and subsequently as an instructor, at Youngstown State University, I benefited from contact with a number of excellent professors, including Dr. John R. White, Dr. Gary F. Fry, Dr. James W. Kiriazis, and Dr. Mark Shutes in Anthropology, Dr. Saul Friedman, Dr. Leslie Domonkos and Dr. Jam es Ronda in History and Dr. Thomas Shipka and Dr. Brendan Minogue in Philosophy. I thank Dr. Charles Redman who offered me assistance In completing the M.A. degree at SUNY-Binghamton. Archaeological fieldwork has afforded me the opportunity to become acquainted with a number of fine scholars, many of whom 1 am privileged to call colleagues. Dr. Gary F. Fry and Dr. John R. White Introduced me to archaeology and were patient while I learned the basic skills. A summer of work in Illinois was enriched by the beginning of lasting friendships with Thomas L. Burge and Lisa Van Eysden. Dr. David Rupp was kind enough to let me join his project on Cyprus to gain experience in the Mediterranean. Dr. Curtis Runnels, Dr. Michael Jameson, Dr. Tjeerd van Andel and Priscilla Murray have made work In the Argolid and Thessaly both rewarding and pleasurable. I thank Dr. James Wright for permitting me to work for two seasons on the excavation at Nemea. Funds for the fieldwork at Isthmia were provided by The Ohio State University through a Research Seed Grant awarded to Dr. Timothy Gregory, a travel grant from the Center for Renaissance and Medieval Studies, and a Research Assoctateship from the College of the Humanities. I thank these administrative units and the Department of Anthropology for their financial support. In Greece, fieldwork was conducted under permits granted by the Greek Archaeological Service and the Sixth Byzantine Ephoreia. Our institutional affiliation in Greece was with the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, whose personnel handled the permit requests. The fieldwork on which this study Is based would not have been possible without the contribution of many volunteers. In 1985, students iv from Ohio State University and Kenyon College performed the bulk of the work in May and June. In July, 1985, Dr. Ralph von Frese and Dr. Stavros Papamarinopoulos generously contributed their time and equipment to the field efforts. Mette Korsholm, Rita Rousos, and Themis Phillppidis worked diligently under a scorching July sun. In 1986, the able field crew consisted of Caroline Seymour, A. Charles Mastran, Marianne Urse, and Peter Cole; their superb efforts provided the bulk of the data for analysis. Special thanks go to Michael Harsh whose electrical expertise salvaged a malfunctioning magnetometer. James Foradas has graciously permitted me to incorporate the data from his self-potential survey in this document. I also thank Jim for his assistance to a computer novice and for the encouragement to complete this dissertation in a timely fashion. The personnel in the Social Work Computer Lab, particularly Frank Snyder, have been most helpful and affable when faced with the invasion of their facilities by many anthropology graduate students over the past year. I feel a special obligation to the members of the dissertation committee. They have all demonstrated considerable forebearance with a student whose interests straddle three departments. Dr. William M. Sumner has read through the many drafts of this document with the careful eye of an astute editor. His insistence on clarity of thought and expression have contributed significantly to whatever coherence this work may possess. Dr. Timothy E. Gregory sowed the seeds for this thesis when he offered me the position as his Research Associate for the geophysical work at Isthmia. He has provided a steady guiding hand from the outset, both in v the field for two seasons and during the process of preparing the present manuscript. Dr. Gregory has been most accomodating In allowing a student trained In prehistory try his hand at historic archaeology; his openness to new ideas and methods bode well for the future of classical archaeology as practiced In Greece, and I hope he will find service for my talents, such as they are, In future work at Isthmia. I value his friendship as well as his abilities as a scholar and trust he finds this study a worthy result of the many discussions we have had over the contents. Dr. Jack M. Balcer has offered Incisive comments to guide the flow of the present work. In addition, his classes have vastly broadened my understanding of ancient history and gave me the background against which to assess the value of this dissertation. A number of penetrating questions put forth by Dr. Mark D. Fullerton have forced me to address basic Issues concerning the purpose and direction of the study and to make explicit the primary concepts; he has been able to convey to me some of his thorough knowledge of classical art and archaeology, thus providing much-needed background to a student Initially trained in New World prehistory.
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  • Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: a Socio-Cultural Perspective

    Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: a Socio-Cultural Perspective

    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2016 Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective Nicholas D. Cross The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1479 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INTERSTATE ALLIANCES IN THE FOURTH-CENTURY BCE GREEK WORLD: A SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE by Nicholas D. Cross A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 Nicholas D. Cross All Rights Reserved ii Interstate Alliances in the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective by Nicholas D. Cross This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in History in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________ __________________________________________ Date Jennifer Roberts Chair of Examining Committee ______________ __________________________________________ Date Helena Rosenblatt Executive Officer Supervisory Committee Joel Allen Liv Yarrow THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Interstate Alliances of the Fourth-Century BCE Greek World: A Socio-Cultural Perspective by Nicholas D. Cross Adviser: Professor Jennifer Roberts This dissertation offers a reassessment of interstate alliances (συµµαχία) in the fourth-century BCE Greek world from a socio-cultural perspective.