g/,c AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 24, NO. 1 JOURNAL JANUARY, 1947

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At IIS KHJV-WAB HKYI THE CONTENTS

JANUARY 1947 FOREIGN JOURNAL Cover Picture: fU Vol. 24 JANUARY, 1947 No. 1 Ul Aerial view of the National War College, Washington, D. C.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Foreign Service Changes 3 SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Copyright, 1947, by the American Foreign Service Association The Foreign Service in the National War College 7

The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this By Foy D. Kohler publication is strictly forbidden without permssion from the editors. College Education—Free or Regimented? 11 The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription By Carl W. Strom in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or 25 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul¬ tural Organization 14 By Stephen P. Dorsey JOURNAL STAFF Foreign Service Milestone, 1895-1946 16 HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman By The Hon. James B. Stewart EDMUND A. GULLION RORF.RT MOCLINTOCK„_ 1 Editorial The Reincarnation of a Hospital 18 JAMES K. PENFIELD f Board By Ruth Yearns ROBERT H. MCBRIDE JANE WILSON. Managing Editor The New Security Program 20 CARL W. STROM Business Manager By Stanley R. Goodrich ADRIAN B. COLQUITT Treasurer Editors’ Column 23 The American Foreign Service Association The Manpower Act Reexamined The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of News from the Department 23 the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering By Jane Wilson esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. News from the Field 26 The Bookshelf 28

Honorary President In Memoriam 29 JAMES F. BYRNES ^Secretary of State Foreign Service Association Luncheon—photos.. 30

Honorary Vice-Presidents Foreign Service Women’s Luncheon—photos.... 31 DEAN ACHESON . Under Secretary of State Letters to the Editors 32, WILLIAM L. CLAYTON . Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Births 32 BENJAMIN V. COHEN Counselor DONALD S. RUSSELL Assistant Secretary of State Exit from Albania 33 WILLIAM BENTON Assistant Secretary of State Letter from Agnes L. Henderson SPRUILLE BRADEN Assistant Secretary of State JOHN H. HILLDRINC Assistant Secretary of State Service Glimpses 34-35 WILLARD L. THORP Assistant Secretary of State Retired Foreign Service Officers, as of November ROBERT WOODS BLISS _ President 13, 1946 36 EDWIN C. WILSON Vice-President CLARE H. TIMBERLAKE . -> Secretary-Treasurer Oliver Bishop Harriman Foreign Service Schol¬ arship 43 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Scholarship Announcements 44 ELLIS 0. BRICCS, Chairman Change of Address Form 45 EDWARD T. WAILES, Vice-Chairman LESTER D. MALLORY, JOHN M. ALLISON, GEORGE HAEHING. Marriages 53 ROBERT M. BRANDIN, CLARE H. TIMBERLAKE ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ MILTON K. WELLS tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as CHARLES W. ADAIR, GEORGE L. WEST. JR. second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., SYDNEY K. LAFOON, ROBERT F. HALF under the act of March 3, 1879.

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2 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JUURNW FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES (Continued from the December issue) November 1, 1946 ALBERT W. STOFFEL, of 113 Scottsville Road, Roches¬ ter, New York, has been assigned to Saigon, French Indo¬ china, as Vice Consul. Mr. Stoffel is a graduate of the University of Rochester. After serving as a Lieutenant with the Air Corps in Italy, France and Germany in World War II he was assigned to the American Military Government in Germany. KINGDON W. SWAYNE, of 226 N. State Street, New¬ ton, Pennsylvania, has been assigned to London as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Mr. Swayne graduated from Harvard University in 1941, with a Cum Laude in Economics. During his war service with the infantry, he was awarded the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart and the Victory Medal. STANLEY B. WOLFF, of 5 Minerva Place, New York City, has been assigned to Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, as Vice Consul. In 1939 Mr. Wolff received his B.A. from New York Uni¬ versity. As a Sergeant in the Army, he served in Italy and Germany during World War II. ROLAND H. BUSLINER, of 111 South College, Tulsa, Oklahoma, has been assigned to the staff of the U. S. Political Adviser in Tokyo. After graduating from Joplin Junior College, Mr. Bush- ner attended Kansas State Teachers College, Julliard Insti¬ tute of Musical Art, and Tulsa University. A Lieutenant in the Air Corps during World War II, he received the SINCLAIR Distributors Air Medal with seven clusters. JOHN Q. BLODGETT, of 2638 39th Street, N.W., Wash¬ ington, D. C., has been assigned to Stockholm as Third throughout the world make Secretary and Vice Consul. A graduate of Georgetown School of Foreign Service, Mr. Blodgett also attended the University of Michigan, available a line of highly where he took graduate studies in Japanese. He served during World War II with the Army as a Lieutenant in the infantry and in military intelligence. SPECIALIZED LUBRICANTS for JAMES M. BYRNE, of New York, has been assigned to Bern, Switzerland, as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. all Indus trial and Automo¬ Bom in Oyster Bay, New York, Mr. Byrne received an A.B. and LL.B. at Harvard Uiversity. In 1941 he was ap¬ pointed an Auxiliary Officer in the Foreign Service, and tive needs. NEW SINCLAIR served until February 1945 as a Special Assistant in the Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. OPALINE MOTOR OIL devel- CARROLL E. COBB, of Fort Myers, Florida, has been assigned to San Jose, Costa Rica, as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. oped through wartime A graduate of the University of Florida, with honors, Mr. Cobb served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Army during World War II. experience, is a PREMIUM JOHN B. CRUME, of 2605 Gladstone, Louisvil'e. Ken¬ tucky, has been assigned to Tehran, Iran, as Third Secre¬ GRADE LUBRICANT that tary and Vice Consul. Mr. Crume received an A.B. degree from Harvard Uni¬ versity, and served with the Army in the Intelligence cleans as it lubricates. Branch of the Signal Corps during World War II. RICHARD H. DONALD, of Meadowview Farm, Chaplin, Connecticut, has been assigned to San Salvador, El Salva¬ dor, as Third Secretaiy and Vice Consul. Mr. Donald, whose father, George Kenneth Donald, has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1914, is a gradu¬ ate of Kent School and Yale University. During World War II he served with the Army as a First Lieutenant in NEW YORK • CHICAGO • ATLANTA the Signal Corps. FORT WORTH • KANSAS CITY (Continued on page 5)

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* THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JOSEPH A. MENDENHALL, of Calvert, Maryland, has been assigned to Istanbul, Turkey, as Vice Consul. Mr. Mendenhall graduated from the University of Dela¬ ware, and attended Harvard Law School and the University of Pennsylvania. He was inducted into the Army as a Private in December 1941, and at the time of his release in June 1945, was a Captain in OSS, Strategic Services Unit. 5 JOSEPH J. MONTLLOR, 40-32 Hampton Street, Elm¬ hurst, New York, has been assigned to Lyon, France, as Vice Consul. Mr. Montllor graduated from Columbia University, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1939, and received his M.A. in 1940. The following year he attended the University of Santo Domingo GRACE LINE as an exchange scholar. Prior to joining the Foreign Serv¬ ice, Mr. Montllor served as Associate Social Scientist with the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, as Executive DIRECT SERVICES Secretary of the Coordination Committee for Haiti, and as Director of Information in the American Embassy, Port au between Prince. Haiti. ARTHUR L. PADDOCK, of 18 East Orchard Street, Somerville, New Jersey, has been assigned to Genoa, Italy, New York New Orleans San Francisco as Vice Consul. Mr. Paddock received a B.A. at the University of Iowa, Seattle • Portland an M.A. at the University of Louisville, and studied further and Other Houston • Texas City los Angeles at the Biarritz American University in Biarritz, France. and Other As a Major in the Army in World War II, he was awarded Atlantic Coast Ports and Other Gulf Ports Pacific Coast Ports the Croix de Guerre. WILLIAM W. PHELPS, of 2 Mercer Street, Hackensack, New Jersey, has been assigned to Habana, Cuba, as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Bom in Washington, D. C., Mr. Phelps attended St. Mark’s School and Yale University, where he received a B.A. degree. In 1941 he was inducted into the Army as a Private, served in North Africa, Sicily and Italy, and was released as a Major in 1946. JAMES W. PRATT, of 3023 14th St., N. W„ Washing¬ VENEZUELA ‘CANAL ZONE West Coast Ports of: ton, D. C., has been assigned to Buenos Aires, Argentina, La Guaira ‘PANAMA as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Puerto Cabello Maracaibo ♦West Coast, Central Mr. Pratt graduated from the University of California in Guanta MEXICO America and Mexico 1937, received an LL.B. from Yale University and a Cer¬ Puerto La Cruz tificate from the Sorbonne in Paris, France. A corporal in Cumana (Puerto Sucre) by transshipment Caripito via Cristobal GUATEMALA the infantry in World War II, he served in several cam¬ Ciudad Bolivar paigns in the European Theatre of Operations, and became Coro COLOMBIA and Other Ports Associate Editor of the Paris edition of Stars and Stripes. (West Coast) EL SALVADOR Prior to joining the Foreign Service, Mr. Pratt was an NETHERLANDS ECUADOR attorney with the U. S. Board of Legal Examiners and with WEST INDIES . HONDURAS the Civil Service Commission. Curacao PERU JOHN F. ROOT, of York, Pennsylvania, has been as¬ Aruba CHILE signed to Sao Paulo, Brazil, as Vice Consul. Bonaire NICARAGUA BOLIVIA A native of York County, Pennsylvania, Mr. Root re¬ COLOMBIA (via Peruvian ceived an A.B. from Princeton University in 1940, and an (East Coast) COSTA RICA MA from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in Barranquilla and Chilean Ports! 1941. During World War II he served as a Captain in the Cartagena ♦.Gulf Service Omits European Theatre of Operations. He was formerly em¬ ployed by the American Council of Learned Societies, and subsequently by the Department of State as Junior Divi¬ Regular weekly passenger and freight sional Assistant in the Division of Studies and Statistics. sailings of American Flag vessels. LEVI P. SMITH, of 225 South Willard Street, Burling¬ ton. Vermont, has been assigned to Southampton, England, For detailed information address as Vice Consul. Mr. Smith graduated from Princeton University in 1940, and attended Harvard Law’ School for one year prior to his induction into the Army. GRACE LINE EMORY C. SWANK, of Brunswick, Maryland, has been assigned to Shanghai as Vice Consul. 10 Hanover Square, New York Mr. Swank received an A.B. from Franklin and Marshall College, and an A.M. from Harvard University. During Agents and Offices in all Principal Cities World War II he served with the Army in France. (Continued on page 53)

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Copyright 1946. The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. FOREIGN SIRiSSE JOURNAL eft PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION vm 9,d NO. 1 WASHINGTON, D. C. JANUARY, 1947

The Foreign Service in the National War College By FOY D. KOHLER, First Secretary and Consul, Moscow

IN AN article in the State Department Bulletin War College. So far as the Foreign Service mem¬ available to all JOURNAL readers, Perry Jester bers of the first class are concerned, the assign¬ has given us, with his usual high competence, a ments came like lightning out of a blue sky, in the bird’s-eye view of the origin, organization and Department’s usual mysterious way. In my own significance of the National War College. When I case, I had been assigned to a new post for some doubted the utility of another, my former col¬ months. Our apartment in Washington had been leagues of the Editorial Board opined that a closed and the furniture packed for shipment. A worm’s-eye view of a student’s actual experiences short leave had been granted, grudgingly, with and reactions, as the first semester nears an end, strict admonition that I he on the way to Moscow, would be of interest to the Foreign Service. In by air, not later than August 1st. Then came the the hope that the Editors are right, I have jotted unexpected new orders, followed by a cordial let¬ down these notes in moments between lectures, ter from the College Commandant, Admiral Hill. problems, and homework. Despite its pleasant words, this latter communica¬ The course is hard work, even after active opera¬ tion had the effect of curtailing our leave and tional assignments, as 100 students will testify and starting us to work, for it enclosed a list of sug¬ even the Staff and Faculty will admit. Official gested books for preliminary background reading. hours are from 8:30 to 5 p.m. (or 0830 to 1700, While this list will be changed from year to year, as we have learned to say), but that is only a for considerations of availability and current de¬ part of the story, for homework starts soon after velopments, I attach a copy as of possible interest 1700, and when Seminar papers or committee re¬ to officers in the field. (See page 10.) ports are due, continues far into the night and The big problems, as we foregathered in Wash¬ straight through the week-ends. However, the Col¬ ington towards the end of August, were housing lege is such a refreshing and stimulating change and transportation. I cast many a rueful glance from normal assignments that one tends to think at our old apartment, vacated only a few months of it rather as a long-awaited opportunity than as before, during our search for quarters. But hous¬ an exacting and exhausting job. This feeling is ing problems seem to work out, even in a city as encouraged by the quiet secluded location of the crowded as this. Bachelor Officers’ Quarters were “campus,” far away from downtown Washington, available on the grounds for those who could use freedom from immediate operational responsibility, them, and the rest of us managed to get roofs over and isolation from most of the usual outside social our heads after relatively short residence in hotels. obligations and engagements. The transportation problem, serious because of the I fear that I can cast little light on the norms remoteness of the College from established chan¬ or methods set up for assignment to the National nels of public transportation, was effectively solved

JANUARY, 1947 7 by the organization of car pools among staff and were distributed as widely as possible, but we over¬ student body. lapped on two of the large committees and were The course for the first semester, an outline of lacking for six of the smaller ones. New problems, which appears on page 61, may fairly be described first in atomic energy, then war potential, finally as intensive. A period of sixteen weeks is a very U. S. foreign policy, were assigned every week short time in which to survey the “Politico-Military or ten days. These problems required considerable Aspects of International Relations and United States outside reading and led to constant discussion and Foreign Policy.” And each of our 90-odd lecturers many arguments within the committees. The solu¬ invariably started out with the complaint that the tions—frequently in the form of majority and hour and a half allotted to him was woefully inade¬ minority opinions—were not only set down in quate for treatment of his specific assignment. At papers, but, more important, had to be presented times we felt that information and reading and pa¬ and defended orally, either within the committee, per assignments were being poured on entirely too or before another committee assigned the same thick. However, with most of the course now be¬ problem, or before meetings of half of the class hind, we all agree that it was beautifully planned having related problems. and effectively integrated, and that any future Meanwhile, under the guidance of the four changes from this first and admittedly experimental civilian faculty members conducting eight seminar program can be limited to minor adjustments, main¬ groups, we were going ahead with research for, ly in the distribution of the work load. The indis¬ and preparation and finally presentation of indi¬ pensable element in welding the course together and vidual seminar theses. There were about 50 indi¬ making it run smoothly was the group of four out¬ vidual topics assigned in this program, all related standingly able and intrepid iconoclasts constituting to a central theme. Six to eleven weeks, depending the civilian faculty. on the luck of the draw, were allowed for the Lectures filled the major part of our mornings preparation of the studies. The finished papers and attendance at the College would have been were then reproduced and delivered to the tender well worth-while for these alone. I doubt that mercies of the faculty and student body. At an such a collection of intellectual stars has ever been ensuing seminar session, the author delivered a rounded up before, and great credit for this ac¬ twenty minute oral summary of his work, then complishment goes to Admiral Hill and his Deputy, faced the attack of an officially designated critic, General Gruenther. As one of their victims ex¬ aided and abetted by the faculty advisor and other plained, they operated like a combination of Joe seminar members. This program was not only a Louis and Hedy Lamar; he couldn’t tell at what lot of work but also a lot of fun. It was excellent point compulsion ended and seduction began! Cer¬ experience in fundamental research and the organi¬ tainly the series has given us a uniquely authori¬ zation and presentation of material, both in written tative and constructive survey of international poli¬ and oral form. I remember especially the utter tics and a general world picture which has enabled dismay with which one Army Colonel received us to see our particular area or functional speciali¬ the assignment of a topic dealing with the Near zation in a proper perspective. The lecture pro¬ East, an area that had clearly never before crossed cedure allowed a half-hour for questions from the his line of vision or thought; after a short period floor and, in addition, many of the speakers re¬ of resigned self-pity he plunged in and did such an mained available for varying lengths of time for outstanding and enthusiastic job that he’ll be for¬ consultation with students. All spoke to us with ever known to his classmates as the “Sword of the utmost frankness and candor, despite one press Islam.” Our sources for these studies included not incident which I am happy to say involved no one only the libraries and records of the College itself in the College itself, and which is not likely to be and of the State, War, and Navy Departments, in repeated. I add here, with pride, that none of the appropriate instances, but also the facilities of the imported stars on the College platform outshone Library of Congress, which placed at our disposal Foreign Service Officer George Kennan, the school’s the services of several members of its staff and Deputy for Foreign Affairs. the use of private reading rooms. Committee work was carefully correlated with The way all this worked out from day to day the subjects of the lectures. During the first two may be seen in the attached sample schedule, cov¬ major divisions of the course, we were organized in ering the week of September 30-October 4, 1946. eight large committees of 12-13 members; during (See page 60.) the final lap, in 16 smaller ones of 6-7 members, A major benefit of the College has been close roughly comparable to SWNCC (State, War, Navy association together of ground force, air force, Coordinating) Committees. Foreign Service Officers naval, marine and Foreign Service officers. We

8 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FALL CLASS AT THE NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE

a&v; -V •

The entire class in front of the College.

Photo by Ralph Outer

Foreign Service Officers assigned to the War College for the Fall Course: Left to right— John Cabot, William P. Cochran, Jr., Raymond A. Hare, Perry N. Jester, George F Kennan (on the faculty), Foy Kohler, John J. Macdonald, Carmel Offie, Charles W Thayer, William C. Trimble and Newbold N. Walmsley, Jr.

