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Salmonid Hatchery Wastewater Treatment

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Salmonid Hatchery Wastewater Treatment Salmonid hatchery wastewater treatment By Paul B. Liao* nature of hatchery operating procedures, both The characteristics of wastewater must be un- quantity and quality of wastewater vary from derstood before the methods treating that waste time to time. Accordingly, a treatment method can be discussed. The nature of salmonid for salmonid hatchery wastes must be eco- hatchery wastes and their pollution potential nomical, flexible and efficient in terms of the have recently been discussed by Liao." In degree of treatment required. Therefore, de- general, salmonid hatchery wastes can be velopment of an alternate treatment method classified into three groups dependent on type for hatchery effluent water control appears de- of hatchery and type of water supply system. sirable. They are normal hatchery effluent, raceway The degree of treatment required for a cleaning wastes and reuse filter effluent.** For hatchery effluent depends upon several factors reference, Table 1 summarizes salmonid hatch- including wastewater quality, receiving water ery wastewater characteristics. conditions, receiving water quality standards For normal hatchery effluent and reuse filter and effluent water quality standards. The con- overflow waters, the potential pollution prob- trol of pollution from a hatchery can be ac- lems involve oxygen depletion, nutrient en- complished by both in-hatchery operation richment and taste and odor in cases where improvements and effluent water treatment. the receiving water flow is low. Raceway clean- The former has been recently discussed in ing water and reuse filter backwashing wastes detail by the author.' This paper will discuss are potential sources of pollution comparable the results of the treatment methods studied. to domestic sewage. Therefore, no matter where the hatchery is located, effective control Methods studied. The treatment methods of these wastes is necessary. studied were stabilization ponds, primary Generally, conventional wastewater treat- settling and aeration (combination of a short ment methods are applicable for hatchery term aeration tank and sedimentation pond). wastes control. However, since hatchery flows The investigations covered all the above men- are extremely high (with an annual produc- tioned categories of wastewater. Each treat- tion of 300,000 lb of trout the total flow is ment method is described briefly in the fol- about 45 mgd) conventional methods of treat- lowing paragraphs. ing hatchery wastes would cost several times that of a domestic system for the same degree Stabilization ponds. A study using stabiliza- of treatment. This would, in most cases, upset tion ponds was conducted at Cowlitz Trout the fisheries system planning. Also, due to the Hatchery in the State of Washington in the late spring and summer of 1969. Four natural rearing ponds of about 4.5 acres each, with an average water depth of about 8.2 ft, were This article answers a number of questions raised after publication of Paul Liao's article in the August 1970 issue selected for the study. Wastewater from the of Water & Sewage Works. —Ed. hatchery flowed to a distribution channel where the water was introduced to each test *Predoctoral Research Associate, Water and Air Resources Div., University of Washington, Seattle; and Consultant pond by a slide gate. The flow through each for Kramer, Chin & Mayo Consulting Engineers, 1917 pond was measured at the outlet weir. During First Ave., Seattle, Wash. 98101. the test period the water was maintained at a **In some hatcheries where filter beds are used to recon- control depth of 8.2 ft. The detention time was dition water for reuse about 5 to 10 percent of the varied by adjusting the amount of water to total hatchery flow over the beds is bypassed continu- the pond with the help of inlet slide gates. ously. The filters, consisting of crushed oyster shells and For each variation in flow or quality of waste- rocks, are backwashed every 3 to 6 days. Backwash water, samples were collected for chemical flow through each filter involves passing 1.5 to 2.0 mgd through each unit with a duration of 100 to 120 min analysis at the inlet and outlet at intervals of per unit. 5 hr for a period of 24 hr. Tests were made 9 WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, December, 1970 IGO on individual samples and the average results ASIMOVINE 2.5.5 2242 are summarized in Table 2 and Figure 1. % SO Primary settling. To evaluate the