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Private Well Guidelines

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COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS Department of Environmental Protection Marty Suuberg Commissioner Bureau of Water Resources Doug Fine Assistant Commissioner PRIVATE WELL GUIDELINES Updated July 2018 Drinking Water Program ii CONTENTS FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... III TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ III INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................................................... 2 DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES ..................................................................................... 6 PERMITS AND REPORTS ............................................................................................................ 9 WELL LOCATION ........................................................................................................................ 17 GENERAL WELL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................... 20 WELL CASING ............................................................................................................................ 32 WELL SCREEN ........................................................................................................................... 37 WELL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................... 42 WATER QUANTITY .................................................................................................................... 44 CASING SEALS ........................................................................................................................... 52 WELLHEAD COMPLETION AND ALTERATION ......................................................................... 56 PUMPS AND TANKS ................................................................................................................... 61 DISINFECTION ............................................................................................................................ 68 WATER QUALITY AND WATER TESTING ................................................................................. 75 WATER TREATMENT ................................................................................................................. 91 WELL MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION .......................................................................... 97 DECOMMISSIONING ABANDONED WELLS, TEST HOLES, AND DRY OR INADEQUATE BORINGS .................................................................................................................................. 101 APPENDIX A, RECOMMENDED ANALYTES, CONCENTRATION LIMITS, AND MONITORING FREQUENCY ............................................................................................................................ 110 APPENDIX B, LAND USE/ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANTS MATRIX ...................................... 113 APPENDIX C, OTHER BOARD OF HEALTH RESPONSIBILITIES RELATED TO DRINKING WATER ...................................................................................................................................... 126 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................... 128 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................... 132 iii FIGURES Figure 1: Groundwater and Surface Water Sources ............................................................... 6 Figure 2 Properly Constructed Springs .................................................................................. 8 Figure 3: Well Completion Report Required by the Drinking Water Program .......................... 12 Figure 4: Electronic Well Completion Report (WCR) Form ..................................................... 13-15 Figure 5: Typical Construction for Bedrock Well Installations ................................................. 23 Figure 6: Typical Drilled Sand and Gravel Well ..................................................................... 24 Figure 7: Sandpoint Installed with Protective Oversized Casing ............................................. 27 Figure 8: Construction Details for a Standard Dug Well ......................................................... 29 Figure 9: Typical Water Treatment System ............................................................................ 49 Figure 10: Grout Installation by Positive Placement Exterior Method ....................................... 54 Figure 11: Grout Installation by Continuous Injection Method ................................................... 54 Figure 12: Well Seal ................................................................................................................ 58 Figure 13: Pitless Adapter Installation ...................................................................................... 59 Figure 14: Typical Submersible Pump Installation .................................................................... 64 Figure 15: Typical Shallow Jet Pump Installation ..................................................................... 65 Figure 16: Typical Deep Well Jet Pump Installation.................................................................. 65 Figure 17: Jet Pump Cross Section .......................................................................................... 66 Figure 18: Radionuclide Testing Decision Diagram ................................................................. 86 Figure 19: Filter Application Guide ........................................................................................... 93 Figure 20: Typical Treatment Sequence ................................................................................... 96 Figure 21: Well Decommissioning Report ................................................................................ 103 TABLES Table 1: Lateral Setback Distances ......................................................................................... 19 Table 2: Materials Standards for Steel Water Well Casing ...................................................... 33 Table 3 Peak Flow Rates (GPM) for Homes Based on Number of Bedrooms and Bathrooms ................................................................................................................ 45 Table 4: Gallons of Water per Foot of Depth for Various Casing or Hole Diameters................ 47 Table 5: Flow Volumes in Gallons per Minute and Corresponding Flow Volumes in Gallons per Day ........................................................................................................ 47 iv Table 6: Usable Pressurized Storage Amount in Gallons for Various Types of Pressure Tanks with Common Constant Speed Pressure Switch Settings……. ....................... 48 Table 7: Amount of Chlorine Compound Required to Produce a Chlorine Concentration of 100 mg/L (for Well Diameters of One Foot or Less) .............................................. 71 Table 8: Amount of Chlorine Compound Required to Produce a Chlorine Concentration of 100 mg/L (for Well Diameters of Two Feet or More) .............................................. 72 Table 9: Towns with High or Medium Probability of Exceeding Arsenic and/or Uranium MCL . 78 Table 10: Land Use/Pollution Potential Matrix ........................................................................... 80 Table 11: Recommended Water Quality Testing - Annual Basis ............................................... 84 Table 12: Recommended Water Quality Testing - Initially and Every 10 Years ......................... 86 Table 13: Possible Causes of Common Taste, Odor, and Appearance Problems in Well Water ....................................................................................................................... 87 Table 14: Treatment Device Options ......................................................................................... 91 1 INTRODUCTION A private water supply provides water for human consumption and consists of a system that has less than 15 service connections and either (1) serves less than 25 individuals or (2) serves an average of 25 or more individuals daily for less than 60 days of the year. In the Commonwealth of Massachusetts over 500,000 people rely on private wells to provide potable water because public water is not available to them. The improper design, construction, repair, maintenance, or decommissioning of a private water supply system represents a potential hazard to public health and safety. In order to protect the health and general welfare of the citizens who depend on private wells and to protect the groundwater resources of the Commonwealth so that the consuming public can be assured of potable water, it is necessary for regulators to know what constitutes a private water supply system and understand the measures that should be taken to protect the water supplied by the system. The Private Well Guidelines and accompanying Model Board of Health Regulations for Private Wells were written primarily to assist Boards of Health but also to assist drillers by attempting
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