JANUARY, 1947 are thoroughly and deliberately mixed up in every National War College excursion by special train phase of the school’s activity. Office or “study” to this year’s thrilling Army-Navy game at Phila¬ rooms in the War College building each provide delphia. desk space for six to eight students. To facilitate The result of this close association in a common association and discussion, committee members are program has been the development of inter-service assigned space in the same or adjoining rooms. friendships and a great increase in mutual respect Assignments to the committees and rooms them¬ and appreciation. The Foreign Service has prob¬ selves have been shifted three times during the ably been the principal beneficiary in this respect, semester to bring the maximum number of students for I fear that the original impressions of many together. Seminar assignments were the only per¬ of our colleagues from the armed services reflected manent ones. The mixing was furthered also by over-exposure to the all-too-prevalent “spats and eating arrangements and recreational and social pink tea” line of talk. I have no hesitation in as¬ activities. There is a convenient cafeteria in the serting that they will leave the College with entirely Main War College building and an excellent din¬ different ideas, as we will leave with a new concep¬ ing room in the Officers Club, a short distance tion of the alertness, capacity and scope of the away, where groups in animated discussion of “military mind” with which we have been asso¬ the morning lectures are a regular feature. The ciated. In this connection, Foreign Service students cafeteria also supplies coffee during the day and are particularly sorry that the Foreign Service many a committee meeting has been held over personnel situation makes it necessary for most of steaming Java and terminated in a roll of the us to leave at the end of the first semester. In dice to decide the immediate question of paying the friendly and natural inter-service and intra¬ the check. The noontime schedule provides an class rivalry which develops within such a group hour and a half break from 1200 to 1330, to allow as the NWC student body, our training and experi¬ for exercise. Facilities are available for golf (on ence have given us an obvious advantage during a small 9-hole course weaving in and out among this first half of the course, devoted mainly to the buildings and trees), swimming (in an open- international politics. As the class moves on to air pool), squash, handball, tennis, horseshoe study problems of military strategy, joint opera¬ pitching, bowling, badminton, volley ball and soft- tions, and the impact of new weapons, the ad¬ ball. Participation is strongly encouraged by the vantage will obviously shift to the other side. Quite management in keeping with the emphasis the apart from our desire to learn more in these fields, armed services place on physical fitness. As a I am sure there’s not one of us who wouldn’t like Foreign Service Officer unexercised these many to be along to prove that we can carry our weight years and foolishly brought up to feel apologetic when the load isn’t stacked in our favor. Definite about time spent in physical recreation, I greatly personnel decisions are still pending in several enjoyed the opportunity to play an hour’s golf cases, however, and we hope that a few Foreign nearly every day with no feeling of guilt. Aside Service officers may be authorized to remain for from the good it did me physically, I shall pleas¬ the full course. I understand that the Department antly remember a friendly Ground Force, Air agrees in principle that assignments should be for Force, Navy and Foreign Service foursome which the full term, as soon as the personnel situation had a grand time vying for nickels. We also estab¬ permits; so in any event future Foreign Service lished a class organization, with an Air Force Briga¬ selectees should all have the opportunity to finish dier General as President and a Foreign Service the job properly. Officer, Jack Cabot, as Secretary-Treasurer. A re¬ Suggested Reading List for volving Entertainment Committee has organized Prospective National War College Students several parties to bring together not only members 1. Fox, Wm. Thornton Rickert—The Super of the class but also their wives. These have in¬ Powers. Harcourt, Brace & Co., Inc., New cluded a cocktail party and two dinner dances at York. 184 pages, $2.00. 1944. the attractive Officers Club on the post; and two 2. Brinton, Clarence Crane—The United States “sample” evening lectures, followed by informal and Britain. Harvard University Press, Cam¬ gatherings in the cafeteria, which have enabled our bridge, Mass. 305 pages, $2.50. 1945. families to see the institution in operation. Smaller 3. Brodie & Wolfers—The Absolute Weapon, Har¬ groups have been brought together from time to court, Brace & Co., Inc., New York. 176 pages, time in memorable receptions given by Admiral $2.00. and Mrs. Hill and other members of the staff, and 4. Pares, Sir Bernard—Russia (Penguin Edition) by the Director General of the Foreign Service 276 pages, 25 cents. and Mrs. Chapin. An outstanding event was the (Continued on page 60)

10 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL College Education—Free or Hey imon ted ?

CARL W. STROM

Is free college education for everyone just around going on inactive duty in the Reserve under an the corner? Will it be available tomorrow for the agreement that he will not resign prior to the sixth best qualified? These are questions raised by the anniversary of the date of his rank as stated in his Holloway Act, expanding the Naval Reserve Officer original commission. The total number that may be training program, which was signed by the Presi¬ engaged in the program is limited by statute to dent on August 13, 1946, the same day on which the 14,000. Between 7,000 and 8,000 are enrolled this Foreign Service Act of 1946 was approved. Of the year. two, the latter has greater immediate significance In the contract program a student receives uni¬ for the Foreign Service; however, the Holloway Act forms and, in his junior and senior years, a ration and similar measures that will almost certainly fol¬ allowance (currently 65 cents per day). A contract low will materially modify the basic American con¬ student is required to go on active duty only for one cept of education in a free society and hence have summer cruise of three weeks. After graduation he implications, not only for the composition and qual¬ must agree to accept a commission in the Naval or ity of the Foreign Service of the future but for the Marine Corps Reserve. The maximum permissible American way of life. enrollment is 1,400 students, who will be drawn Under our free American system, we pride our¬ upon to fill vacancies occurring in the regular selves on providing the widest opportunities for program. higher education of any country in the world. In The Naval aviation training program student will the American folklore of education, any ambitious be given a retainer fee of $500 per year for two lad can make the conquest of learning by waiting on years of college work in addition to tuition, fees, tables and tending furnaces. However, the fact re¬ and books. After two years of college he will be mains that in many college towns the opportunities given two years of flight training as a midshipman for potential heroes of success stories are effectively with midshipman pay. Upon successful completion limited by the amount of part-time employment of this course he will receive a commission and be available. But now there is a new development on obligated to serve one year on active duty as an the educational horizon. No longer will the ambi¬ officer in the Navy or Marine Corps. He will then tious high school graduate need to worry himself return to college for two additional years, retaining over financial considerations if he is wiling to pay his status as an officer on inactive duty, or go im¬ the price the Holloway Act demands in terms of mediately into the Reserve. If he elects the Reserve, freedom of choice as to how and where he is to be he may return to college and, as a civilian, he will educated. It is up to the American people to examine receive a retainer fee of 100 per month, plus tui¬ the Act to determine whether or not they can tion, books, and fees, not in excess of a total of afford to pay the price involved in this surrender of $2,000 per annum. There are about 3,000 fresh¬ freedom of choice. men and 1,000 sophomores enrolled in this pro¬ gram this year. The goal is to produce 1,400 Naval PROVISIONS OF THE HOLLOWAY ACT aviators a year. The HOLLOWAY Act provides for college training Candidates for the regular NROTC and the Naval in a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps program aviation training programs will be selected by means and a Naval aviation training program. of competitive examinations given to high school The NROTC program is divided into two parts, seniors throughout the country. January 18, 1947, the “Regular program” and the “Contract pro¬ has been set as the date for the first examinations gram.” The regular program provides a retainer on the basis of which 5,000 students will be selected. fee of $600 per year for a student admitted to en¬ (Students enrolled this year have been picked on rollment, plus tuition fees, textbooks, and uniforms. an informal basis.) The deadline for applications An enrollee will participate in three summer cruises to take the examinations was December 17, 1946. of six to eight weeks each with travel expenses and Both regular and contract students in the NROTC subsistence furnished. Upon the completion of four program will be required to complete 24 semester years of college, the successful graduate will serve a hours of work or aborft 20 per cent of their college minimum of 15 months on active duty in the Navy courses in Naval science during their four years in or Marine Corps. He will then have the opportunity college. In the Naval aviation training program, the of getting a commission as a regular officer or of only substantive requirements are the completion by

JANUARY, 1947 11 the end of the fourth term of mathematics through under no circumstances be ignored. However, other solid geometry and trigonometry, one year of col¬ needs, intellectual, scientific, commercial, industrial, lege physics, and two years of English. artistic, literary and spiritual, are also of supreme importance. Some of them are vital to national de¬ THE ARMY’S PLANS fense and they, with all the others, will be done Unlike the Navy program, which has already been very great injury by a program that tends to divert enacted into law, the plans of the Army are still in a preponderant portion of the ablest young men of the formative stage. There is, however, sufficient the country into one narrow field. assurance that the Army is working along the lines The training programs of the Army and Navy laid down by the Navy. It is safe to assume that also have serious implications for the educational the Army Air Forces will not be content with a pro¬ system of the country. Only 52 universities and col¬ gram that provides fewer officer candidates than the leges will receive Navy students. The corresponding Naval Air Arm will train and that the Army will figure for the Army cannot be given, but it will pre¬ emerge with at least as favorable an arrangement sumably be between 100 and 150. There are about for its ROTC as that already won by the Navy. If 1,700 institutions in the United States giving work anything, the Army’s plans are likely to involve a leading toward bachelor degrees. The Army and greater number of students. Navy programs will funnel a very considerable num¬ ber of the best male graduates of the nation’s high IMMEDIATE RESULTS OF THE ARMY AND NAVY schools each year to less than 200 of them. The PROGRAMS 1,500 or more that “are not good enough to get the If the Army obtains Congressional approval for scholarship students” will inevitably be relegated to an ROTC program comparable to that of the Navy, inferior positions in the public mind with damage they will together have about 40,000 young men in to their prestige that they cannot in the long run college all the time. In view of the replacement tolerate. arrangements involved in the contract programs, The effects of mass education for the Army and 7,000 officer candidates will be graduated each Navy on the social fabric of the country are difficult year. The aviation programs will account for 3,000 to forecast but they will be tremendous. The impact in addition, a total of 10,000 annually. This is about on the mind of young America of forty thousand or 10 per cent of the number of men who received more military and naval scholarships of a value of first degrees at American colleges and universities five thousand dollars each will be great enough to in the year immediately preceding the war. change the whole social outlook of the nation. When The financial and other advantages that these “good enough to win a scholarship” becomes students will receive in four years are estimated by synonymous with “good enough to be an Army or the Navy to have a value of $5,000. It can scarcely Navy officer” the attitude of the public toward be doubted that financial considerations will cause things military will acquire an orientation that is membership in these programs to be deemed highly out of harmony with the direction toward whch na- desirable. The social advantages that will accrue to tonal policy on the subject should tend. the participants will be a further attraction. In the The Foreign Service is among professions reauir- case of the Navy programs, the three summer ing men of superior intellectual equipment whose cruises will also be lure. It seems extremely likely, field of choice of recruits will be seriously limited therefore, that the intellectually superior young by the preemptive features of the plans of the mili- men of the country who are physically fit, or in any tarv. Like almost every other intellectual career, it case a very large percentage of them, will seek to is faced with three alternatives. It can take the leav¬ be enrolled in these programs. ings from the Army-Navy program; it can create a similar “farm” system for itself, regimenting its own LONG-TERM EFFECTS little segment of the youthful population for its pur¬ The Army and the Navy have learned that mod¬ poses; or it can help plan a system of Government ern warfare requires an organization built around aid-in-education, not bound to the military or any a core of men with superior mental equipment. The other chariot but open to all. in which it would Navy has already assured itself of a continuing participate share and share alike. supply of such men as long as the Holloway Act re¬ mains in force. The Act has attracted little atten¬ ACTION BY THE “FOUR COUNCILS” tion so far, but America will, before long, be forced Representatives of the country’s learned societies to ask itself if it can afford Aver the years to divert have initiated studies to meet the problem posed by the cream of each year’s crop of young men to its the Hollowav Act. The “Four Councils,” that is, purposes. The requirements of national defense are The National Research Council, the American Coun¬ among the most urgent that we have, and they must cil of Learned Societies, the American Council on

12 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Education, and the Social Science Research Coun¬ gress take the next step by giving the recipients of cil, have set up a joint personnel committee to study its free scholarships freedom of choice in the use the problem of recruiting competent young men for they wish to make of them. The Army and Navy the learned professions and for contemplative pur¬ programs will involve only about 2'/2 per cent of suits generally. This committee has adopted a reso¬ the male high school graduates each year. Quantita¬ lution under which the Councils would constitute a tively., their importance is magnified by the fact that “Commission on Human Resources” to make a sur¬ unless the selection plans fail of their purpose, these vey of the nation’s requirements for personnel with 2% Per cent will be the best students in the lot—the superior intellectual qualifications and to estimate “cream of the crop.” First-rate talent is so scarce the supply of such personnel upon which the coun¬ that the vital needs of other professions can never try can draw each year. be met after this cream has been skimmed off. Nor will it be possible for each interest, like the Foreign NEEDS OF SOCIETY FOR TRAINED PERSONNEL Service, that suffers discriminaton to create its own The War showed that the mass handling of mod¬ “farm” system, whether publicly or privately spon¬ ern mechanized equipment requires education be¬ sored. Such a series of competing programs would yond that of the high school level. The demands of lead us into a totalitarian system in which each the age just ahead of us for highly trained personnel young man or woman would hind himself to the in¬ will be stupendous. A short twenty-five years ago, terest that offered the best price for his soul and derivatives, integrals, and differential equations thereafter have his life regulated for him in Hit¬ were pieces of equipment upon which some more lerian fashion. If we added a requirement that eccentric members of society performed mental every bright young man had to go in for one of the gymnastics to the wonderment of their uninituated systems we would have a reasonable imitation of fellows. Overnight they have become necessary, Fascist youth training. Under the free American sys¬ everyday tools of the tens of thousands who will in tem, the only possible answer to the preemptive fea¬ the coming years spend their lives in electronics, tures of the Holloway Act is a system of Government nuclear physics, quantum theory, thermo-, electric-, aid-in-education with the broadest possible sponsor¬ and aerodynamics, the various advanced phases of ship. engineering and chemistry, and the hundreds of compartments into which modern scientific research FREE, GENERAL EDUCATION THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP is divided. Such a development would be the next logical Paralleling the new age in science is the new one step in the progress of our educational system. The in social relations. Government, which has in the greater technological needs of the country after the past been limited by national frontiers, must in the last war led to an enormous expansion in our free coming years be world-wide in scope. The ability to high school facilities. College enrollments also in¬ live in the new world will require a deeper and creased greatly in the years between the wars but more general knowledge of history, politics, the the criterion for receiving the privilege of training social sciences, and the nature of relations of man on this level was in general ability to pay for it to man and of peoples to peoples. Nor can liter¬ rather than capacity for making a contribution to ature and art lag behind in such an era if we are to society as a result of it. Now that society needs the have a balanced and well-rounded civilization. contribution that our ablest young people can make Neither can the privilege of free college education as a result of education on a higher level, it is the be reserved for men only. We are on the threshold responsibility of society to provide that education. of a new age to meet which we must make a re¬ As we move forward, the lack of teachers and of assessment of our educational needs both for men educational facilities will for a long time limit the and women and take prompt measures to meet them. number of people who can be enrolled in a scholar¬ The requirements of the nation for highly trained ship program. However, there is urgent necessity personnel are not confined to the Army and Navy. of making the best possible use of the superior brain A higher general level of education is vital to the power of the nation and a start should therefore be future welfare of the country and it should he the made by guaranteeing the requisite training to those responsibility of the Federal Government to raise it. who are best qualified to profit from it. The annual requirements of the country for superior talent, in¬ THE GROUND BROKEN BY THE HOLLOWAY ACT cluding those of the Army and Navy, should be In the Holloway Act, the Congress took the first, estimated on the basis of the studies of the Commis¬ difficult step toward providing free col'ege education sion on Human Resources. That number of scholar¬ for the mass of the people although there is no ships for men and women should be provided un¬ evidence that it acted in the light of an awareness of der the administration of a genuinely nonpartisan the general problem. It is necessary that the Con¬ (Continued, on page 21)

JANUARY, 1947 13 (Tnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

By STEPHEN P. DORSEY Assistant Executive Secretary U. S. National Commission for UNESCO

UNESCO can make “the greatest contribution in Priestly has called them, was the preparation of the history of the world to the welfare of the world a tentative program for presentation at the First as a whole,” said President Truman in receiving General Conference of the Organization, broken the members of the United States National Com¬ down into the various substantive fields of educa¬ mission for UNESCO at the White House, on Sep¬ tion, media of mass communication, cultural insti¬ tember 25th, 1946. The same faith in this infant tutions, natural sciences, social sciences, humani¬ organization created to build “peace through un¬ ties and creative arts. derstanding” has been echoed by teachers, scientists Under this constitution the power of UNESCO and men of learning in almost every nation, and is vested in its General Conference composed of yet, only recently a weekly news magazine intimated five delegates from each member state which meets more cynically that UNESCO may be “another 20th annually. An Executive Board of eighteen is es¬ Century balloon, with a big cheer at the ascension, tablished to facilitate the conduct of the program, but in the end just a hag of wind.” What, exactly, and separate committees and commissions may be is UNESCO, how will it contribute to the peace created as required. The Conference and the Board and security of the world, and can it become an determine the policies, program and budget and effective global instrument for international under¬ review performance. Within this framework the standing? Perhaps the only way to gauge the actual work of UNESCO will be carried on by the eventual, possible success of UNESCO is to exam¬ permanent secretariat composed of representative ine the vehicle itself as well as the obstacles which personnel in the fields in which UNESCO operates, block the road before it and appraise the positive and drawn from all the major geographic regions factors which will work in its favor. of the world. In an agreement negotiated between The first major act confirming the determina¬ the Preparatory Commission and the Economic and tion of the nations to create and support UNESCO Social Council of the United Nations, UNESCO is was the signing of the UNESCO draft constitution brought within the orbit of the latter and made by forty-four nations and seven leading interna¬ its specialized agency for dealing with educational, tional organizations on November 16, 1945 in Lon- scientific and cultural matters. UNESCO will main¬ don. The Uondon conference to establish UNESCO tain a secretarial office at United Nations head¬ was called in accordance with recommendations quarters and there will be close liaison between made at the United Nations Conference in San its specialists and those of the parent organization. Francisco the previous Spring. A leading role at Since UNESCO is the international agent of the the conference was taken by the American Dele¬ member states in its field of competence the Secre¬ gation and in less than two weeks agreement was tariat will maintain close working relations with reached on the terms of a constitution for the new the appropriate ministries of such states. Through organization. In the words of the constitution, these ministries and the national commissions or “The purpose of the Organization is to contribute cooperating bodies of the member states, UNESCO to peace and security by promoting collaboration will establish working relations with national or¬ among the nations through education, science and ganizations and institutions on UNESCO program culture in order to further universal respect for matters. UNESCO will maintain direct working re¬ justice, for the rule of law and for the human lations with interested voluntary organizations of rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed an international nature. for the peoples of the world, without distinction of The measure of UNESCO’s success will come, race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of however, not so much in agreements reached among the United Nations.” governments as through a fundamental sympathy A preparatory Commission under the leadership and sense of community and insight growing among of Dr. Julian Huxley was established in London countless individuals over the world. Clearly the where it worked until the past summer and its contribution to this end which may be made by transfer to Paris, the home of the permanent the new international organization and the gov¬ UNESCO Secretariat. During this period the prin¬ ernments associated with it will be vastly increased cipal task of these new “Unesconians,” as J. B. if organized non-governmental groups take an ac-

1 1 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The United States National Commission for UNESCO is re¬ ceived by President Truman, September 25, 1946.

tive part in the work of UNESCO. It was in recog¬ voted to education, science, culture and mass com¬ nition of this vital role that the constitution of munication. The same practice is being followed UNESCO provided for the voluntary formation by in many other countries—sometimes on an even each member state of a national commission broadly larger scale. In France, for example, over three representative of the government and of the princi¬ hundred persons will be seated on the national pal bodies interested in the work of the Organiza¬ commission to insure representation of every peo¬ tion. The United States Congress affirmed the ple’s organization of importance from every prov¬ importance of this provision in Public Law 565 ince of the country. which authorized the United States to accept mem¬ While every effort was made to effect reasonable bership in UNESCO and provided for the estab¬ balance, the chief goal, rather than absolute equality lishment of a national commission to advise the of members among interested groups, was to assure Government in matters relating to UNESCO and that the membership of the National Commission to serve as an agency of liaison with organizations, would offer adequate facilities through which each institutions and the public. of these particular groups might cooperate and In accordance with the law signed on July 30, make its contribution to UNESCO. The law pro¬ 1946, by President Truman, ninety members of an vides that to constitute the initial Commission one- eventual one-hundred were appointed to the Com¬ third of the members shall be appointed to serve mission by the Department of State. Of this num¬ for a one-year term, one-third for a two-year term, ber fifty were chosen to represent principal national and the remainder for three years. Thereafter all voluntary organizations interested in educational, members are to be appointed for three-year terms, scientific and cultural matters. Ten more will soon but no member shall serve more than two consecu¬ be added by the Commission itself. The remaining tive terms. Thus desirable rotation is further en¬ forty members were chosen as follows: ten em¬ couraged. ployed by the Federal Government, fifteen as rep¬ Members of the National Commission will not be resentatives of the interests of State and local gov¬ paid for their services. Their transportation and ernments and fifteen at large. Selection of organi¬ living expenses will be paid by the Department of zations and individuals was determined in such State while they are serving in a consultative a way as to secure adequate representation of all capacity. The Department will provide the neces¬ the fields involved in UNESCO’s wide variety of sary secretariat for the National Commission, which interests, including broad population groups and is required to meet at least once annually. The law wide associations, as well as specialized bodies de¬ (Continued on page 47)

JANUARY, 1947 15 Foreign Service Milestones 1895-1946

By THE HONORABLE JAMES B. STEWART, Retired

1895 Executive Order. Provided that all posts in the Consular Service commanding a salary of not more than $2,500. should be filled .either by (1) appli¬ cants’ passing prescribed examination or (2) transfer from the Department of State.