primary settling characteristics of the hatchery waste- EFFICIENCIES water, samples were collected from the race- way effluent during the period that the raceway NESIOVAL was being cleaned. These samples were trans- SS ported to the laboratory and after complete AND mixing were subjected to a 2 hr Imhoff cone SOD settling test. The BOD and solid tests were 0 -POD o -$ made on samples before and after settling. The results of these tests are reported in Table O 20 40 SO SO 100 3. No similar tests were made on normal BOD LOADING lb DOD/ oao / doy hatchery effluent water because of its low Figure BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies of plain detention pond. solids content. Aerated system. This system, as illustrated by Figure 2, consists of an aeration tank and detention pond. Wastewater enters the aeration tank and is aerated for a fairly short period (about 1/3 of total retention time). Aeration is accomplished using plastic tubing installed on the tank bottom to bubble air into the waste- water. Aeration raises the dissolved oxygen level, increases the contact between organisms and organic materials and activates the or- ganisms, thus enhancing biological oxidation. The aerated wastewater and activated or- ganisms flow by gravity to the detention pond where the solids settle out by gravity and the organic matter is further broken down by biological activity. The effluent is clear, with a low organic and solids content. This system of treatment was used for normal Figure 2: Pilot plant showing mixing pail, aeration tank and settling basin. hatchery effluent water at the Seward Park Table 1: Characteristics of salmonid hatchery wastewater Average increase and range mg/I Pollutants A BOD 5.36 (0.12-36.5) 33.6 (18-49) 48 (36-69) 5.3 (2.2-9.9) COD 21.3 (3-125) - - 158 (60-296) 25 (16-40) Ammonia (NHs) 0.532 (0-2.55) - - 1.34 (0.85-1.61) 1.0 (0.85-1.37) Nitrate (NO.) 1.676 (0.045-3.1) - - 1.03 (0.44-1.76) 1.35 (0.44-2.66) Phosphate (PO4) 0.077 (0.01-0.262) - - 0.99 (0.71-1.35) 0.83 (0.6-1.11) Suspended solids 7.0 (0-55) 96 (85-104) 145 (104-224) 14 (7-18) Settleable solids 3.5 (0-35) 85 (78-89) 5 m1/I (2-15 m1/1) - Dissolved solids 78 (25-186) 78 (70-81) 80 76 Total solids 85 (30-190) 174 (166-185) 275 (202-294) 90 (76-120) Volatile solids 29 (5-100) 108 (90-125) 108 (84-149) 34 (32-40) A - Normal hatching effluent B - Ponds being cleaned C - Filter backwash water D - Filter bypass water (filter normal overflow) Table 2: Summary of Cowlitz stabilization pond tests Test Temperature *F pH Retention BOD loading Percent removal No Flow, mgd air water in out time, days lb/acre-day BOD Nits NOB PO4 TS 1* 2.27 48 58 7.1 7.1 4.0 9.1 35 44 43 19 6 2* 4.66 48 56 7.1 7.0 2.0 18.6 32 52 36 0 17 3 3.98 48 58 7.1 7.5 2.3 46.0 56 77 41 86 6 4 1.54 48 60 7.1 7.7 6 70.1 48 78 58 87 14 5 2.17 54 60 7.3 7.8 4.2 38.0 68 - - - 27 6 4.63 54 60 7.3 7.1 2.0 65.5 54 - - - 32 7 3.30 54 63 7.3 8.5 2.8 46.6 61 - - - 24 8 1.68 54 59 7.3 7.1 5.5 24.0 62 - - - 24 *Ponds tested not stabilized yet Tests not conducted 10 - 440 WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, December, 1970 Trout Hatchery from fall 1969 through winter 1 00 o 1970 and later studied at the Dworshak Na- • o • t tional Steelhead Hatchery in the State of Idaho GO .1 - 7 • 1 : ( 0 • CO for the treatment of combined wastes of re- 0 , 0 - _, , , r { -1-- use filter backwash water and reuse raceway i 1 1 1 • • 4- effluent waters. A summary of the results is 60 --. • _ i i given in Figures 3-5. ' • I 4 ao•i - - -f -- ■ • , • 0 AND S REMOVALS Discussion. Stabilization pond: Although the DOD % o - • 20 BOD loading rates were low and the deten- • NORMAL HATCHERY EFFLUENT (DETENTION TOM 10 NIS OR NORM tion time was fairly high, the BOD removal • - NORMAL FILTER OVERFLOW (SHORTER D(TIF•TION TIME) { efficiencies of unstable ponds were low (less • - FILTER SACKWASHING WATER than 50 percent). The suspended solids remov- 125 250 375 500 625 750 875 1 000 al efficiency for these ponds ranged between SOD LOADING. lb BOD /am / day 40 and 50 percent. When compared to the con- Figure 3: BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies vs. loading rate (aerated ventional sedimentation ponds, this removal system). efficiency seemed to be too low. However, when the initial pollutant concentrations are low, they tend to be more difficult to remove. As shown in Table 1, the initial concentrations • o ' 0 ot of BOD, NH3, NO3, PO4 and solids were very low. However, nutrient removals were fairly SO high. This can be attributed to biological activ- ity and settlement.
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