GIZ China | Transport Demand Management in Beijing Balancing Transport Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Cities – A Review of Practices in Germany Final Report Balancing Transport Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Cities – A Review of Practices in Germany Disclaimer Findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this document are based on information gathered by GIZ and its consultants, partners and contributors from reliable sources. GIZ does not, however, guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or losses which emerge from its use. Authors: Frank Dünnebeil (Project Leader), Wolfram Knörr, Christoph Heidt, Carsten Heuer, Udo Lambrecht Contact: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Sunflower Tower Room 860 www.ifeu.de 37 Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District 100125 Beijing, P.R. China Beijing Transportation Research Center 9. Liuliqiao Road, Fengtai District, 100073 Beijing www.tdm-beijing.org Manager: Daniel Bongardt Cover photo: Dominik Schmid Layout: Andrej Sosedow Beijing, October 2012 iii The Project Context China’s economic growth over the past three decades has had some undeniably positive effects on the country’s development but it has also led to a massive increase in motor vehicle travel and associated traffic problems, especially in large cities. In Beijing, over five million cars cause severe local air pollution and traffic congestion as well as increasing parking problems and accident costs. Transportation GHG emissions have become a key challenge for sustainable development in China and globally. Neither roadway expansion nor the development of new car technologies alone can solve these problems; in fact, these strategies often reduce one problem but aggravate others. Transport Demand Management (TDM) offers truly sustainable solutions which will help in achieving multiple planning objectives. The aim of this project is to build capacities and competencies to enable Beijing municipal authorities to quantify and model the impact and benefits of various TDM strategies. This will help officials in Beijing and other major urban centers in China identify and implement the most effective and beneficial set of TDM measures. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Beijing Transportation Research Center (BTRC) are the implementing partners. GIZ is a global service provider in the field of international cooperation and professional training for sustainable development. BTRC’s mission is to conduct systematic research on transport development strategies for policies and planning in Beijing and to present recommendations on these measures and action plans to the People’s Municipal Government of Beijing. The project is supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the Beijing Municipal Commission for Transportation (BMCT). In order to achieve the aims, the project is organized along three work streams Work Stream 1: TDM Policies and Measures – BTRC and GIZ cooperate to identify at least three TDM measures for GHG reduction in Beijing and learn from Chinese and international best practice Work Stream 2: Emission Scenarios, Modelling and Monitoring – A monitoring system for GHG emissions will be developed Work Stream 3: Dissemination – Measures and tools will be discussed with and disseminated to at least 5 other Chinese cities iv Table of Contents Introduction and Background .................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Calculation of GHG Emissions from Transport Activities ............................................................. 2 1.1 Transport Demand ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Specific Energy Consumption of Vehicle Use ...................................................................................... 3 1.3 Specific GHG Emissions ................................................................................................................................. 5 2 Emission Factor Databases and Inventory Models for Transp.-related GHG Emiss. ...... 8 2.1 Overview of the Most Important Models for Germany, Europe and the USA ........................ 8 2.2 Principles in the Derivation of Emission Factors ............................................................................ 10 2.3 Further Background and Details of the Chosen Models ............................................................... 11 2.3.1 HBEFA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 TREMOD ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3 COPERT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.4 TREMOVE .................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.5 MOVES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 3 GHG Balancing Methods for the Transport Sector of Cities ...................................................... 21 3.1 Application Fields of Urban Transport GHG Emission Balances .............................................. 22 3.2 Characterisation of Transport Activities ............................................................................................. 23 3.2.1 System Boundaries: Which Transport Activities are Assigned to a City? ............................... 23 3.2.2 Means of Transportation ................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Differentiation of Transport Activities by Origins and Causes ...................................................... 25 3.2.4 Data Sources for Transport Activities........................................................................................................ 26 3.2.5 Pros and Cons of Different Methodological Approaches .................................................................. 28 3.3 Emission Factors for GHG Balancing of City-related Transport Activities ......................... 29 3.3.1 Harmonized Average GHG Emission Factors for Transport in Germany ................................... 30 3.3.2 Optional Local-specific Refinements of Road Transport Emission Calculations ................ 30 3.4 Calculation Tools for City-specific GHG Emission Inventories in Germany ......................... 32 4 GHG Balancing Practice for Transport in Major German Cities and London ..................... 37 4.1 Description of Selected German Cities................................................................................................. 37 4.2 Comparison of the Analysed GHG Balances....................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 Objectives of the GHG Balances .................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Characterization of Transport Activities ................................................................................................... 41 4.2.3 Considered GHG Emissions and Emission Factor Databases ......................................................... 45 4.2.4 Local-specific Refinements of Road Transport Emission Calculations .................................... 46 4.2.5 Traffic Data Sources in the Analysed German Cities ......................................................................... 47 4.2.5.1 Traffic Data Used for the GHG Balances of the Analysed German Cities ................ 48 4.2.5.2 Survey on Traffic Data Availability in German Cities ......................................................... 49 4.3 Summary of the Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 52 4.4 The Process of GHG Balancing for Transport in Cities – Case Study Frankfurt/Main .... 54 5 Recommendations for Balancing GHG Emissions from Transport in Beijing .................... 60 5.1 Characterization of Transport Activities for the GHG Balance of Beijing ............................ 60 5.2 Recommendations for Emission Factor Databases ........................................................................ 64 5.3 Summary............................................................................................................................................................. 66 6 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 68 v GIZ China | Transport Demand Management in Beijing Introduction and Background Global transport volumes and related greenhouse gas emissions have strongly increased over the last decades. A further increase is expected in the next years, mainly in emerging and developing countries [IEA 2010]. Due