Grover Cleveland Richard Olney

1906 The Act of April 5th. 1. Classified the posts of the Service and placed all officers on a salary basis. 2. Established present system of collecting and accounting for fees. 3. Prohibited consular officers from engag¬ ing in business. 4. Inaugurated the present system of in¬ spection. Executive Order of June 27th. Provided for the Civil Service status of the Consular Service by: (1) Establishing the system of appointment to that Service after Theodore Roosevelt examination, (2) providing for permanence Elihu Root of tenure and promotion in the Service on the basis of efficiency.

1909 Executive Order. Places the Diplomatic Service, below the grade of Minister, on a Civil Service basis.

William Howard Taft Alexander C. Knox

16 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 1915 The Act of February 5th. (1) Provided for the appointment of diplo¬ matic and consular officers to classes instead of to particular posts. (Formerly, in order to receive promotion, an officer had to be trans¬ ferred from one post to another; his promo¬ tion was therefore linked with his transfer, making it necessary to ask Senatorial con¬ firmation in each instance.) 2. Extended to the Diplomatic Service the prohibition against engaging in business.

Woodrow Wilson Robert Lansing

1924 The Act of May 24th (The Rogers Act) 1. Incorporated Diplomatic and Consular Services into a single Foreign Service. 2. Provided for a retirement system for Foreign Service Officers. 3. Made possible the appointment of career officers to the grade of Minister. 4. Provided for representation allowances at certain posts. Executive Order of June 7, 1924. Established a Foreign Service Officer’s Training School.

Calvin Coolidge Charles E. Hughes

1931 Act of February 23rd. 1. Established a maximum and minimum salary range for each class of Foreign Service Officers and a system of annual increases in salaries within these limits. 2. Authorized post allowances. 3. Provided for retirement of Foreign Serv¬ ice Officers at their own request after thirty years of service. 4. Established the Board of Foreign Per¬ sonnel and a Division of Foreign Service Per¬ sonnel.

Herbert C. Hoover (Continued on page 59) Henry L. Stimson

JANUARY. 1947 17 The Reinearnation of a Hospital

By RUTH YEARNS*

During World War II the city. It is seen in people’s American Army built hos¬ faces, heard in their words pitals abroad where they were and in their voices. needed for American troops. As the number of injured Such a hospital was estab¬ kept mounting, the hospitals lished in 1942 in Calcutta, In¬ in the city were crowded to a dia, one of the world’s great point where there was not cities and a very important even floor space. In the emer¬ base in the struggle against gency the medical authorities Japan. At the beginning the decided to open temporarily hospital comprised two houses the former American Army on Southern Avenue, at the hospital, which they called the Lakes, but nearby was an ex¬ “Lakes Hospital,” to take care tensive area of land without of the overflow of patients. permanent buildings. The hos¬ Under the circumstances pre¬ pital grew rapidly and covered vailing, the procuring of a acres with buildings. It staff presented a problem. changed from a field to a base That Problem was solved by hospital and was last desig¬ volunteers and by “other nated the 142nd Base Hos¬ ranks” from the Indian Medi¬ pital. In 1945 before the war cal Service. ended the 142nd and its ad¬ When it was suggested that jacent convalescent camp had I change from the Indian Mili¬ more than 2500 patients. We tary Hospital in Alipore to Americans resident in Cal¬ the Lakes, I was anxious to cutta were proud of that hos¬ go because two years before I pital. It had the best and Ruth Yearns had begun work there as a most up-todate equipment volunteer with the American America could provide. Red Cross. By the time the hospital had closed I Then after VJ-Day the boys started going home felt a real affection for the place, though certainly as fast as they could. On Memorial Day 1946 the not because the buildings were beautiful. They last American troop transport left Calcutta, leaving were for the most part the long, low basha type, and a small detachment to handle graves registration had concrete floors high enough off the ground to and other business. The hospital, completely prevent flooding during the monsoon. At the start equipped, had been turned over to the Government many roofs were of thatch, which were perhaps pic¬ of Bengal, but the provincial government was not turesque but not necessarily rainproof. Gradually prepared to carry on. Equipment and supplies they bad all been replaced with tile. Each ward were stored away, buildings closed securely, and was a separate building. Usually there was a porch gates locked. The hospital has remained that way along each side which prevented rain driving except for two weeks after the communal riots of through the screens, and also permitted, when nec¬ August 16-19, 1946. essary, the placing of extra beds outside along the Only gradually did the city realize the immensity walls. The rows of wards were laid out with con¬ of the holocaust which had swept over it. By the siderable space between and covered concrete walks first of September it was established that more than joined groups of buildings. five thousand persons had been killed; three or To return to the compound of the former 142nd four times that number injured; 180,000 were Base Hospital was like visiting a town where I had refugees in temporary camps; 100,000 had fled the once lived but which had since been abandoned. city. The mass killing, looting and burning were The hospital had been a very busy place in its over, but a greatly augmented burden of mistrust, heyday, expansive and sprawling, but nonetheless fear and hatred settled—and remains—upon the trim in appearance. There used to be contingents of coolies with small curved knives who sat on *\Vife of Consul Kenneth J. Yearns. their heels cutting or pulling off tufts of grass.

18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Other coolies picked up gum wrappers, empty reached that far and the overhead fan turned with cigarette packages and other debris in slow motion exasperating slowness. The shut-in feeling was de¬ and with the greatest possible dignity. However, pressing, and there were anyhow too many other in good weather there was so much coming and things to do. going off the walks that large areas were bare of The ward I was assigned to was number 18, grass and there were well-worn paths. The flowers American count. It was near the operating theatre which had been planted near the Red Cross build¬ and the Red Cross building, and the patients used ing and along the walk west of the main entrance to include a good many seriously ill or injured to the hospital, were always scraggy and forlorn. boys. The last time I could remember being there Perhaps they were not tramped on but they was to help with a bingo party which had for struggled dismally to survive. prizes luscious pies and cakes baked at the Ameri¬ Now left to itself the jungle was reclaiming its can Red Cross kitchen in town. I could find no own. The paths were lost, the grass deep and traces of former occupants except the rust spots on green. The flowers lacked any sense of proportion the screens which stood open to let in the air. The and stood shoulder high. Fallen fronds of palm rust spots were left over from a past Christmas trees made neglected brown heaps in the grass. A when tufts of absorbent cotton, representing bigger tall palm had some time before fallen across a snow-flakes than fall even in America, had been roof, the top snapping off and dropping to the glued to the screens to emphasize the calendar date. other side. Back of the administration building Outside one day when hanging towels to dry I weatherbeaten ambulances stood one against an¬ stumbled across an iron mosquito-net bar hidden other in two rows, the grass hiding the wheels, but in the grass. There was a card fastened to it the red crosses stood out bravely. Three unbal¬ bearing a boy’s name and serial number, faded anced trucks huddled in front of a ward nearby but legible. The boy’s name was Profitt. with their front wheels high on the concrete walk. The doctors who worked at the Lakes were vol¬ A chipmunk who made his headquarters in trees unteers, both the civilians and the officers from near the old Red Cross building was still there, the Indian Army. The matron was a volunteer, but his fortunes had improved. He was no longer a very capable, sympathetic British woman from shy, but fat and important-looking, and either his the Bengal Medical Directorate who spoke Bengali family had thrived mightily or he had invited all and Urdu. Her office was in the strangely shaped his relatives, in the best Indian tradition, to come house which formerly served as the chaplain’s office stay with him. and the morgue. The women who worked as nurses The surroundings were familiar but I was in a and nurses aides were also volunteers, and were strange place. What once was the admissions office at the start members of St. John’s Ambulance Bri¬ was not used, perhaps because the men who came gade. St. John’s has a nursing division as does the down to open the hospital the evening of August American Red Cross, but its members, if not quali¬ nineteenth did not recognize it. Patients were how¬ fied nurses, have more training than our nurses’ ever just as effectively brought in, some three aides and are expected to assist the doctor, do hundred of them. At first there was a lack of dressings and give medicines if necessary. St. needed supplies simply because nobody knew where John’s did not have enough members so its num¬ to find them—or never did. Undoubtedly there bers were augmented by other recruits. We be¬ must have been complete records somewhere as came a very assorted group—British, Anglo-Indian, left by the departing Army to the responsible au¬ Indian Christian, Hindu, Anglo-Javanese, Ceylon¬ thorities, but in the rush each did the best he ese, Australian and American. The Indian Red could. The young officer from the Royal Engineers Cross sent women who wrote letters for the injured began his work by hunting for the machinery. and distributed sweets and cigarettes. The candy— The building which included the operating and to use the American word—and cigarettes were a sterilizing rooms had been entirely air-conditioned. gift to the Indian Red Cross from the American It was of the usual basha type and all openings Red Cross when it was finishing its activities in except the doors at either end were securely sealed. India. The patients who were not too sick thor¬ Lights were found but it took a couple of days to oughly enjoyed both. The American Red Cross get the operating room again air-conditioned. The also made a gift of bandages, gauze, disinfectant rooms at the other end which had been used by and other items which were put to good use in the nurses on duty in surgery were made into rest emergency and were also greatly appreciated by rooms for the women working in the operating the Indian Red Cross. room and wards. We could have tea there at ten- Generally we had three women on duty in our thirty and four, but the air-conditioning never (Continued on page 50)

JANUARY, 1947 19 The Xew Security Program

By STANLEY R. GOODRICH, Division of Management Planning

THE 13th of January has been encircled on the a reminder card to be posted in every room calling calendars of all Security Officers in the Depart¬ attention to the need for a security check-up at the ment. On that day will be launched a new and in¬ end of the day, “Open” safe signs and similar ma¬ tensive security program which, soon afterward, terials. will be extended in whole or in part to all Foreign The security film is of particular interest to Service establishments. Among the items on the members of the Foreign Service. Much of the ac¬ agenda are the procurement of sorely-needed secur¬ tion is laid in an anonymous Foreign Service post, ity equipment, special security training for a group and several former members of the Foreign Service of selected Foreign Service Officers, an indoctrina¬ tion campaign, which it is hoped will bring about as well as top officials of the Department partici¬ understanding and vigorous enforcement of secur¬ pated in the film. Among these were both the Under ity discipline by everyone in the Department and Secretaries, Messrs. Acheson and Clayton, John C. the Foreign Service which, it is believed, will result Vincent of FE, John 1). Hickerson of EUR, Paul T. in better appreciation of requirements for security. Culbertson of WE, John H. Morgan of NOE: Henry Sometime after the cessation of hostilities, Mr. S. Villard of NEA. In the starring part is Clare H. Donald Russell, Assistant Secretary for Administra¬ Timberlake, NEA, who played the role of a Foreign tion, noted an alarming relaxation of security stand¬ Service officer around whose preparation of a Top ards within the Department and the Foreign Service, Secret message much of the story of the film re¬ as a result of which a comprehensive survey of the volves. As the message is channeled from the For¬ Department’s security was undertaken under the eign Service to the Department, passing through supervision of Mr. J. Anthony Panuch, deputy to various organizational units, many security training Mr. Russell. Study was also given to security with¬ points are brought out. The crux of the store is in Foreign Service establishments. Results revealed reached when a security violation invalidates all the the necessity of revamping and bringing up to date security effort that has gone before. the Department’s security regulations as well as in¬ Simultaneous with the development of the indoc¬ doctrinating all personnel in the regulations. Ac¬ trination materials, plans were made for their most cordingly the regulations were revised and made effective use. The Presentation Division of the De¬ current. Then, an indoctrination program designed partment whose writers and artists are responsible along the lines of a hard-hitting advertising for the training media, the Division of Training campaign was planned to include the following Services, Management Planning Division an d the materials: 1. A Reference Manual on the revised Office of Controls co-operatively devised the Security Departmental Security Regulations; 2. A Secur¬ Indoctrination Program. On the 13th of January ity Handbook, a popularized version of the regu¬ the substance of the program will be outlined by lations, illustrated with charts and cartoons; 3. A Mr. Panuch to all Assistant Secretaries and Office sound motion-picture film entitled “Security of In¬ Directors of the Department as well as to their dep¬ formation”; 4. A poster series emphasizing the im¬ uties. Beginning the 14th and continuing over an portance of security and; 5. Miscellaneous materials 8-day period, the program will be presented to all including a security transmission chart showing Departmental personnel with the security film as proper methods of transmitting classified material, the focal point of the program.

20 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL It is hoped the initial impact of the program will COLLEGE EDUCATION awaken a security-consciousness on the part of all (Continued from pa//e 13) Departmental personnel which will be kept in their minds through the use of additional follow-up agency on the model of one of our great educational training materials. Among these will be the poster foundations or the Rhodes Trust. Under such a series, continuing throughout the year. The se¬ free scholarship program, assistance would go to curity film will be introduced into orientation ses¬ those selected as the best qualified to make a return sions for new' employees of both the Department and to the nation on its investment but the field in which the Foreign Service. the recipient w'ould make his contribution would be his owrn choice as befits the dignity of a free society. The indoctrination materials will be furnished Above all, in seeking a free college education, the to Foreign Service establishments as soon as possi¬ high school graduate would not be fined $5,000 as ble. More important, however, within a short time the price of choosing freely the field in which he there will be assigned to many of the principal mis¬ wished to use his talents. The Army and Navy sions officers who have received special training in might offer additional inducements to attract the security control for the purpose of indoctrinating requisite number to their Reserve programs but they Foreign Service personnel and implementing the should not be of such a compelling nature as to security progrem. These officers will have all the give the military a monopoly of our ablest young answers on security control and each post can look men. The legislation that would replace the Hollo¬ forward to expert advice on the solution of its se¬ way Act would be based on the thesis that brain curity problems. power is the principal one of our natural resources The various elements of the program have been which wre have so far not exploited to our best ad¬ carefully studied and if, as a result, security stand¬ vantage and that, when we undertake to train and ards in the Department and the Foreign Service are utilize to the full the intellectual potentialities of our raised to the proper level, it will be time and effort people, we must take into account all the vital needs well-spent. Once the materials of the program are of the nation. The challenge of the new age which delivered, the burden of meeting that challenge we are entering requires a higher general level of will rest on the shoulders of every member of the education which can be met only by free, general Department and of the Foreign Service. college education.

JANUARY, 1947 21 Editors9 Column

THE MANPOWER ACT REEXAMINED undertaken to discover whether there are junior officers who could be promoted to assume the re¬ So much time elapsed between the suggestion of sponsibilities of positions in the upper ranks that a Manpower Bill over two years ago and the first would otherwise be filled by men appointed under examinations held under the Act that the editors the Manpower Act. The various organizations in¬ believe that the whole basis of the Act should be terested in Manpower Act appointments have indi¬ reexamined. It is understood that a certain limited cated how many officers they need in various classes, number of officers will be appointed from among but here again there has been no survey to deter¬ applicants whose credentials were in the hands mine whether officers with the qualifications de¬ of the examiners before October 1, and that there sired are already available in the lower classes. will be a second deadline for the receipt of applica¬ One of the key economic officers at one of our tions in the not too distant future. It is not con¬ largest embassies throughout the war was an officer templated that more than a part of the authorized of unclassified grade who supervised the work of appointments, possibly not more than half, will be Auxiliary officers drawing twice his salary; he is made this fiscal year. There will, therefore, be now in Class 5. One division chief in the Depart¬ ample time for whatever studies may appear desir¬ ment, holding one of the most responsible adminis¬ able before the great bulk of the appointments are trative positions in the Service is in Class 4. An¬ made. other Acting Chief is also in Class 4 and doubtless many more examples around the world will come We believe that we speak for the Service in wel¬ to the minds of our readers. It is contradictory to coming Manpower appointees; we have long rec¬ speak of shortages of competent men for specialized ognized the strength they will bring to the Service work so long as men like these are to be found in and we want to get the best men by giving them the the lower ranks of the Service. best possible break in rank and salary; we do not Many officers have been appointed to Class 6 dur¬ believe that the interests of the Service or the most ing the past year. If the proper care has been taken selfish interest of any individual now in the Serv¬ in selecting them, Manpower Act appointments ice will be advanced if the Act is administered in a to Class 5 should in any event be almost entirely niggling way so that we obtain only second raters unnecessary, since the best of the new men will be willing to accept low level appointments. At the ready for Class 5 by the time officers intended for same time we also believe, and we see nothing in¬ appointment to that class would begin to be useful. consistent in the belief, that the Act will not be as There were, for one cause or another, a number of successful as it ought to be if it operates to block unhappy experiences with the Auxiliary Service. the promotions of those men in the lower and mid¬ Not a few of these arose as a result of appointing dle classes who have given outstanding evidence Auxiliary officers to positions at high salaries that that they have what it takes to fill posts of higher could equally well have been filled by Foreign Serv¬ responsibilities. ice officers in lower salary brackets. We should avoid making the same mistakes in connection with Everyone in the Service knows men who have the Manpower Act. occupied or are occupying positions of greater We recommend to the Board of the Foreign difficulty or responsibility than their rank would Service that it review the records of men in the indicate; promotions in the last two years have, classes most affected by the Manpower Act appoint¬ it is true, brought about a considerable measure of ments, especially Classes 4 and 5; that it indicate to adjustment; yet there are still lower ranking men the selection boards those men believed to be capable who have rendered outstanding service whose ad¬ of handling bigger jobs; and that the pattern of vancement could conceivably be shut off by mass appointments under the Manpower Act be so ar¬ manpower appointments before any inventory of ranged as to enable the Board to assure the Service talents in the Service could be made and merit fully that the vacant positions can not be more than ade¬ rewarded. No survey of the Service has ever been quately filled by promotions from lower grades.

