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The University of Chicago the Spaces Between the Teeth

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The University of Chicago the Spaces Between the Teeth THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE SPACES BETWEEN THE TEETH: ENVIRONMENT, SETTLEMENT, AND INTERACTION ON THE ISLAMIC-BYZANTINE FRONTIER VOLUME ONE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY A. ASA EGER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2008 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE SPACES BETWEEN THE TEETH: ENVIRONMENT, SETTLEMENT, AND INTERACTION ON THE ISLAMIC-BYZANTINE FRONTIER VOLUME TWO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY A. ASA EGER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xvi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIVIDE ACROSS THE ISLAMIC-BYZANTINE FRONTIER .................................................................. 1 I. Unexplored Spaces .................................................................................................. 1 II. Frontiers in Islamic Archaeology .......................................................................... 7 Archaeology and History ........................................................................................ 7 The Core/Periphery Model and Urban/Rural Divide ........................................... 10 Seventh Century Continuity ................................................................................. 13 III. Islamic Frontiers: Real and Imagined ................................................................. 20 The History of the thughūr and Its Scholarship ................................................... 21 The Administrative and Military thughūr ........................................................ 26 The Religious and Ideological thughūr ............................................................ 32 Other thughūrs: Society, Economy, and Settlement ........................................ 41 Frontier Theory ..................................................................................................... 58 Layering the thughūr ............................................................................................ 68 CHAPTER TWO: THE AMUQ PLAIN ...................................................................... 74 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 74 II. Environment ......................................................................................................... 76 Earthquakes, Climate, and Precipitation .............................................................. 79 Coring around Tell Tayinat and the Lake of Antioch .......................................... 81 Upland Slopes and River Systems ........................................................................ 85 Literary Evidence ................................................................................................. 87 III. Settlement ........................................................................................................... 88 iv Cities and Towns ................................................................................................ 134 Antākiya ......................................................................................................... 136 ‘Imm and Jisr al-Hadīd ................................................................................... 140 Baghrās ........................................................................................................... 146 CHAPTER THREE: KAHRAMANMARAŞ PLAIN ............................................... 151 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 151 II. Environment ....................................................................................................... 151 III. Settlement ......................................................................................................... 157 Mar‘ash ............................................................................................................... 178 IV. Excavation ........................................................................................................ 185 CHAPTER FOUR: PLAIN OF ISSOS ...................................................................... 193 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 193 II. Environment ....................................................................................................... 195 III. Settlement ......................................................................................................... 201 IV. Excavation ........................................................................................................ 209 Textual Evidence ................................................................................................ 223 VOLUME TWO CHAPTER FIVE: THE SYRO-ANATOLIAN THUGHŪR ..................................... 229 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 229 II. Western thughūr (Rough Cilicia to the Amanus Mountains) ............................ 231 III. Central thughūr (Amanus Mountains to Euphrates River) ............................... 234 IV. Eastern thughūr (Euphrates River to Tigris River and the Upper Euphrates) . 247 Karababa Basin ................................................................................................... 249 Malatya Plain (Tohma Basin) and Elazığ Plain (Keban Basin) ......................... 268 Harran Plain and Balikh River Valley ................................................................ 273 CHAPTER SIX: THE ANDALUSIAN THUGHŪR ................................................. 289 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 289 II. The Late Roman and Visigothic Period (Fourth to Eighth Centuries) .............. 290 III. The Early Islamic Period (Eighth to Tenth Centuries) ..................................... 292 River, Canal, and Marsh Sites ............................................................................ 294 Tell and Upland Sites ......................................................................................... 296 Irrigation and Social Organization ..................................................................... 298 IV. The Middle Islamic Period (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries) ......................... 304 v CHAPTER SEVEN: HYDRAULIC VILLAGES AND FORTIFIED CASTLES: A NARRATIVE OF SETTLEMENT ............................................................................ 309 I. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 309 II. The Late Roman Period (Fourth to Seventh Centuries) .................................... 311 Consolidation of Rural Plain Sites ..................................................................... 312 Expansion of Upland Sites ................................................................................. 314 Rise of Minor Towns .......................................................................................... 317 III. The Early Islamic Period (Seventh to Tenth Centuries) ................................... 321 Persisting Patterns of Settlement ........................................................................ 322 Byzantine Pastoralism ........................................................................................ 329 Changing Patterns of Settlement ........................................................................ 334 River, Canal, and Marsh Sites ........................................................................ 334 Fortified Square Enclosures (Waystations) .................................................... 342 Sedentarization: Eighth to Tenth Centuries ........................................................ 350 Settlement Communities .................................................................................... 354 IV. The Middle Islamic Period (Tenth to Fourteenth Centuries) ........................... 357 A Century of Discontinuity ................................................................................ 357 Renomadization: Tenth to Eleventh Centuries ................................................... 360 Conglomerate Villages and Tell Occupation ..................................................... 362 Fortified Upland Towns and Castles .................................................................
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