22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL By JANE WILSON

Personals accompanied Mrs. Davis and the Ambassador on Former FSOs C. HAWLEY OAKES and ROBERT P. their return flight to Manila the middle of De¬ JOYCE are now with the Central Intelligence Group, cember. a body set up under the National Intelligence Au¬ GEORGE H. EARLE, former Minister to Bulgaria thority to provide intelligence to the Departments of and Austria, has been elected president of the War, Navy and State. HARRISON SMITH, former newly organized American Anti-Communist Asso¬ Auxiliary Foreign Service Officer is also with the ciation, Inc. The directors of the organization are Group. completing plans for a national organization and a nation-wide anti-communist publicity drive, fea¬ DR. CARLTON J. H. HAYES, historian and former Ambassador to Spain, has been presented with the turing regular radio programs over national 1946 Laetare Medal which is awarded annually by networks. Notre Dame University to the man it considers the ROBERT F. WOODWARD, Counselor at Habana, outstanding Catholic of the year. writes: “I found the article in the October issue of W. PERRY GEORGE, Counselor of Embassy at the Journal concerning the new language-learning London, has been awarded the Medal of Freedom methods very interesting and I would appreciate for meritorious services and playing a major part your sending on to Dr. Henry L. Smith the comment in the acquisition of air bases in the Azores and that I was one of the hundreds of officers who in the procurement of agreements from the Govern¬ appreciated his excellent work.” ments of Spain and Portugal permitting the opera¬ ALGER HISS, Director, Office of Special Political tion of U.S. Military aircraft carrying cargo and affairs, has. been elected President of the Carnegie personnel through these countries. Endowment for International Peace to succeed Dr. MRS. NATHANIEL P. DAVIS returned to the U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler who resigned to become from Manila for a short trip in November and president emeritus. December. She flew with Ambassador McNutt who DONALD C. DUNHAM, former Foreign Service made a visit home at that time. Mr. Davis’ mother Officer and well known author of “Envoy Unex-

Acting Secretary of State Dean Acheson, on December 1st presented Medals of Freedom to Llewellyn E. Thomp¬ son, Jr., left, Foreign Service Officer, and to Madame Paulette Pe¬ tra, center, French clerk in the American Foreign Service, in a ceremony at the State Department. Mr. Thompson was decorat¬ ed for service as Second Secretary of the Embas¬ sy in Moscow, during the siege of the city. Madame Petra was dec¬ orated for service in Saigon, Indo China, during occupation by the Japs, when she saved U. S. records from the hands of the enemy.

JANUARY, 1947 23 traordinary” has been appointed UNESCO Affairs Facts About New FSOs"' Officer in the Department. Mr. Dunham has been About 146 FSOs have gone through the Foreign given a year’s leave of absence from LIFE Maga¬ Service Training School at Lothrop House during zine where he was Cable Editor. the calendar year 1946. Of this number, 81 were Russians Save Consul’s Life married and 61 single. These 140 odd spoke 21 different languages. The most popular language ROBERT S. WARD arrived in the U. S. early in was French—116 knew that; German and Spanish December to recuperate from an illness which tied with 55 each, Italian next with 24, Portuguese nearly cost him his life. 12, Russian, Chinese and Japanese tied with 5 While serving as Consul at Urumchi he was each; Dutch 3, Arabic 2; Hungarian, Serbo- stricken by an attack of volvulus, a complete stop¬ Croatian, Korean, Polish, Norwegian, Malay, Taga- page of the intestinal tract, which is fatal unless log, West Indian patois, 1 each. an operation is performed. He was the only Ages: The largest group was in the age of 29. American in the city, which is without operating Heavy grouping between 24 and 30. facilities and is located in one of the most isolated Education: One hundred and eight of them at¬ areas of the world. With death imminent Soviet tended public high schools and only 33 went to diplomatic officials arranged a flight for him to select private schools for their secondary educa¬ Alma Ata, capital of the neighboring Soviet re¬ tion. 146 of these men went to 117 different col¬ public of Kazakstan where there is a modern hos¬ leges. Harvard led with 20 men, Yale came along pital. There a Russian surgeon performed the with 12, Princeton 11, Columbia 8, Tufts 7, George¬ operation. “They could not have done more for town 6, University of Chicago 6, University of me,” said Mr. Ward. “Beyond question they saved Calif. 5, N. Y. U. 5, Univ. of Minn. 4, Univ. of my life.” Mr. Ward spent two months in the Wisconsin 4, Univ. of Virginia 4, Stanford 3, and Soviet hospital. the rest went to too many colleges to name. Mrs. Louis Dreyjus—Angel oj Mercy This group of new FSOs majored in college in Economics 23 Philosophy 6 A recent Washington press item carries a story History 18 Architecture 1 on Mrs. Grace Dreyfus, wife of the Hon. Louis G. Political Science 14 Zoology 1 Dreyfus, former Minister to Iran and Iceland, now English 13 Biology 1 at Stockhom. “Certainly if each envoy had some¬ Chinese 1 one like Grace Dreyfus at his right hand, nations One received a Ph.D. and 38 have M.As. All would leer less and love more. Members of the the rest had B.A. or B.S. degrees with the excep¬ Iranian Embassy in Washington say that the name tion of 5. Of this group of FSOs there was 1 of Dreyfus is like a light from heaven for the poor Rhodes Scholar, 12 Magna Cum Laude, 26 Cum people of their country. The wonderful things this Laudes, 5 Summa Cum Laudes, 35 Phi Beta Kap¬ couple did for the Iranians created real affection pas, and 35 had honors in college. 11 of these for America. Mrs. Dreyfus, looked upon as an also attended foreign universities and there were angel, constantly took food and medical supplies 8 of them that had taken the ASTP courses during to the slum areas where no one but doctors ven¬ the war. tured. Warned not to do this because of the danger Preferences in work: All were interviewed as of contracting a disease, she answered that she had to what they thought they would be most interested no children to infect and she had to help even if in and what type of work they would like to do it meant getting sick. There’s a Grace Dreyfus best. 30 were interested in politics, 25 writing cul¬ charitable foundation now in Tehran.” tural reports, 20 in economic reporting, 15 were Speaking oj the Foreign Service. . . . interested in labor relations, 15 interested in infor¬ mation or press work, 15 interested in intelligence During the five month period—May-October work, 11 interested in trade promotion, 10 in finan¬ 1946, approximately 50 speaking engagements cial reporting, 7 in aviation, 4 in agriculture, 2 in throughout the States were filled by representatives petrol, 2 in public utilities. of the State Department on the subject of the For¬ They thought that they would be interested in eign Service. This averaged a speaker every three the following work: 30 in consular, 30 in pro¬ days. The majority of these speeches were made tection of U. S. Nationals. 24 in citizenship, 22 in the middlewest. Rotary Clubs, Kiwanis and in shipping and seamen’s work, 17 in Veterans’ Chambers of Commerce composed the larger part work, 17 in vises, 17 in general administration of of the audiences who heard these talks on the Foreign Service. *Compiled by Franklin Roudybush, Registrar FSS.

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL consulate, 4 in accounting, 2 in notarials. Any dis¬ crepancy means some didn’t register any interest. Their hobbies are: More interested in tennis than any other sport, then came music, debating, then swimming, dramatics, photography and skiing, stamp collecting, ship modeling, 2 in fishing, 3 in baseball, 1 in boxing, 1 in chess. Past experience of these men: Out of the group 78 had had previous business experience. There were 40 with no previous experience, 25 had been in the Navy, 98 in the Army. There were 62 of them who had had previous government experi¬ ence, 5 newspaper experience, 3 insurance, 5 li¬ braries, 1 in agriculture. There were 2 women FSOs in group. Each of these officers was requested to put down 4 posts preference, in 4 parts of the world he would like to be sent. Averaged on the basis of 4, 194 to Europe; 85 to Latin America; 25 chose the Brit¬ ish Empire; 20 for the Far East; 15 for Near East. There were 96 men who got one of the 4 post preferences, and 28 who didn’t get one of their 4 post preferences. Of these 146 new Officers who have recently the new Foreign Service Act was under considera¬ gone through the Foreign Service School, 27 came tion by Congress a ferv months ago, a committee from N. Y. State, 12 from Mass., 9 from Pennsyl¬ of the Association personally took to its drafters vania, 9 from California, 8 from Illinois, 7 from many of the ideas which had been advanced by New Jersey, 7 Connecticut, 6 Maryland, 5 Ken¬ correspondents in the field, making them in a tucky, 4 Wisconsin, 4 Oklahoma. The rest from sense co-authors of the bill which passed. . . . 20 odd other states. “Although staffed with experts, the JOURNAL does run into problems of editorial policy. Constantly The Journal in the Limelight faced is this dilemma: whether to present a publi¬ The “Corps Diplomatic” a hi-monthly publica¬ cation of a social nature which is little more than tion devoted to all phases of diplomacy—covering a ‘house-organ, or to fill the JOURNAL with con¬ the activities of diplomats in Washington, the structive articles on policy and administration United Nations and missions of all countries which would be of interest to a variety of readers throughout the world—published a feature story in outside of the Foreign Service. Currently, the maga¬ its October 1st issue on the AMERICAN FOREIGN zine represents a compromise between the two SERVICE JOURNAL. poles of thought. . . . Excerpts: “Far from being a staid ‘house-organ’ “Latest word is that both the British and the of the Department of State, the JOURNAL is a bold, Cubans have made inquiries aimed at the develop¬ frank and colorful magazine which does not hesi¬ ment of similar publications for their respective tate to criticize administrative policies of the De¬ foreign services—a real tribute to the informal but partment which relate to the Foreign Service. . . . informative magazine which is the AMERICAN FOR¬ “It’s ‘Letters’ column is a sounding board where EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL.” career men and clerks alike can air their views on matters ranging from the alleged ‘caste system’ to Motto for Retired FSOs? the new Foreign Sendee Act. ... Its descriptive An anonymous contributor has submitted the articles on American diplomacy sometimes ‘scoop’ following motto for retired FSOs. It comes from the world press. . . . Don Marquis and the contributor says it was given “Of more importance than its ‘scoop’ value is him by one of the most notable seconds in com¬ the assistance which the publication and its parent mand ever in the Department Service: Association render to the men and women in the “No grief or quirk of Fate field. Mouthpiece of American Foreign Service From me shall raise a yell. officers the world over, the JOURNAL airs the sug¬ Serene I’ll sit and wait gestions and grievances of its subscribers. When For the world to go to hell.”

JANUARY, 1947 25 News From the Field

■VANWV.V.V.W.V.V.V.V.'AV.VV.V.'.'.VAV.V.V/AVAW.V.V/.V.VAVWAVAWy 0 FIELD CORRESPONDENTS Bolivia—Merlin E. Smith Mexico—Dixon Donnelly Brazil—Walter P. McConaughy Morocco—Charles W. Lewis, Jr. Canada—(Western)—Ralph A. Boernstein Nassau—John H. E. McAndrews Canada Eastern—Terry B. Sanders Nicaragua—Raymond Phelan Colombia—John W. Campbell New Zealand—John Fuess Costa Rica—J. Ramon Solana Panama—Henry L. Pitts, Jr. Dominican Republic—Hector C. Adam Peru—Maurice J. Broderick Dutch West Indies—Lynn W. Franklin Portugal—William Barnes Ecuador■—George P. Shaw Southampton—William H. Beck El Salvador—Robert E. Wilson Spain—John N. Hamlin France—George Abbott Syria—Robert E. Cashin French West Indies—William H. Christensen Tangier—Paul H. Ailing Greece—William Witman, 2d Union of South Africa—Robert A. Acly Ireland—Thomas McEnelly U.S.S.R.—Foy D. Kohler

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BELFAST

On the occasion of the opening by Consul Quincy F. Roberts at Belfast, on November 4, 1946, of an exhibition of photographs of eighteenth and early nineteenth century American buildings entitled, "American Colonial Architecture.” From left to right: Mrs. Quincy F. Roberts, Consul Roberts and Mrs. Dehra Parker, O.B.E., M.P. The exhibition was arranged by the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (Northern Ireland).

26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LA PAZ nition of 25 years loyal service.” The presentation was made at a formal ceremony attended by the November 27, 1946. entire staff and was followed in the evening by a La Paz is now enjoying a period of calm after dinner party given by Sparks at his home in honor the stirring events so fully covered in the September of Rodrigues. number of the JOURNAL, with the exception of one “Alec” was born in Karachi, April 16, 1894. He unpleasant afternoon when the lamp posts in the began work at the American Consulate, November Plaza Murillo were again decorated in a macabre 1, 1921, as a clerk and was designated chief clerk fashion. The attention of the Embassy staff lightly in 1930. He has a daughter, Rosemarie, 16 years turns to other things. To greeting newcomers, for of age. His wife, Philomena (Minna) Rosario, example, and trying to help them through the in¬ died in 1930. He has served under 9 different evitable difficulties of their weeks or months of get¬ Consuls and Vice Consuls as follows: Consuls E. ting comfortably settled. With the departure of Verne Richardson and Avra M. Warren, Vice Con¬ Howard and Jo Brandon for Algiers on October suls William B. Douglass, Jr., and John R. Ives, 28, all the old-timers are gone and Morton Pom- Consul Renwick S. McNiece, Vice Consul Lloyd E. eranz, who has been here over a year, becomes Riggs, Consuls Joseph G. Groeninger and Clarence the grey-bearded historian to whom we repair for a E. Macy, and Vice Consul Sparks. sense of continuity between the past and present. Other members of the Karachi Consular staff Mort is embarrassed by the eminence thrust upon who have served well for many years are: Mes¬ him and tries to belittle his seniority by character¬ senger Raghoo Dhanna, 20 years, Messenger John izing all FSOs as “fuddy-duddies.” Simon, 20 years; Stenographer Marie Mendes, 19 Of the newcomers only that tower of strength, years, and Accounts Clerk Paxy Britto, 18 years. Bob Redington, has escaped all forms of victimiza¬ In 1942, in appreciation of their services in pro¬ tion by the change of climate. He thinks his ex¬ curing quarters, materials and service necessary to ceptional fortune is due to having turned his back accommodate incoming American troops, the Com¬ on advice and climbing Chacaltava his first week. manding Officer, U. S. Army Services of Supply, But the more tractable Steinbecks, Smiths, Orloskis, China, Burma, India, especially commended Rod¬ and Wollams or members of their families have rigues and Britto. The commendation was en¬ spent time at the Clinica Americana at Obrajes, a dorsed by Consul Macy and forwarded to the Sec¬ thousand feet lower, recovering from tonsilitis, retary of State. pneumonia, strep throats, galloping insomnia, or F. D. LEAT HERMAN just plain fall-on-your-face soroche. This history has impressed and subdued the Albert Nyrens, latest FORT-DE-FRANCE arrivals, and they are seriously considering our December 3, 1946. equally serious counsel to take up their abode in On November 8, 1946, Miss Lorette Geoffrion, the Clinica right now and work up to La Paz. previously stationed at Panama, arrived to take up The legion of our colleagues, now regretfully her duties in Martinique. The trip to Martinique elsewhere, who have at some time huffed and puffed from the outside world was made by a small launch up Embassy stairs in La Paz will sigh again on from St. Lucia, B.W.I., since Martinique has no air learning that we are about to have an elevator (the service. first of January, it says here). The Willard Gal¬ On November 25th the Training ship of the braiths are only awaiting that magic moment to Pennsylvania Maritime Academy, Keystone State, take over their pent house on the Chancery rasca- arrived in Martinique for a five-day visit. On cielos. board were 87 cadet-midshipmen who after three Let nothing in the above discourage any intend¬ years service may receive commissions as Ensigns ing assignee to La Paz, which has a most congenial in the Navy and 3rd officers aboard merchant ships. staff now as always, from Ambassador Flack on Their trip was marred by an unfortunate accident down, and sorely wants more. to t\^o of the cadets who were hoisting the ship’s MERLIN E. SMITH launch when a hook broke. Each boy suffered a badly broken leg and are now in the French Colonial KARACHI Hospital in Fort-de-France doing well. November 7, 1946 WILLIAM H. CHRISTENSEN Vice Consul Joseph S. Sparks, Officer in Charge, American Consulate, Karachi, on November 1, on NUEVO LAREDO behalf of his staff, presented to Mr. Alec Rodrigues, The American Consul at Nuevo Laredo and Mrs. chief alien clerk, a silver tray, inscribed “In recog¬ (Continued on page 62)

JANUARY, 1947 27 The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

The Finances of European Liberation. By Italy’s need for financial assistance as justification, Frank A. Southard, Jr., Carnegie Endowment for he indicates clearly he would question provision of International Peace, Columbia University Press, dollars beyond troop pay as inconsistent with 1946, 206 pp. $3.00. policy toward the liberated countries which pro¬ To those foreign service officers who are inter¬ vided local supplies on a reciprocal lend-lease basis. ested in financial matters, Frank A. Southard’s Such additional provision of dollars has since been latest book should prove a valuable account of the announced, and Professor Southard has expressed way in which the American and British armies his disagreement in a letter to the N. Y. Times. solved the financial problems confronting them in Close comparison of the position of Italy as a war devastated Europe. An economist by profes¬ cobelligerent with that of the Allies would appear sion and a specialist in the field of international difficult, however. There are important points of finance, Professor Southard as Financial Advisor, difference as well as similarity. The Allies received G-5, Allied Force Headquarters, Mediterranean lend-lease, for example, but not Italy. In these cir¬ Theater, was in an exceptionally favorable position cumstances it would seem necessary to appraise any during much of the war to observe monetary and single measure such as this primarily in the light of fiscal developments in Italy and the countries broad political considerations. nearby. Though written primarily for economists, In the case of France the Allied forces used a the book will prove intelligible and interesting to supplemental franc currency later accepted as its the lay reader as well. It is perhaps the most com¬ own responsibility by the Provisional Government. plete account of the financial side of operations in In Austria and Germany the Allies again used mili¬ the Mediterranean Theater currently available to tary currencies, the A.M. schilling and A.M. mark. the general public. The decision to use schillings from the outset in The invasion currencies used by American, Brit¬ Austria was politically motivated and is questioned ish and German forces during this war have appar¬ by the author on the ground that initial use of A.M. ently proved an intriguing and slightly mysterious marks would have been technically advantageous. subject to many. The mystery at least is removed In Greece the situation was confused by violent in¬ by this account. The yellow seal dollar and the flation and Allied forces used B.M.A. notes, British Military Authority note were used as spear¬ drachmae, and yellow seal dollars intermittently. head currencies during the initial phases of opera¬ Besides the currencies themselves the exchange tions in both North Africa and Sicily. The former rates applicable thereto have been of interest. The was the practical equivalent of regular U.S. cur¬ reader will well remember the furore created by rency, whereas the B.M.A. note did not confer such the combination of high prices in France and the a claim on U.K. resources. While this criticism is low exchange rate at which troops were paid. no doubt technically justified, it may be noted in Whether the rates selected for the franc and the passing that this same characteristic of the yellow other currencies in question were appropriate or seal dollar gave it an immediate acceptability the not, will long be a subject of controversy. The world over which was useful on occasion. author has succeeded, however, in bringing together During the later stages of the Sicilian campaign much of the available information on the major and throughout operations in Metropolitan Italy considerations governing establishment of the rates. the Allied armies used the Allied Military lire in One of the problems receiving attention in the meeting currency requirements. The author ex¬ book with which the reader may have some fa¬ hibits much concern over what he regards as failure miliarity is that represented by the local currency of the Allies to obtain explicit recognition by the earnings of troops from sale of personal property Italian Government of its responsibility for all and otherwise. The difficulty created by remittance A.M. lire issued, though the Armistice terms would of such earnings to the U.S. appears to have been seem to provide assurance on this score and the largely though not entirely solved with the intro¬ peace treaty to afford occasion for final clarification. duction, somewhat belatedly, of the tighter controls The much publicized action of the U.S. in turning evidenced by the currency control book (and, sub¬ over to the Italian Government the dollars equiva¬ sequently the military payment certificate). lent to net lira troop pay appears to be regarded Perhaps the most difficult and serious of the with mixed feelings. While the author accepts problems confronting both the invading armies

28 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and the local governments of liberated countries sions, measures to promote migration to the re¬ has been that of inflation and inflation control. moter and isolated areas of the Soviet Far East and The experiences of most European countries appear Arctic. Redistribution and migration of popula¬ to the author to add up to the conclusion that the tions along with political redivisioning and social, purely monetary aspects of the situation are not so cultural and educational measures which have had important as the supply position nor the monetary a tendency to amalgamate and assimilate ethnic remedies so efficacious as resumption of produc¬ groups; certain groups tending to associate them¬ tion. The Belgian currency conversion and block¬ selves more closely with Russia. ing scheme, for example, are not so important as The final chapter, “War Changes and Population the supply position, according to the author, in Prospects,” is the most interesting to the general explaining the relative success of the Belgians in reader. In this chapter, Dr. Lorimer discusses in¬ keeping inflation under control. fluxes of refugees, evacuating of Russian and Ger¬ In general one is impressed with the scope and man populations in Western to Eastern Russia, and detail of the book. Sooner or later every important population changes in the western area, the change aspect of each major question receives attention. from illiteracy to an 81.2% literacy in 1939. The At several points, however, the reader may well get more recent definite population policy of the the impression that organization of subject matter U.S.S.R., the wartime movements of population to and, possibly, style betray somewhat the literary central Russia and its future potentiality on the habits of a man recently addicted to writing mili¬ economy of the Union. tary memoranda. Coming so soon after conclusion But of the highest interest is Dr. Lorimer’s pro¬ of the war and providing such a wealth of au¬ jected population for Russia by 1970. He has esti¬ thentic information about what might otherwise be mated a 44.6% increase for a 30-year period, with¬ a neglected aspect of the war experience, the book out hypothetical war losses, as 251 millions, and merits more than casual attention by those inter¬ with the hypothetical war loss adjustment, as 222 ested in the practical aspects of international millions, which is a net increase of 48 millions, finance. or equal to nearly 28% of the initial population. H. R. SPIEGEL The estimated projection would be 244 millions by 1970, on the basis of an “enlarged” U.S.S.R., The Population of the Soviet Union: History that is, including those areas incorporated into and Prospects, Frank Lorimer, League of Nations, the U.S.S.R. during the war. He summarizes his Princeton University Press, 1946, 289 pages, conclusions as follows: Maps, $4.00. “The dynamics of the Soviet population will bring Dr. Frank Forimer, of the Office of Population continued population increase in the post-war Research, at Princeton University, hardly needs period, with a large though gradually decreasing any introduction to anyone interested in the field proportion of children, youth, and young adults. of population research. The title of his book alone There is also the prospect of an increasingly efficient indicates what a tremendous undertaking this study distribution of population in relation to economic was. Dr. Lorimer writes with reiterated apologies resources and production. Finally, rapid advances for the insufficient and unreliable data available, in health, skills, cultural resources, and equipment with qualified hypotheses and tentative interpreta¬ will enhance the postwar prospects of the Soviet tions, yet he has made an exceptionally reliable population.” and authoritative report. As the “Population of the Soviet Union” is a ELEANOR WEST careful statistical analysis of the population trends IN MEMO RIAM and general demographic features of Russia, it is recommended to those specifically in the follow¬ YOUNG. James Barclay Young, retired Foreign ing three categories: 1. major interest or field, in Service Officer, died on November 16 at his home Russia; 2. major interest or field, in demography; in Stonington, Conn. He was one of the founders and 3. those interested in minorities and ethnogra¬ of the American Foreign Service Association and phy. It is not a book that one would read for gen¬ of the JOURNAL. eral interest and knowledge of Russia, as it is alto¬ CRUGER. Alexander P. Cruger, retired Foreign gether too technical and highly specialized. Service Officer, died on November 18, in Wash¬ Certain points of general interest brought out by ington, D. C. Dr. Forimer may be mentioned. He discusses briefly social measures taken by the Soviet Union MANIAS. Anthony N. Manias, Clerk at the Con¬ to protect and increase fertility, legislation for sulate in Port Said, died on November 25th after mothers to promulgate larger families such as pen¬ eighteen years of service.

JANUARY, 1947 29 THE “HEAD TABLE

Against the wall, left to right: Ambassador Paul V. McNutt on a visit from Manila; Ed¬ ward T. Wailes, Acting Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Associa¬ tion ; Selden Chapin, Di- | rector General of the For- eign Service; Charles M. Hull'll. Deputy to Assis- HB taut Secretary Benton Clare H. Timberlake, Secretary - Treasurer of the Association; Arthur L. Rich¬ ards, Member of the Education Com- ; of the Association. Mr. Erie R. Dick- r. McNutt’s right, but partially ob-

FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIA¬ TION LUNCHEON The luncheons for members of the Foreign Service Association in Washington have been resumed and the first in the monthly series took place on December 5th at the Roger Smith Hotel. About a hun¬ dred Foreign Service and Depart¬ mental officers attended.

Thotos by Ralph Du ter

General views of the luncheon, General view of the luncheon.

FOREIGN SERVICE WOMEN’S LUNCHEON The first in the series of two luncheons for Foreign Service wives was held at the Mayflower Hotel on December 4th. The guests present in¬ cluded Mrs. Dean Acheson, Mrs. Spruille Braden, Mrs. William Clay¬ ton, Mrs. Selden Chapin and Mrs. Julian Harrington.

Photos by Mildred Gale

Miss Johnson, sister of Ambassador Nelson Johnson, is seen talking with Mrs. Wilson Flake. Mrs. Joseph Mrs. William Clayton, Foreign Service Officer Frances Ballantine may be seen at the extreme right of the Willis and Mrs. Henry P. Leverich. picture. Letters to the Editors

The Department's Economic Work field making full use of his specialized knowledge and experience. Rome, Italy, The appeal of the writer is that there be no dis¬ November 18, 1946. tinction or separation between economic and politi¬ To THE EDITORS cal work in the Department—at least not on the THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: horizontal plane. Down under the top policy level This letter, 1 hope, will develop a controversy. of the Department there should be capable and The subject is the economic work of the Depart¬ experienced personnel handling the facts and fig¬ ment of State. The economic work of the Depart¬ ures that are used at a higher level. Some of this ment is constantly growing in importance and it is personnel is sure to develop into good top-flight now generally accepted that international relations political personnel. On the other hand, the quality are basically economic. The present tendency of the of political officers in the Department should be Department appears to be to treat economics as a judged to a very considerable extent on their eco¬ separate and distinct subject, at the best only loosely nomic background and their ability to understand connected with political problems. and handle the economic facts at their disposal. The science of economics deals with production, In the Department and in the Embassies abroad, development, preservation and distribution of the principal officers of the Department and of the wealth, presumably to our modern way of thinking, Foreign Service should be well qualified in both in the best interest of mankind. By itself, and separ¬ fields of work and there should be a single and ated from politics, it is to a large extent a theoretical direct line of authority reaching down vertically science. It becomes productive of results only as it through both fields. is projected into the field of government and inter¬ MEMBER OF THE STAFF national relations through political action. The two Editor’s Note: The above was apparently written fields, economic and political, are inter-related and before the author had had an opportunity to read cannot be separated—without economics; political Mr. Fischer Howe’s article entitled “The Economic action will be haphazard and ineffective; without Officer in the Foreign Service” published in the political action, economics will remain primarily November issue of the JOURNAL, which discusses a subject for text books, reports and words around substantially the same problem. a conference table. To place political and economic work on an equal BIRTHS footing in the Department hierarchy and in the BERRY. A son, James Lampton, Jr., was born Embassies abroad is not a solution to the problem on October 19th to former Foreign Service Officer and will by no means necessarily result in close and Mrs. James Lampton Berry in Washington, inter-relation of the two fields. On the contrary. D. C. Mr. Berry is Assistant Chief of the Division Such a division of labor between two equal fields of Middle Eastern and Indian Affairs. of Departmental work can well result in competi¬ tion and “jockeying for position.” Economics is BOND. A daughter, Nancy Kenneth, was born laboratory work; political work is “front office” on October 30th to Foreign Service Officer and operational work, and in government as in business Mrs. Niles W. Bond, in Tampa, Florida. and industry the front office decides policy, acts JONES. A son, Curtis Thompson, was born on and is responsible for results. October 30th to FSO and Mrs. Curtis Jones. Mr. This is building up to the nicely controversial Jones is Third Secretary and Vice Consul in Bierut. implication that the economist in the Department should be subordinated to the political officer. This, MARTIN. A son, Haywood Robert, was born however, is only partially true. Certainly, on the to Mr. and Mrs. Haywood P. Martin on November level of facts and figures economic work should 14th in Washington, D. C. Mr. Martin is Deputy be primarily for the guidance of political officers. Director of the Office of the Foreign Service. There is, however, no regulation in the Depart¬ PARKS. A daughter, Sharon Rosario, was born ment and no legislative restriction on the Depart¬ on November 30th to Mr. and Mrs. Neil R. Parks. ment which prevents an economist, if he is so gifted, Mr. Parks is assistant to the Board of Examiners of from operating in the political field and in that the Foreign Service.

32 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Exit front 1 l bun in From a letter from Agnes L. Henderson, wife of Foreign Service Officer George D. Henderson, who was secretary to the U. S. Mission at Tirana until the Mission was recalled. Mrs. Henderson wrote of their leaving the country to a friend in the Department.

So many things have happened recently that 1 into by the Secret Police. By now it was completely will not even try to relate them coherently, but dark. We drove to the dock, accompanied by the will put them down as they come to my mind. Chief of Protocol as a representative of the Foreign On November 14, beginning in the morning, the Ministry (funny, isn’t it) and found all the effects personal and official effects of the Mission were sent down previously in the day on a barge by started out on their way to Durazzo on several the dock. We immediately discovered that the UNRRA and one Mission truck. Needless to say sedan could not possibly be driven from dock to that as a preliminary to that, everyone spent sleep¬ barge, but the jeeps could be, even though it w'as less nights and hectic days crating these effects, dangerous business. George drove our jeep down packing trunks and winding up the affairs of the two planks, just wide enough for a wheel each. Mission. Everything seemed to be under control He made it, contrary to all expectations. The other around 3:30 p. m. on the 14th, suitcases piled in two jeeps, driven by Rudi, the mechanic who had the Mission sedan, the two Mission jeeps and our been at the Legation at Tirana for over 20 years own jeep and everyone ready for the trip to Du¬ and whom the Department had authorized us to razzo. In the presence of the French Minister—the bring out with us, were lowered a little more care¬ French took over our interests in Albania—and of fully. The weather had become pretty bad by now7 the Mission members, the American flag was low¬ and there was talk of spending the night in Du¬ ered, an act which seemed to be a symbol of the razzo, with the exception of George, who had to end of all freedom for those poor countries. Then go up to the tw’o destroyers anchored 8 miles from the caravan started on its way. The policemen on shore (the Albanians were scared to let them come the road to Durazzo had obviously been advised closer) in order to ask them to wait, as they were of our arrival, as all the barriers were raised as supposed to pull out that night. soon as we appeared. It was finally decided that we* could all make In Durazzo we spent more than one hour having it—including the barge with our effects—that very our passports examined and our life history gone (Continued on page 52)

STAFF OF THE RECENT AMERICAN MISSION TO LIBERIA

Left to right: Harry T. Fultz, Vaughan Wynn, Joseph E. Ja¬ cobs, Ann Schoemaker, Joan Fultz (behind her), Lydia Fitz¬ gerald, Anthony Stevens, Wil¬ liam A. Notbahn, Razim Gasin.

Photo by George Henderson

JANUARY, 1947 33 Consular residence, Lagos. This was formerly the resi¬ dence of the German Consul. Courtesy Andrew Lynch.

MANAGUA EMBASSY STAFF Seated, left to right are: Edward W. Holmes, 3rd Secre¬ tary; Maurice M. Bernbaum, 2nd Secretary; Barry T. Benson, Commercial Attache; Ambassador Fletcher War¬ ren; Lt. Col. Harry H. Towler, U.S.A. Military Attache; Dr. Jacob Canter, Public Affairs Officer; and William T. Baker, Legal Attache. Standing, first row, left to right: C. O. Strickling, Guard; C.W.O. John S. Lowery, Military Attache s Office; William A. Just, Vice Consul; Raymond Phelan, Administrative Officer and Vice Con¬ sul; John P. Roark, Economic Investigator; Sgt. John L. Winters, Military Attache s Office. Between these last two in the 3rd row, is Henry E. Dumas, Chief Clerk. Courtesy Raymond Phelan. SERVICE

STAFF OF THE CONSULATE AT MADRAS ON SEPTEMBER 4, 1946 Left to right, top row; Mr. S. Visvanathan; Mr. Victor D. Paul, Mr. D. Arogyam, Rao Sahib Athisayam Daniel, Consul Bower, Mr. C. Govindarajulu, Public Affairs Offi¬ cer Chartrand, Mr. P. R. Ganathapy, Mr. R. Chitti Babu, and Senior Messenger M. Muthukumaresan. Seated in center: Miss Joseph, Vice Consul Schaffner, Mrs. Am¬ brose. Seated on floor: Chauffeur Perumal Das, Messen¬ gers Ramulu, M. Sundaram, and Ramaswamy Naicken, Chauffeur A. C. Valangani.

Right: FSO Philip H. Bagby shown with Brigadier Gen¬ eral Claude B. Ferenbaugh, Commanding General, Mili¬ tary District of Washington, after being decorated by the latter with the Medal of Freedom in ceremonies at The Pentagon on October 15, 1946. Photo taken at a reception in the American Consulate at Nuevo Laredo to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the first American Consulate in Nuevo Laredo. Between the two flags of Mexico and the United States there is a large portrait of the late President Roosevelt which was painted by a Mexican Artist and presented to the Consulate. It is particularly appropriate on this occasion because President Roosevelt originated what is known as “The Good Neighbor Policy."

STAFF OF THE CONSULATE AT KARACHI Left to right: Paxy Britto, Rama Jiva, Vice Consul F. D. Leatherman, Kishinchand Madhwandi, Bishram Singh, Vice Consul Joseph S. Sparks, Behram Gandi, Ram Par- sliad, Alec Rodrigues, Marie Mendes, Vice Consul Charles Booth, Jessie Fernandez, Anthony Dias, John Simon.

GLIMPSES

Chancery oj the Embassy at Manila. The Embassy em¬ ployees have apartments in the building. Courtesy of Mrs. N. P. Davis

STAFF OF AMERICAN CONSULATE AT MONTERREY, MEXICO Front row: Vice Consuls William A. Carsey, Myron H. Schraud, and Juan de Zengotita, Consul General Water¬ man, Vice Consuls Anthony Starcevic, and T. Ayres Robertson. Second row: Basilio Escamilla and Liberato Castellanos, Clerks Zenaida Rodriguez, Raquel Quiroga, Marie Cristina Camargo, Graciela Tamez, Juan Hoyt, Aida Trevno, and Rajaela Torres (out of picture). Third row: Clerks Abelardo Guerra, Maria Cecilia Narro, Eleanor Schroeder, Mae Dunne Narro, Guadalupe Tris¬ tan, Carlos Garza, Helen Himes, Consuelo Trevino, Mes¬ senger Antonio Tristan (half in picture). Retired Foreign Service Officers NOVEMBER 13, 1946 Adams, Phillip, Pine Bluff Rd., Edgewater, Volusia County, Davis, Leslie A. (Assn.), P. 0. Box 266, Stockbridge, Florida. Massachusetts. Adams, Walter A. (Assn.),* Davis, Thomas D., 333 Franklin** Street, Tupelo, Mississippi. Old Orchard, Pelham Rd., Greenville, South Carolina. Dawson, Claude I. (Assn.), 602 Calhoun Street, Ander¬ Alexander, Knox, 2763 Prince Street, Berkeley, California. son, North Carolina. Armour, Norman (Assn.), c/o Guaranty Trust Co., 524 5th Dearing, Fred Morris (Assn.), 1759 Alabama Drive, Win¬ Avenue, New York, N. Y. ter Park, Florida. Balch, Henry H. (Assn.), 441 Eustis St., Huntsville, Ala¬ DeVault, Charles L., Radio Station KDKA, Pittsburgh, bama. Pennsylvania. Ballantine, Joseph W. (Assn.), 3311 Highland Place, Wash¬ Dickinson, Horace J., Vereda Nueva, Havana, Cuba. ington, D. C. Donegan, Alfred W. (Assn.), 4828 Roland Avenue, Balti¬ Biar, Herbert C., c/o State Hotel, Phoenix, Arizona. more, Maryland. Bickers, William A., 312 W. Asher Street, Culpepper, Vir¬ Dooman, Eugene H., Litchfield, Connecticut. ginia. Doty, William F., 6 Church Road, Douglas, Isle of Man. Blake, Maxwell, 5214 Fairway Rd., Kansas City, Missouri. duBois, Coert (Assn.), P. 0. Box 104, Stonington, Con¬ necticut. Bliss, Robert Woods (Assn.), 1537 28th Street N. W., Dunlap, Maurice P. (Assn.), Hotel Bellevue, Beacon Hill, Washington, D. C. Boston, Massachusetts. Bohr, Frank, 1028 Lincoln Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dwyre, Dudley G. (Assn.), 222 A Ximeno Avenue, Long Bouchal, John L., WDE (Assn.), Group “A”, Civ. Cen. Beach, California. Div., APO 205, c/o PM., New York, N. Y. Dye, Alexander V. (Assn.), Thousand Pines Inn, Tyron, Boyle, Walter F. (Assn.), P. O. Box 287, McLean, Virginia. North Carolina. Bradford, Robert R., c/o Trust Dept., Omaha National Dye, John W. (Assn.), 11 La Vereda Road, Montecito, Bank, Omaha, Nebraska. Santa Barbara, California. Brady, Austin C., Cathedral Apartments, 1201 California Eberhardt, Charles C. (Assn.), Metropolitan Club, Wash¬ Street, San Francisco, California. ington, D. C. Brand, Norton F., 88 Main Street, Potsdam, New York. Edwards, Clement S. (Assn.), 10 Bedford Street, Concord, Brett, Homer (Assn.), Box 20, Springhill, Mobile County, • Massachusetts. Alabama. Engert, Cornelius Van H. (Assn.), 2228 Que Street, N. W., Briggs, Lawrence P. (Assn.), 1656 6th Street, Muskegon, Washington, D. C. Michigan. Bucklin, George A., 230 North Barrington Ave., Los An¬ Ferrin, Augustin W. (Assn.), Bowlers Wharf, Essex County, geles, California. Virginia. Burri, Alfred T., 2035 Garden Street, Santa Barbara, Cali¬ Ferris, Cornelius (Assn.), 125 6th Ave., N. E., St. Peters- fornia. burgh, Florida. Busser, Ralph C. (Assn.), 1421 Chestnut Street, Phila Fisher, Fred D., Marianne Apartments, 1422 Bellevue Ave¬ delphia, Pennsylvania. nue, Burlingame, California. Byington, Homer M., Sr., c/o Fifth Ave. Bank of N. Y., Flood, Peter II. A. (Assn.), 1918 North Stanton Street, 530 Fifth Avenue, New York City, N. Y. El Paso. Texas. Caldwell, John K. (Assn.), 4113 49th St., N. W., Wash¬ Fox, Ray, Glenn, Glenn County, California. ington, D. C. France, Leys A. (Assn.), 2900 Broxton Road, Cleveland, Calvert, John S. (Assn.), R. F. D., Iron Station, North Ohio. Carolina. Frazer, Robert (Assn.), 326 East Los Olivos St., Santa Cameron, Charles R., P. O. Box 137, Tucson, Arizona. Barbara, California. Carter, James G. (Assn), c/o U. S. Despatch Agent, 45 Frost, Wesley (Assn.), State Teachers College, Oswego, Broadway, New York, N. Y. New' York. Chamberlain, George E. (Assn.), 2138 Rivermont Avenue, Gamon, John A. (Assn.), 927 Mendocino Avenue, Berkeley, Lynchburg, Virginia. California. Chapman, William E. (Assn.), 528 Elm Avenue, Norman, Gauss, Clarence E. (Assn.), c/o Export - Import Bank, Oklahoma. Washington, D. C. Clark, Reed Paige (Assn.), c/o Manchester National Bank, Gibson, Hugh S. (Assn.), University Club, 1 West 54th Manchester, New Hampshire. Street, New York City. Clum, Harold D. (Assn.), Hilltop, P. O. Box 98, Malden- Glover, Robert G. (Assn.), 171 Delhi Road, Scarsdale, on-Hudson, New York. New York. Cooke, Arthur B., 3111 First Avenue, Richmond, Virginia. Goforth, Herndon W. (Assn.), P. O. Box 722, Lenoir, Cookingham, Harris N., c/o Fitch C. Bryant, 290 River¬ North Carolina. side Drive, New York, N. Y. Goold, Herbert S. (Assn.), 4852 Indian Lane, N. W., Corrigan, John (Assn.), c/o American Consulate, Durban, Washington, D. C. Natal, Union of South Africa. Gordon, George A. (Assn.), 2507 Massachusetts Avenue, **Cruger, Alexander P., 3206 Tennyson St., N. W., Wash¬ Washington 8, D. C. ington, D. C. Gourley, Louis H. (Assn.), Southwestern Pi'esbyterian Cunningham, Edwin S., 306 Cunningham Street, Maryville, Sanatorium, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Tennessee. Grew, Joseph C. (Assn.), 2840 Woodland Drive, N. W., Davis, John K. (Assn.), 2635 Palmerston Avenue, West Washington, D. C. Vancouver, B. C., Canada. Grummon, Stuart E. (Assn.), Redding, Connecticut. Halstead, Albert, Sugar Hill, New Hampshire. *Member of the Foreign Service Association. **Died November 18, 1946. (Continued on page 38)

36 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INSURANCE IN DOLLARS

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Use one of the Insurance orders if avail¬ AMERICAN SECURITY able in the shipping office. If not, write More Than us giving value of the goods, date of policy desired, point of origin and desti¬ Just a Name! nation of the shipment. State whether Today, as half a century ago, "American an annual policy is desired or one to Security" is more than just a name. It symbolizes the security of American bank¬ cover the shipment only. We will mail ing institutions. ... To foreign service the policy and the bill. officers throughout the world the estab¬ lishment and maintenance of banking connections in Washington have be¬ We also write all risk jewelry and come increasingly important. Such con¬ fur policies, baggage insurance, nections assure them of trustworthy fine arts policies, etc. banking, trust and safe deposit facilities. American Security gives special attention SECURITY STEEL LIFT VANS to its foreign accounts, recognizing their need for prompt, personalized service. provide the utmost in safety and conveni¬ We cordially invite your inquiry. ence, and are economical as well — saving packing costs and saving ocean freight AMERICAN charges. SECURITY & TRUST COMPANY #wurifg $foragp (Jorapang Main Office: Fifteenth St. and Pennsylvania Ave. (Opposite the United States Treasury) of UJashittglon WASHINGTON, D. C. for over 50 years at Capital $3,400,000.00 Surplus $4,400,000.00 a safe depository 1140 FIFTEENTH STREET District 4040 MEMBER: European Office FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 31 Place du Marche, St. Honore, Paris Affiliated with the American Security and Trust Co.

JANUARY, 1947 Hanna, Margaret M. (Miss), 1529 Varnum Street, N. W., MacVitty, Karl De G .(Assn.), c/o W. M. Parrish, Howell Washington, D. C. Place, Belle Meade, Nashville 5, Tennessee. Harris, Ernest L., Apt. 2-A, 19 Barrow Street, New York, Magnuson, Erick W., Terserusvagen, 23, Angby 3—Bromma, N. Y. Stockholm, Sweden. Hathaway, Charles M. (Assn.), P. O. Box 184, Summer- Magruder, Alexander R. (Assn.), University Club, 1 West land, Santa Barbara, California. , 54th Street, New York, N. Y. Heard, William W., c/o National City Bank, 167 East 72nd Makinson, George A. (Assn.), 7027 Lanewood Avenue, Street, New York, N. Y. Hollywood, California. Heingartner, Robert W. (Assn.), 143 Forest Street, Oberlin, Marsh, O. Gaylord (Assn.), 112 Clark Street, Buchanan, Ohio. Michigan. Heizer, Oscar S. (Assn.), Palma Sola Park, R. F. D. 1, Masuret, Eugene A. (Assn.), Box 193, Coronado Beach, Bradenton, Florida. Florida. Hengstler, Herbert C. (Assn.), 2816 27th Street, N. W., Mayer, Ferdinand L. (Assn.), West Road, Bennington, Washington, D. C. Vermont. Maynard, Lester (Assn.), 29 Blvd. D’ltalie, Monte Carlo, Henry, Frank Anderson (Assn.), The Laurels, Nutley, Sussex, England. Monaco. Holland, Philip (Assn.), 2014 General Pershing Ct., New McCafferty, William J., 711 Leavenworth Street, San Fran¬ Orleans, Louisiana. cisco, California. Honaker, Samuel W., Belvedere, Marin County, California. McConnico, Andrew J., RFD #4, Old Marshall Road, Hoover, Charles L. (Assn.), 1200 Fifth Avenue, New York Ashville, North Carolina. Meinhardt, Carl D. (Assn.), Middleburgh, New York. City, N. Y. Memminger, Lucien (Assn.), 322 N. Palm Avenue, Sara¬ Hughes, Thomas L. (Assn.), The Jefferson, 1200 16th Street, Washington, D. C. sota, Florida. Milbourne, Harvey Lee (Assn.), Charles Town, Jefferson Hunt, William H. (Assn.), 1115 New Hampshire Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. County, W. Virginia. Miller, Hugh S. (Assn.), P. O. Box 324, Rochester, Indiana. Hurst, Carlton (Assn.), 920 Coral Way, Coral Gables 34, Florida. Moorhead, Maxwell K. (Assn.), Lee Highway, P. O. Box Ifft, George N., c/o The Tribune, Pocatello, Idaho. 600, Warrenton, Virginia. Murray, Wallace, 1868 Columbia Rd., N. W., Washington, Ives, Ernest L. (Assn.), The Holland, Apt. 7, Norfolk, Virginia. D. C. Jackson, Jesse B., 2120 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Wash¬ Myers, David J. D. (Assn.), Stoneleigh Court #604, 1025 ington, D. C. Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. Nathan, Edward I. (Assn.), Bruselas 902, Colonia el Mira- Jarvis, Theodore C., c/o Central Hanover Bank & Trust dor, Monterrey, Mexico. Co., New York, New York. Osborne, John Ball (Assn.), Westchester Apt., #507 B. Jenkins, Douglas (Assn.), 2257 Oglethorpe Avenue, Augus¬ 4000 Cathedral Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. ta, Georgia. Patton, Kenneth S. (Assn.), c/o American Legation, Bang¬ Johnson, Nelson T. (Assn.), c/o Far Eastern Commission, 2516 Massachusetts Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. kok, Siam. Peck, Willys R. (Assn.), 901 Holly Rd., Belmont, Cali¬ Keblinger, Wilbur (Assn.), c/o U. S. Despatch Agent, 45 Broadway, New York, N. Y. fornia. Keena, Leo J., National City Bank of N. Y., Farmer’s Perkins, Mahlon Fay (Assn.), 2202 Wyoming Avenue, Branch, 22 Williams Street, New York, N. Y. N. W., Washington, D. C. Philip, Hoffman (Assn.), San Ysidro Ranch, Santa Bar¬ Kelley, Robert F. (Assn.), 1731 20th St., N. W., Wash¬ ington, D. C. bara, California. Kemper, Graham II. (Assn.), Orange, Virginia. Phillips, William (Assn.), “Ilighover,” North Beverly, Kendrick, Stephen E. C. (Assn.), P. O. Box 2584, Tucson, Massachusetts. Arizona. Pinkerton, Julian L., 542 South Forty-fifth Street, Phila¬ Kirk, Alexander C. (Assn.), c/o P. Sidley, 11 South La¬ delphia, Pennsylvania. Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Pisar, Charles J. (Assn.), 142 Morris Avenue, Mountain Lee, Samuel T. (Assn.), P. O. Box 366, Fort Myers, Lakes, New Jersey. Florida. Playter, Harold (Assn.), 2079 Crary Street, Pasadena 7, Leonard, Walter A. (Assn.), University Club, Washington, California. D. C. Putnam, John R. (Assn.), P. O. Box 718, Cobourg, On¬ Letcher, Marion, Chatham, New Jersey. tario, Canada. Linnell, Irving N. (Assn.), P. O. Box 95, Medina, Wash¬ Ramsay, Hugh S., 1835 17th Street, S., St. Petersburg, ington. Florida. Lockhart, Frank P. (Assn.), 4600 Yuma St., N. W., Randolph, John (Assn.), 5350 Central Avenue, St. Peters¬ Washington, D. C. burg, Florida. Long, Boaz W. (Assn.), 460 Camino de las Animas, Santa Ravndal, Gabriel Bie (Assn.), 16 Lake Street, Orlando, Fe, New Mexico. Florida. Luedtke, Charles L. (Assn.), U. S. Maritime Commission, Reineck, Walter S. (Assn.), c/o Mrs. L. Green, RFD 1, c/o Div. of Economics & Statistics, Washington 25, Hudson, New York. D. C. Remillard, Horace (Assn.), c/o American Consulate, Nice, MacEachran, Clinton E. (Assn.), P. O. Box 4731, Miami France. 29, Florida. Robertson, William II., c/o People’s National Bank, Uni¬ Macgowan, David B. (Assn.), 106 Madison Street, Lynch¬ versity Branch, Charlottesville, Virginia. burg, Virginia. Salisbury. Laurence E., RFD, Higganum, Connecticut. MacMurray, John Van A. (Assn.), Lutherville, Maryland. Sauer, Emil, 5649 Western Avenue, Chevy Chase, D. C. MacVeagh, John H., c/o Fiduciary Trust Co., 1 Wall Schoellkopf, Walter H. (Assn.), Plaza Hotel, New York, Street, New York, N. Y. N. Y. (Continued on page 40)

38 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL You don’t stay first unless you’re best

1915 "They won’t work, and I’ll prove it!” said a Detroit automotive engineer in 1913. So he put a set of Goodyear’s new multiple-cord tires on his car and set out for the Indianapolis Speedway. There, he tired himself out trying to wear out the tires. His experience, and that of other drivers, proved that Goodyear had de¬ veloped a tire which gave 3 times the mileage of other tires! In 1915 Good¬ year went into first place in tire sales.

1947 These Goodyears of today clicked off 51,000 miles at an average speed of 60 miles an hour, and were taken off still "okay”! Special test tires? No! They’re ex¬ actly the same tough Goodyears you’ll find at your dealer’s! No wonder Good¬ year holds its place as the world’s first- choice tire for the 32nd consecutive year! Two versions of the world’s finest tire: De Luxe Rib Tread De Luxe All-Weather Tread

First—every year for 32 years GOOD/YEAR More people, the world over, ride on Goodyear tires than on any other make

JANUARY, 1947 39 Schott, William W., c/o Grace National Bank, 17 Hanover Square, New York, N. Y. Seltzer, George E. (Assn.), 1535 Ocean Avenue, Brook¬ lyn 30, New York. Shaw, G. Howland (Assn.), 2723 N Street, N. W., Wash¬ ington, D. C. Skinner, Robert Peet (Assn.)-, 2 Congress Street, Belfast, Maine. Slater, Fred C., 435 Kansas Avenue, Topeka, Kansas. Smith, Miss A. Viola (Assn.), Rm. 5134, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. Southard, Addison E. (Assn.), 241 Montalvo Avenue. San Francisco 16, California. Spamer, Carl O., 1914 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, 1). C. Stewart, Francis R. (Assn.), 14 Burbury Lane, Great Neck, Long Island, N. Y. Stewart, James B. (Assn.), The Farm, . Charlottesville, Virginia. Summerlin, George T. (Assn.), 1718 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Swenson, Laurits S., Landfair Avenue, Westwood Village, Los Angeles, California. Swift, Merritt, c/o Riggs National Bank, du Pont Circle Branch, Washington, D. C. Talbott, Sheridan (Assn.), Lebanon, Kentucky. Totten, Ralph J. (Assn.), 2800 Ontario Road, N. W., Apt. #103, Washington, D. C. Tredwell, Roger Culver, RFD 3, Ridgefield, Connecticut. von Tresckow, Egmont C., Greene Street, Camden, South Carolina. Wadsworth, Craig W. (Assn.), Geneseo, New York. Watson, Hugh H., E. 210 Garden Court Apts., 47 and Pine Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Weddell, Alexander W. (Assn.), Virginia House, Rich¬ mond, Virginia. Wheeler, Post, Cenhiry Club, 7 West 43rd Street, New ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ York, New York. White, John Camtibell (Assn.), 1410 Thirty-fourth Street, eign Service men in the Nation’s N. W., Washington 11, D. C. Wilev, Samuel H., c/o Maritime Commission, Washington, Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ D. C. Williams, Frank S. (Assn.), c/o Keith Williams, Vicks¬ partment of State. Convenient to burg, Mississippi. Williamson, Harold (Assn.), Bradlea Farm, W. Patent Rd., all points of interest in Washing¬ Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Wilson, Charles S. (Assn.), Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Boston, ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous Massachusetts. Willson, Gilbert R., Brighton, Digby County, Nova Scotia. food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail Canada. "'Wilson. Hush R. (Assn.), 2839 Woodland Drive, Wash¬ Lounge. Air Conditioned in the ington, D. C. Wilson. Thomas M. (Assn.), 3326 Reservoir Road, Wash¬ summer. ington, D. C. Wilson, Warden McK. (Assn.), 2101 Connecticut Avenue, Apt. 41, Washington, D. C. Winslow. Rollin R. (Assn.), 2000 Niles Avenue, St. Joseph. Michigan. Wolcott, Henry M. (Assn.), Hotel Manatee River, Braden¬ ton, Florida. Woodward, G. Carleton, 5200 11th Avenue, N. E., Seattle, Washington. ITIflVFLOUJER Wormuth, Romeyn. P. O. Box 1223, Sweetwater, Texas. Yerbv. William J., 4756 Champlain Avenue, Chicago, WASHINGTON, D.C. Illinois. C. J. MACK, General Manager Yost. Bartlev F., 1633 E. Washington Street, Pasadena. California. ** Young. James Barclay, Church Street, Stonington, Con¬ necticut. * Died December 31, 1946. **Died November 16, 1946.

40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A Take a bottle of Heublein’s Dry Martinis, Manhattans, or Old Fashioneds. B Pour desired number of cocktails in a mixing glass full of ice, stir until very cold, and serve. C Enjoy the finest cocktails yon ever tasted! Made from the world’s choicest liquors, Heublein’s Club Cocktails are always ready—always right. Available, tax-free, to members of the foreign service stationed abroad.

G. F. Heublein & Bro., Inc. Hartford 1, Conn.

The Most Popular Varieties Manhattan, 65 proof HEUBLEinS Dry Martini, 71 proof Old Fashioned, 80 proof

COCKTAILS

JANUARY, 1947 41 All over the world U.S. prestige

From Buenos Aires to Vienna, from Auckland to Nome—and at hundreds of air centers between—the symbol of the Flying Clippers is the sign of an old and trusted friend. To millions it represents the only America they know and see—is looked upon as a shining envoy of good will from the U. S. A.! During 19 years of world service, Pan American has been aware of its responsibility as a symbol of U. S. prestige. And during those years it has achieved a record un¬ equalled by any other airline—has carried over six million passengers in more than a half-billion overseas miles of air travel. The Clippers today link the peoples of World-Wide Routes of Pan American, now in opera¬ four continents. Soon, their service will be tion or certificated for Clipper service, extend from extended to other parts of the world. U. S. shores to major cities on every continent.

PAM AUERICAM WORLD AIRWAYS ^lle Jfysfem of ffe(-^F/umy Clippers

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Oliver Bishop liar rim an Foreign Service Scholarship

The Advisory Committee of the Oliver Bishop It may be recalled that the deed of trust institut¬ Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship invites chil¬ ing the scholarship provides that in the selection of dren of present or former Foreign Service Officers recipients the Advisory Committee shall be gov¬ interested in applying for the scholarship to submit erned by the following rules and regulations: their applications in such time as to be in the hands of the Committee not later than May 1, 1947. Ap¬ “(a) The recipients shall be selected from among plications should be in duplicate and addressed to the children of persons who are then or shall there¬ Selden Chapin, Esquire, Chairman, Advisory Com¬ tofore have been Foreign Service Officers of the mittee, Oliver Bishop Flarriman Foreign Service United States; and the moneys paid to a recipient Scholarship, Department of State, Washington, D. C‘ from the income of the trust fund shall be used by Each application must include information cov¬ the recipient in paying his or her expense at such ering the following particulars: American university, college, seminary, conserva¬ tory, professional, scientific or other school as may Age and sex of applicant; a full statement con¬ he selected by the recipient. cerning the education and courses of study pursued “(b) The scholarship may be awarded to a single by the applicant up to the present time, including recipient or may be divided among two or more scholastic ratings; the courses of study and profes¬ recipients in such proportions as the Advisory Com¬ sion which the applicant desires to follow; whether mittee shall determine. or not the applicant contemplates the Foreign Serv¬ “(c) The candidates for the award of the scholar¬ ice as a career; the need of the applicant for finan¬ ship shall apply therefor in writing to the Advisory. cial assistance (this should include a statement Committee at such times and at such place as may whether the applicant will be able or not to com¬ be designated by it on or before May 1 in each plete or continue his education without the aid of year. Such applications shall be accompanied by this scholarship) ; the institution at which the ap¬ letters from the parent or guardian of the candidate plicant proposes to make use of the scholarship if and by such other data or information as from time granted; and evidence that the school experience of to time may be required by the Advisory Commit¬ the applicant covers the work required for admis¬ tee. Each application shall be made in duplicate. sion to the institution selected. A small photograph “(d) Each candidate shall submit evidence that of the applicant must also be included. The appli¬ his or her school experience covers the work re¬ cation may include any further information which quired for admission to the American educational the applicant deems pertinent and which, in his or institution selected by him or her. her opinion, should he taken into consideration by the Committee. “(e) No payments from the income of the trust The application should be accompanied by a let¬ fund shall be made to a recipient until the recipient ter, likewise in duplicate, from the parent or guar¬ shall have been finally admitted to the university or dian of the applicant. other institution which he or she may desire to The Committee calls attention to the following enter and payments of such income to any recipient conditions, which should be borne in mind by appli¬ shall continue only so long as the Advisory Com¬ cants: The amount available for scholarships in any mittee shall direct.” year will presumably be little in excess of $1,200 The Advisory Committee is at present constituted and may, in the discretion of the Committee, be as follows: Selden Chapin, Esquire, chairman; Mr. divided among two or more recipients. Funds Wilfred Wottrich, Manufacturers Trust Company; awarded under the scholarship may be used only in Mr. A. B. Fisk, Manufacturers Trust Company; and defraying expenses at an American university, col¬ the Honorable Donald Russell. lege, seminary, conservatory, professional, scien¬ tific or other school. This school may be selected SELDEN CHAPIN, by the recipient. No payments may be made until Chairman, Advisory Committee, recipient has been finally admitted to the par¬ Oliver Bishop Harriman Foreign ticular educational institution selected. Service Scholarship

JANUARY, 1947 43 Scholarship Announcements

The Education Committee of the American For¬ two or three children of active members or of de¬ eign Service Association invites attention to the ceased former members of the American Foreign new form of application (printed in outline on Service Association for use only in meeting ex¬ page 47 in this issue of the JOURNAL) for all penses in connection with regular undergraduate of the 1947-1948 scholarships described below. courses at a college or university within the United The competition for these scholarships will close States. on May 31, 1947 on which date the information The William Benton Scholarship is open to chil¬ solicited in the new application form concerning dren of any officer or American employee of the each candidate would be in the hands of the Com¬ Foreign Service or in the field service of the De¬ mittee so that the awards can be made and an¬ partment of State abroad for use in meeting ex¬ nounced to the winners on or about July 1. penses of undergraduate or graduate studies at any The competition for the Oliver Bishop Harri- college or university in the United States. The man Foreign Service Scholarship, which closes on amount to be awarded for this scholarship, which May 1 and which is announced on page 43 in this has been established through the generosity of As¬ issue of the JOURNAL, will be decided by a different sistant Secretary Benton, will not exceed $600 per committee; but candidates for the Harriman award student. The entire amount available may be di¬ may also compete for the other scholarships. vided in the discretion of the Committee between The Education Com¬ two or more competitors. mittee will group togeth¬ The American For¬ er all of the candidates HOW TO ENDOW A FOREIGN eign Service Journal’s Scholarship of $300 is for the scholarships and SERVICE SCHOLARSHIP determine the eligibility open to children of of each to compete for The following form of bequest is recom¬ members of the Foreign the respective awards. mended by the Education Committee of the Service who are also In scoring the competi¬ Foreign Service Association for use in making members of the Foreign tion, the Committee will testamentary provision to assist in the educa¬ Service Association or subscribers of the AMER¬ base its decisions with tion of children of officers and employees of ICAN FOREIGN SERVICE respect to each candi¬ the Foreign Service. A comparable form may JOURNAL, or to children date on achievements in be used for making gifts for the same pur¬ pose. of persons who at the scholarship and extra¬ time of their death came curricular activities; “I give and bequeath unto The American within these categories. character, aims, and Foreign Service Association or its successor This scholarship is pro¬ purpose and financial the sum of dollars, in vided from the net in¬ and other handicaps. trust nevertheless for the purposes and uses come of the JOURNAL Applicants should and subject to the conditions hereinafter and is intended primari¬ furnish the Committee stated. The said sum shall be known as the ly for children entering with as much relevant Scholarship Fund and the principal of the preparatory schools in information as possible fund shall be invested and reinvested by the United States, pref¬ and should note care¬ the American Foreign Service Association erence being given to fully the conditions of or by such other organization as may suc¬ those commencing the eligibility for each of ceed it. The income of such fund shall final year of such these scholarships. from time to time be used toward the pay¬ schools. Should no ap¬ The Charles B. Hos- ment of tuition fees and other expenses plication be received in mer and The American of students who may be selected by the a given year for a schol¬ Foreign Service Associa¬ aforesaid Association or its successor. 1 arship in a preparatory tion Scholarships will direct my executor or executors herein¬ school, the amount provide a total of ap¬ after named to pay such inheritance taxes thereof may be awarded proximately $600 to be as may be assessed or levied on this be¬ to a suitable and qual¬ divided in the Commit¬ quest from the residue of my estate." ified college student. tee’s discretion between (Continued on page 47)

44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL YOU CAN WRITE!

EVEN though you probably do not think of yourself as a magazine feature writer you can be . . . easily! All around you lies a limitless wealth of material for the information-packed, timely articles so much in demand by the fact-hungry readers of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MACAZINE. Whether the account of your travels will portray countries in the news or present unusual views of forgotten or far-away lands it will add much to the pleasure and education of your coun¬ trymen at home. Liberal payment is made for all material accepted for publication. Just send us an outline of your proposed article with human- interest photographs—start now to be¬ come a NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC author!

Right: This dissatisfied customer in a Peshawar, India, barber shop borrowed the barber’s tools and finished the job himself! A National Geographic photo¬ graph by Maynard Owen Williams.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE—Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor—WASHINGTON 6, D. C.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS

All subscribers to the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL are requested to note any change of address, or transfer, on this form and mail to THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, c/o Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.

Mr., Mrs., Miss .

Old Address

New Address....

Date change becomes valid ...

Subscribers who are members of the Service must furnish another address than c/o Foreign Service Mail Room, Department of State, as the JOURNALS do not go through that mail room, but must be addressed to the specific post abroad. Upon notification, the JOURNAL will be held at the Department for those subscribers who plan to pass through Washington.

JANUARY, 1947 45 r anious 0j, , dlst,aguished frands fl } 0ur h Iy fac l se/ectine ?‘

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LLERS EXPORT COMPANY, INC 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York, U. S. *, PM De Luxe whiskey—a blend. OLD SUNNY BROOK whiskey—a blend. BELLOWS PARTNERS CHOICE' whiskey—a blend. RON MERITO—White or Gold label. MARQUES DEL MERITS ports and sherries

46 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL OUTLINE OF APPLICATION FOR A FOREIGN example: arts, science, secretarial or other SERVICE SCHOLARSHIP special vocational training, medicine, etc. (Mimeographed forms are being distributed. 4. Names and addresses of educational insti¬ If not received, submit following information tutions which you would like to attend on plain paper in the order shown below.) next year, in order of preference: I. Identity of Applicant. To which of these have you made applica¬ 1. Name: tion? 2. Present address: 5. What languages do you now speak? 3. Date of birth: 6. What special academic interests have you? 4. Name of father: 7. What other special interests have you? 5. Address of father: 8. List any special awards or prizes you have 6. Name of mother: received for scholastic or other achieve¬ 7. Address of mother: ments : 8. Names and ages of brothers and sisters: 9. Have you received any scholarship awards, 9. List other dependents in your family: Foreign Service or other? List them: II. Information about Foreign Service Parent. 10. Are you applying for any scholarship aid 1. Name: other than that offered by Foreign Service 2. Rank or classification and title: scholarships? 3. Retired? If so, give date of retirement: V. Aims. 4. Deceased? If so, give date of decease: 1. Please submit a statement in your own 5. Member of Foreign Service Association? handwriting as to your future plans, es¬ 6. Subscriber to the Foreign Service Journal? pecially as to career, profession, or activi¬ III. General Background. ties which you hope to follow. 1. How many months or years have you spent Please attach: in the United States? Give dates of resi¬ 1. A photograph or snapshot of yourself. dence : 2. An authentic copy of your school record 2. What schools have you attended in the for the last three years, if possible. United States? 3. At least two letters of character reference, 3. What foreign countries have you lived in? preferably one from a school you have List with dates of residence: attended recently, and one other. 4. In what languages have you had your schooling? UNESCO 5. What foreign schools have you attended? List with dates: l Continued from page 15) 6. How would you rate each of these schools also assigns to the Commission one important func¬ in comparison with American schools? tion in addition to those which belong to it under (Mark the schools listed under 5, with a the UNESCO Constitution. In the United States GOOD, FAIR, or POOR.) the National Commission is directed to call confer¬ 7. Do you feel that you have had any great ences for the discussion of matters relating to handicap to overcome in acquiring your UNESCO. The Commission will invite all interested education, for example, because of ill- organized bodies to participate in large annual or health, lack of proper school at any given biennual general conferences as the National Com¬ post, because of an excessive number of mission deems wise. Smaller conferences of ex¬ changes in your school, or because of diffi¬ perts for the consideration of specific matters re¬ cult or dangerous living conditions? lating to UNESCO are also authorized. In this 8. Is there any special financial pressure that manner the most effective possible means of liaison should be taken into account in weighing is provided for, which will also allow for direct this application? participation in the work of the UNESCO program IV. Scholastic Record. by all interested organizations in addition to those 1. Name and address of present school, col¬ which may at the time hold membership on the lege or university: National Commission. 2. Number of years still to be completed: At its first meeting in September 1946, the (a) in preparatory school United States National Commission completed its (or) (b) in college or other educational in¬ organization; it was the first time in our nations stitution history that leaders in the fields of education, 3. General course you are now studying, for science and general culture had been brought to-

JANUARY, 1947 47 gether to work on a common program. The Com¬ mission, among its many activities, recommended AMERICAN EASTERN that a Committee on Information be set up to facilitate a continuing effective flow of information on UNESCO developments to members of the Com¬ CORPORATION mission, interested organizations and to the general public. It carefully reviewed plans for the UNESCO REPRESENTS program drawn up by the Preparatory Commission in 24 Middle and Near East in London, and recommended what positions the United States Delegation to the General Conference Countries should take. It elected a distinguished Executive Committee and named Milton Eisenhower, Presi¬ AMERICAN SHIPPING dent of Kansas State College, as its first Chairman, AMERICAN TRADE and Charles Thomson of the Department of State as Executive Secretary. AMERICAN INDUSTRY Outlining the future responsibilities of the Na¬ tional Commission, Assistant Secretary of State Benton stressed that UNESCO will reach the com¬ mon people largely through the agency of the National Commission. “The National Commission,” he said, “is the means whereby UNESCO will project its policies within the United States—a sobering challenge if understanding among peoples is, as we believe, necessary to the maintenance of peace.” The members of the Commission, in touch with the schools and colleges, with organized groups throughout the country and with the millions of individuals comprising them, must bring them into active participation in the work of UNESCO. The Commission is to carry forward the new concept of peoples speaking to peoples across national boun¬ daries through the press, the radio and the motion picture on an unprecedented scale—if peace is to through affiliates, branches and agents: be found in time through the intellectual and moral AMERICAN EASTERN CORP., New York solidarity of mankind. and branch in Saudi Arabia The participation of the people in the work of UNESCO will be achieved to a very large extent AMERICAN EASTERN NAVIGATION CO., through the voluntary agencies represented on the INC., New York National Commission. Both the A. F. of L. and AMERICAN EASTERN, S.A.I., Teheran, Iran the C.I.O. have members on the Commission and are ready to bring the UNESCO program to the AMERICAN EASTERN TRADING & SHIPPING attention of their vast membership. The teaching CO., S.A.E., Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt profession through which UNESCO must realize AMERICAN IRAQ SHIPPING CO., LTD., many of its aims has half a dozen groups repre¬ Baghdad and Basrah, Iraq sented on the Commission, and the evidence of their work in stimulating interest in UNESCO is already apparent. Rural populations will be reached through AMERICAN EASTERN CORPORATION the National Grange, the Farmers Union and the Farm Bureau. The United States Chamber of 30 Rockefeller Plaza 50 Trinity Place Commerce is represented as are the Committee for | New York 20, N. Y. New York 6, N. Y. Economic Development and the Motion Picture As¬ j Tel.: Circle 6-0333 Tel.: Bowling Sreen 9-5171 sociation of America. Leading civic groups such (Continued on page 50)

48 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Boosting Output in MORE THAN Mines—Cement Mills! 1600 Products for Industry

ELECTRIC POWER EQUIPMENT

HYDRAULIC AND STEAM TURBINES; CONDENSERS

METALS for machines and home pumps, motors and V-Belt Drives products! Chemicals for drugs . . . huge mine hoists and pan con¬ and synthetics! Limestone for build¬ veyors to speed any mining opera¬ ing materials! All mean better bus¬ tion! And mining engineers around iness . . . better homes . . . better the world have learned that a ma¬ MINING AND CEMENT health... better living for everyone! chine stamped A-C gives efficient, MAKING EQUIPMENT To help the mining industries economical, long-life operation un¬ produce higher quality materials der toughest conditions. in larger quantities at lower cost, Mining, food, textiles, electric Allis-Chalmers today builds the power! . . . Allis-Chalmers serves widest range of processing equip¬ every basic industry—builds the ment in the world. We make crush¬ world’s largest line of major indus¬ ers and grinding mills for any type trial equipment to help people pro¬ PUMPS of ore ... a wide variety of screens, duce more and live better! ALLIS ® CHALMERS Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin, U. S. A. • Offices and Distributors Throughout the World

One of the Big 3 in Electric Power Equipment — FLOUR MILLING AND PROCESSING Biggest of All in Range of Industrial Products EQUIPMENT

JANUARY, 1947 49 as the General Federation of Women's Clubs and tions, and he was unfailingly kind. He would feed Rotary International have devoted space in their a patient, carry a bed, or scrounge for the supplies publications and time at their meetings to the we needed. furtherance of UNESCO. Representatives of the One afternoon I told the doctor I was worried major religious faiths are members of the National because a patient who was being given sulphathia- Commission and can win support for UNESCO zole refused to drink sufficient water. He told me among their congregations. not to be too concerned since it was quite possible the patient had not swallowed the pills. I did not This administrative structure as outlined above interrupt to tell him that we made each patient is the vehicle itself—the means whereby the who appeared unenthusiastic about sulpha pills, UNESCO program determined at the first General chew them up and then after a long drink of water, Conference of UNESCO (November 19-December open his mouth for inspection—provided of course 10, 1946) will be put into operation—both inter¬ he could open his mouth. The doctor went on to nationally and in our own country during the say that once in Burma even the sick taking sulpha year to come. could be given no more than two pints of water a day, and they somehow got well. Later I had a chance to question him briefly REINCARNATION OF A HOSPITAL about Burma and he told me he had walked out (Continued, from page 19) to Chittagong with his company in 1942. His last long march, after a campaign opposite Akyab, was ward but no trained nurse. For two or three days from Chittagong to Kohima to Rangoon. He was toward the end of the second week a little Bengali with a company of mountain gunners and the guns girl came to help. She was an attractive youngster and supplies were all carried on mules. I inquired hut was not familiar with hospital routine. She if they were American mules. No, Argentine ones. spoke neither Hindustani or English and we knew Did they kick and bite? No, they were very gentle, no Bengali and were at a loss. Her one interest and very strong, and splendid under fire. He was was to help the doctor do dressings. I cannot re¬ silent for a moment and then remarked almost to member hearing her say a word to anyone, or her himself, “I like mules.” facial expression once changing. She likely was During the riots in Calcutta the combatants scared half to death. fought with swords, daggers, knives, lathis, spears, In addition to the volunteers, each ward had brick-bats, bottles, lengths of pipe, guns—anything assigned to it from the Indian Medical Service a which could be carried, dropped, thrown or fired. nursing sepoy, two ambulance sepoys, a water boy Needless to say, patients were not hospitalized for minor injuries and those admitted were discharged and a sweeper. The sweeper was important in that as soon as possible. The majority of hospital pa¬ group—he was the one who could carry urinals tients had head injuries, plus other injuries as fre¬ and bedpans. Perhaps our not knowing the proper quently as not. Unfortunately, in hatred or in the form of address for the first week caused our mad desire for revenge, women and children were sweeper to be disinterested in his work. His name not spared. They were, however, generally sent was “Pancho.” Etiquette in the army require^ that to other hospitals, not to the Lakes. he be called by name, not just “jemidar” or We did have one baby, though he must have “sweeper.” Pancho was relieved by a civilian been close to two years old. He was tiny, very thin, sweeper for four hours in the twenty-four, between and had dreadful face and scalp wounds. The nine a.m. and one p.m. The rest of the day, so far ward sepoys who wore heavy, nailed boots and as he was able, was devoted to knitting. His knitting did not appear particularly concerned with the mis¬ was excellent and he completed the front of a fortunes of others, were gentleness itself and pa¬ sweater with a practiced hand. Its design was tiently did everything they could for him. We did noteworthy, very modern. The lower part was un¬ not know anything about him. His card was marked, even blocks of reds and shocking pink; the upper “Child, Unknown” with the date of admission. part was gray with neatly graduated white triangles. Another unknown child played happily near the He thought it beautiful. next ward for about a week. A sweeper woman, to judge by her tattooing, had a son about five whose Our doctor who was on 24-hour duty much of arm had been broken, and she was also caring for the time, was a young Bengali captain in the In¬ this smaller boy whom she had found lost and dian Medical Service. We esteemed him highly crying. He was a sweet child with large, round and felt fortunate to be working with him. We black eyes and a large, round tummy. He was were always free to ask questions or make sugges¬ attired solely in a string worn across his hips and

50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL under his stomach. The string was decorated with the hospital. One old man had had a severe blow a small amulet. Much to our surprise one morning on his head and could not remember who he was he was seen in a pair of faded blue cotton trousers or where he came from, but he clung tenaciously with straps designed to keep them up. He made to six annas—about twelve cents. That was the a joyful game of not being dressed. At the same only money I ever saw a patient have. time the boy with the broken arm strutted about Regardless of the tragic circumstances which with the greatest satisfaction in a loincloth which brought them there, the patients all got along looked very much as though it had been a tri¬ peaceably together. Perhaps they were too ill and angular bandage. We were told in first-aid classes stunned to do anything else. But an acquaintance that triangular bandages had many uses. Now I who worked in another ward tells this story. One am sure of it. morning a Hindu and a Moslem there got together As a matter of fact we found that one could give for a friendly chat, the one leaning on the other’s baths, of sorts, all day with one triangular bandage bed. “How many did you kill?” asked each in and no towel. Not that we believed it to be hy¬ turn. gienic. The matrons would undoubtedly have been The patients were unbelievably good and uncom¬ horrified had this been drawn to their attention, plaining. The only exception was one old fellow but they would also agree that the patients needed who groaned loudly every time anyone came within bathing. An emergency is an emergency. The hearing and he complained to the doctor on every all-purpose soap was strong, yellow laundry soap. possible occasion. He did have a nasty leg wound We washed a patient—he was not necessarily clean but did not appear to be as seriously hurt as some the first time—and then before we used the cloth others. Also he had sons who came to visit him. on another, we rubbed an extravagant amount of They brought a whole tin of fifty cigarettes and soap on it and scrubbed and rescrubbed as though bananas and cucumbers as well, and that set him our lives depended on the effort. We did boil cloths quite apart from other patients as more fortunate. as frequently as we could until more supplies were But when his visitors came he wailed loudly and forthcoming. There was a gas hot-water heater and they would all be dissolved in tears. a gas ring in the ward, but no gas. The kerosene We were genuinely thankful when the shock had burner was temperamental in the extreme and usu¬ worn off and patients began to get better. Then ally left a quarter inch of soot—it seemed that we were greeted in the morning with many salaams formidable—on the bottom and sides of basins. The and smiles. We were friends. After more than a day the Indian Red Cross brought us a miracle- week a boy who had been very sick smiled, a little working electric hotplate with a plug that fitted, lop-sided because his jaw was fractured. He could was a very special day. see out of both eyes and the pain in his head was With possibly one or two exceptions the patients not clutching at him so much. We felt right then I helped care for were poor—the poor who work as though we had been rewarded for every hour of hard for every anna and bathe under a public work. When the Lakes was being closed again and pump or in a public “tank” and wash there the patients had to be transferred to another hospital, garments they possess. One treasured fearfully a they did not want to leave. I know why a friend torn shirt, another a blood-soaked lungi or dhoti. said, on the way home at the end of the last day, Others would have to be given cloth when they left “You know, I am almost sorry this is over.”

LI’L ABNER Hands Across the Sea By A1 Capp

JANUARY, 1947 51 EXIT FROM ALBANIA didn’t see any sense in transferring us so delicately. (Continued from page 33) Therefore, as Joan Fultz was getting ready to go forward to be transferred, they just picked her*up as night. So we all got on a tug, including a few suit¬ they did the suitcases and threw her toward the cases that hadn’t been put on the barge yet, and destroyer. Fortunately the good sailors caught her started out. That tug-ride cannot and should not too. 1 was the last one of the females to be trans¬ be described, it was too nightmarish. We girls ferred. George and Rudi helped each of us. George were sitting on some ropes in the stern, sick as couldn’t understand how we were all of us so willing dogs. The water would rush over the decks, our to be transferred in this fashion, as it was somewhat feet were soaked, but frankly we didn’t care about risky looked at with sober eyes. So he kept asking anything at that point. George was sure that I me whether I thought I could make it, and all I was going to have the baby right then and there. could say was that it seemed to me the only choice. George also soon discovered that the barge had The Navy was aware of my condition, and as soon been left in Durazzo, as the Albanians had decided as I hit the deck of the destroyer the doctor took that the weather was too bad. This made him charge of me. I was so sick that I accepted with furious, as the only reason we hadn’t stayed ashore alacrity his offer of a sleeping pill, and I imme¬ overnight was in order to get everything on the diately got into the Captain’s bunk which had been destroyers that night. assigned to me. During all these two hours on the tug we couldn’t But as for George, his troubles were only begin¬ see the destroyers because of the mountain-like ning. He didn’t want to leave without our effects, waves, and we frankly began to think that we were and the Commodore was willing to wait even a day going to nowhere, but finally and suddenly there or two, but we were surrounded by mines every¬ was one destroyer all lit up, with sailors lined up where and the weather being so bad, we were drag¬ all over it and looking as solid as a rock. That ging our anchor and could have hit a mine quite was a welcome sight, but it turned out to be a easily. And the weather was getting even worse, different task to approach that rock. The waves and I for one could only think of firm ground under bounced us against it, then we’d be driven away my feet and was ready to forget all about our again, etc., tilt finally a rope was tied onto the bow effects. So finally, at 2 p. m. on November 15 we of the tug, and then we could still bounce against started out for Naples. All the girls except one, the destroyer, but couldn’t be driven away too far. and that wasn’t I, spent the next 24 hours in bed. During all this time, George was in the bow talking I spent the time dozing blissfully. We didn’t eat a to the commodore in command of the 2 destroyers thing except some dry toast; our heart breaks when through a megaphone. We girls were still sitting we think of the turkey dinner that the destroyer on our ropes not quite believing that we would ever wanted to greet us with! We got into Naples at live again. Then George came back and took Anne 3 p. m. on November 16. George made a thank- Shoemaker along to transfer her to the destroyer you speech over the destroyer’s radio, and then first as she was the lightest of us all. In the mean¬ we went ashore. I was put in bed, but I refused to time the Albanians on the tug had started throwing sleep before being fed. What a wonderful meal our suitcases up on the destroyer and thanks to that was! And how comfortable was that bed! the abundance of sailors along the railing every¬ Next day I was a normal human being again. thing was caught in mid-air except a hatbox of mine I have only one dress with me, and one pair of which fell in the sea. Then suddenly I saw Anne shoes, but ironically, all my hats, gloves and scarves. flying through the air too, up at the bow and a George has two shorts and has just bought himself a second later she was on the destroyer. The transfer pair of Army shoes to get rid of his tug-ridden seemed rather unusual, but we all wanted so much ones. But all this doesn’t particularly faze us. We to get off that tug that we didn’t mind, nor had have become very philosophical! we any sense of danger. All the girls were trans¬ ferred one by one, the procedure being: stand them MARRIAGES on the edge of the bow of the tug, put a life jacket DESMOND-HEISLER. Miss Jean Heisler of the around them and a rope, wait for the tug to be Division of Foreign Service Training, and FSO pushed way up by a wave, then make them take a jump for the deck of the destroyer, where they Richard Desmond were married in November. landed with the help of the sailor tugging at the BYRNE-BROWN. Miss June Brown of the Divi¬ rope and of the hands that caught them. However, sion of Foreign Service Training and FSO James the Albanians on the tug were so scared of the M. Byrne were married in November. Mr. Byrne weather that they wanted to go right back and is assigned to Bern.

52 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES (Continued from page 5) JOHN L. STEGMA1ER, of 5 Green Street, Kingston, Massachusetts, has been assigned to Shanghai as Vice Consul. A native of Massachusetts, Mr. Stegmaier received his A.B. degree from Harvard College, and did graduate work at the Harvard Graduate School and the University of North Carolina Summer School. Prior to his service with the Army, he taught at Brewster Academy, Wolfboro, New Hampshire, and Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico. Germany, and was awarded the Bronze Star. Prior to his appointment as a Foreign Service Officer, he was an in¬ structor in the Department of English at Franklin and Marshall College. RICHARD M. TYNAN, of 3415 84th Street, Jackson Heights, New York, has been assigned to Turin, Italy, as Vice Consul. Born in New York City, Mr. Tynan attended schools in Queens, New York, and Cornell University. He served for FEDERAL STORAGE three years in the Army as an interpreter during World War II. ROBERT A. WILSON, of 2915 Cresmont Avenue, Balti¬ more, Maryland, has been assigned to Warsaw, Poland, as COMPANY Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Mr. Wilson is a graduate of Johns Hopkins University Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling and attended Queens College in Flushing, New York. He served with the Army during World War II, participating and Care of Household Treasures in the Central European and Rhineland campaigns. ALEXANDER L. PEASLEE, of 718 Perry Street, Defi¬ ance, Ohio, has been assigned to Shanghai as Vice Consul. Private Rooms for Furniture Mr. Peaslee received degrees from Miami University in Certified Cold Storage Vaults for Furs Oxford, Ohio, and Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cali¬ Rug Cleaning and Storage fornia. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. As a Stall Porto-lockers and Chests for Woolens Sergeant in World War II, Mr. Peaslee was assigned to Vaults for Silverware Counter-intelligence work. Piano and Art Sections CORNELIUS J. DWYRE, of 5 Circuit Road, New Ro¬ Fumigation Chambers chelle, New York, has been assigned to London as Third Home Inspection and Insurance Service Secretary and Vice Consul. Packing and Forwarding A graduate of Yale University, 1939. Mr. Dwyre served Nation-wide Long Distance Moving as a glider pilot for four years during World War II. Prior (Allied Van Lines) to his war service, he was a news editor for Associated Lift Vans for Foreign Shipments Press and United Press, and wrote news and sportscasts (Bowling Green ) for the United Broadcasting System in Cleveland, Ohio. Motor Vans for Local Moving November 22, 1946 WILLIAM M. GWYNN, Consul General at Salonika, Greece, has been assigned in a similar capacity to Leo¬ poldville, Belgian Congo. 1701 Florida Ave. ADams5600 Bom in Detroit, Michigan, Mr. Gwynn attended school in Los Angeles, California, and received a B.L. degree Washington 9, D. C. from the University of California in 1914. He also received diplomas from Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques and Officers Directors from Ecole Nationale des Langues Orientales Vivantos, E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD both in Paris, France. During World War I, Mr. Gwynn President H. RANDOLPH BARBEE served with the American Commission for Relief in Bel¬ HAROLD N. MARSH DANIEL L. BORDEN Vice-Pres. and Counsel gium, as an ambulance driver with the French Army from M. F. CALNAN JAMES M. JOHNSTON 1917 to 1919. He was appointed to the Foreign Service Vice-Pres. and Treasurer HENRY P. ERWIN in 1926, and his posts have included Prague, Tallinn, H. RANDOLPH BARBEE D. P. GAILLARD Riga, Paris, Beirut, Athens, and Damascus. Secretary JAMES M. JOHNSTON PAUL E. TOI.SON HAROLD N. MARSH RALEIGH A. GIBSON, First Secretary at San Jose, Asst. Vice-Pres. ALLISON N. MILLER Costa, Rica, has been assigned to Salonika, Greece, as S. WEBSTER ADAMS CARROLL MORGAN Consul General. Asst. Vice-Pres. E. K. MORRIS A native of Indianapolis, Indiana, Mr. Gibson graduated A. RUSSELL BARBEE DONALD F. ROBERTS from the University of Illinois in 1917, and served as a Asst. Secretary FREDERIC N. TOWERS RAYMOND O. BABB GRIFFITH WARFIELD Lieutenant with the United States Army during World Asst. Secretary ROBERT W. WILSON War I. He entered the Foreign Service in 1920 and has formerly been assigned to Buenos Aires, Tenerife, Tegu¬ cigalpa, and Mexico City. Mr. Gibson has also served as adviser to the 4th Pan American Highway Congress, the

JANUARY, 1947 53 2nd Inter-American Conference on Agriculture and the Inter-American Demographic Congress. CURTIS C. JORDAN, of Los Angeles, California, Con¬ sul at San Luis Potosi, Mexico, has been transferred to Loureneo Marques, Africa, as Consul General. BARR SERVICE Mr. Jordon attended public schools in San Diego and Los Angeles, and received his LL.B. from the University Thirty Years of Continuous Service to of Southern California. After serving with the Army in Exporters and Importers France during World War I, Mr. Jordan joined the For¬ eign Service in 1919, and has since been stationed at Port-au-Prince, Helsingfors, Havana, Barcelona, Bilbao, • Madrid and Madras. ROBERT C. MACATEE, now serving as Consul Gen¬ International eral at Istanbul, Turkey, has been assigned to Jerusalem in a similar capacity. A native of Front Royal, Virginia, Mr. Macatee graduated SHIPPING AGENTS from the Front Royal High School and attended George Washington University. He was appointed Vice Consul FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS in May, 1920, and was assigned to Geneva. Since then he has served in London, Nassau, Bradford, Belgrade and Zurich. FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE CLARENCE E. MACY, of 1244 St. Louis Street, Ed- wardsville, Illinois, Consul at Karachi, India, has been BROKERS assigned to Istanbul, Turkey, as Consul General, his as¬ signment to Tahiti having been cancelled. A graduate of the State Preparatory School of the Uni¬ INSURANCE versity of Colorado, Mr. Macy served as a Sergeant Major in World War I. llis first Foreign Service post was • Coblenz, Germany, and he has subsequently been assigned to Dakar, Senegal; Port Elizabeth, South Africa; and Tampico, Mexico. BARR SHIPPING COMPANY JAMES P. MOFFITT, Consul General at Caracas, is able to help its clients achieve that most Venezuela, has been transferred to Monterrey, Mexico, in a similar capacity. important factor in international trade— After receiving his LL.B. from Fordham University, Mr. mutual understanding and confidence be¬ Moffitt practiced law from 1910 to 1917, at which time he tween seller and buyer. joined the U. S. Army as a Lieutenant in the Quarter¬ master Corps. He was appointed to the Foreign Service For thirty years BARR SHIPPING COM¬ in 1920, and has since served at Brussels, Rangoon, Cape PANY has dealt with exporters and import¬ Town, Johannesburg, Loureneo Marques, Marseille, Stutt¬ ers in a score of foreign countries, and gart and Amsterdam. KARL L. RANKIN, of South Bridgton, Maine, Coun¬ experience is a good teacher. selor for Economic Affairs at Athens, Greece, has been In the export business, perhaps mo'e than transferred to Vienna, Austria, in a similar capacity. Mr. Rankin studied at the Federal Polytechnic in in any other, it is fundamentally true that: Zurich, Switzerland, and Heidelberg University in Ger¬ GOODWILL is an asset many, and received a C.E. from Princeton in 1922. He was construction superintendent of the Near East Relief Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates in Russia from 1922 to 1925, and subsequently was ap¬ pointed assistant trade commissioner at Prague. Since • joining the Foreign Service in 1939, Mr. Rankin’s foreign posts has included Belgrade, Cairo and Manila. On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet WILLIAM K. AILSHIE, of 219 East Jefferson Street, Boise, Idaho, Second Secretary and Vice Consul at Mexico containing American Foreign Trade Definitions. City, has been similarly assigned to the Embassy at Oslo, Norway. • Son of Judge James F. Ailshie, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Idaho, Mr. Ailshie graduated from the University of Washington, and studied further at Cam¬ BARR SHIPPING bridge University, England, and the Sorbonne in Paris. He was appointed to the Foreign Service in 1929, and COMPANY has served in Havana, Caracas, Batavia, Warsaw and 7 HARRY K. BARR, President Montreal. He w as also a member of the U. S. Delegation to the Third Inter-American Agricultural Conference and to the San Francisco Conference, and an adviser to the Third International Labor Organ) cation Conference of 25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. American States in Mexico. HENRY B. DAY, of New Haven, Connecticut, now CABLE: —All Codes — BARRSHIFCO serving in the Department of State, has been assigned to Edinburgh, Scotland, as Consul.

54 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A graduate of Yale University, Mr. Day also attended the University of Berlin, and received a diploma from Ecole Libre des Sciences Politique in Paris. In 1930 he joined the Foreign Service and was appointed to Naples, Italy, as Vice Consul. Since then he has served at Singa¬ pore, Hong Kong, Manila, Adelaide, Sydney and Noumea, New Caledonia. FAYETTE J. FLEXER, First Secretary at Buenos Aires, Argentina, has been similarly assigned to Manila. • A native of Illinois, Mr. Flexer graduated from Joliet Township High School, and attended the University of Illinois. Prior to his overseas service with the Army in World War I, he did engineering work in Hawaii, Aus¬ tralia and South Africa. Mr. Flexer was appointed a Foreign Service Officer in 1927, and his posts have in¬ cluded Havana, Panama, Santiago, Dakar, Tangier and Madrid. BENJAMIN R. RIGGS, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Consul at Malmo, Sweden, has been assigned to the De¬ partment of State. Mr. Riggs was educated at schools in Italy and Switzer¬ land, and is a graduate of Columbia University. He was appointed to the Foreign Service in 1919, and has served at Rome, Madrid, Bucharest, Ottawa, Bern, Budapest, Tirana, Helsinki, Port Said and Asmara. December 3, 1946 Overseas Branches T. S. BLOODWORTH, JR., of 1435 Parker Street, Shreveport, has been assigned to Calcutta, India, as Vice Consul. ARGENTINA CUBA PERU Buenos Aires Havana Lima A native of Natchez, Mississippi, Mr. Bloodworth gradu¬ Flores Cuatro Caininos ated with honors from Tulane University in 1942, and (liuenos Aires) ( //uvariu) PHILIPPINE studied further at the University of Virginia. Prior to his Plaza Once Galiano ISLANDS (liuenos Aires) appointment in the Foreign Service, he served as a Cor¬ Rosario (Havana) Manila La Lonja poral in the Army from 1943 to 1946. BRAZIL (Havana) PUERTO RICO JOHN W. BOWLING, of 18 North Cherokee St., Pryor, Rio de Janeiro Caibarien Pernambuco San J uau Oklahoma, has been assigned to Lagos, West Africa, as Cardenas Arccibo Santos Manzanillo Vice Consul. Sao Paulo Bayamon A graduate of George Washington University, Mr. Bowl¬ Matanzas Caguas CANAL ZONE Santiago M a y a guez ing also studied at the University of Oklahoma. During Balboa Ponce World War II he entered the Army as a Corporal and Cristobal ENGLAND was later commissioned as a First Lieutenant. After serv¬ CHILE London REPUBLIC OF ing with the Military Government in Austria, Mr. Bowling Santiago 117, Old Broad St. PANAMA was discharged in April 1946 and was employed as a Valparaiso ll,WaterlooPlacc Panama civilian by the War Department until his appointment to CHINA INDIA Shanghai Bombay SING APOR E the Foreign Service. Tientsin CLARENCE T. BREAUX, of New Iberia, Louisiana, Calcutta IIONG KONG URUGUAY has been assigned to Buenos Aires, Argentina, as Third JAPAN Montevideo Secretary and Vice Consul. COLOMBIA Tokyo (Limited) Bogota A native of New Iberia, Mr. Breaux received his A.B. Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA from St. Mary’s University in Texas. Prior to his appoint¬ Medellin Mexico City Caracas ment to the Foreign Service on July 18, 1946, he served with the Army for five years. 66 BRANCHES IN GREATER NEW YORK WILLIAM S. CALDWELL, of 1772 Jefferson Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, has been assigned to Rome, as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Cor respondent Banks in Every Commercially Born in Farmer, South Dakota, Mr. Caldwell graduated Important City of the World from the University of Minnesota, and did post-graduate work at Boston College in Massachusetts. Prior to his service with the Army during World War II, he was a reporter on the Winona Republican-Herald, and also con¬ tributed to The Minnesota Daily and Esquire. When traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit JOHN H. CLAGETT, of Bowling Green, Kentucky, has been assigned to Oslo, Norway, as Third Secretary and or Travelers Checks. They safeguard your Vice Consul. Mr. Clagett attended Western Kentucky State Teachers funds against the hazards of loss or theft. College and graduated from the United States Naval Academy. During World War II he served as a Lt. Com¬ mander in the Navy in the Southwest Pacific, and was Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation awarded the Purple Heart. STANLEY M. CLEVELAND, of 200 Chase Avenue,

JANUARY, 1947 55 Winter Park, Florida, has been assigned to Sofia, Bul¬ Press in Los Angeles until his appointment to the Foreign garia, as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Service Mr. Cleveland is a graduate of Princeton University, and THOMAS T. TURNER, of 856 Cordova Street, San served with the Army in the European Theatre of Opera¬ Diego, California, has been assigned to Tunis, North tions during World War II. Africa, as Vice Consul. RODGER P. DAVIES, of 14 Rock Lane, Berkeley, A graduate of the University of Oregon, Mr. Turner California, has been assigned to Jidda, Saudi Arabia, as served with the Army in the campaigns of Northern Third Secretary and Vice Consul. France, the Rhineland and Central Europe during World Mr. Davies was educated in Berkeley, California, and War II. graduated from the University of California with a B.A. JACKSON W. WILSON, of 2842 San Gabriel Street, in Economics. He entered the Army as a Corporal in Austin, Texas, has been assigned to Quito, Ecuador as 1943, and was discharged in 1946 as a Second Lieutenant. Third Secretary and Vice Consul. ENOCH S. DUNCAN, of 2355 Riverside Drive, Knox¬ A graduate of the University of Texas, Mr. Wilson ville, Tennessee, has been assigned to Cairo as Third served with the Army for four years during World War II. Secretary and Vice Consul. He was Assistant to the Registrar of the University of Mr. Duncan is a graduate of the University of Tennessee, Texas prior to his appointment to the Foreign Service. and was an instructor in its English Department from ROBERT L. YOST, of 1746 Asbury Drive, Pasadena, January 1946 until he was appointed to the Foreign California, has been assigned to Madrid, Spain, as Third Service. During World War II, he served with the Air Secretary and Vice Consul. Corps as a First Lieutenant in the Mediterranean Theatre, A graduate of Pasadena Jr. College and the University and was awarded the Air Medal with three Oak Leaf of California in Los Angeles, Mr. Yost served with the Clusters. Army in the European Theatre during World War II. ALFRED L. JENKINS, of Pinehaven Farm, Baxley, Mr. Yost’s father, Bartley F. Yost, was a Foreign Service Georgia, has been assigned to Peiping, China, as Vice Officer from 1908 until his retirement in 1935. Consul. THOMAS D. McKIERNAN, of 119 Ridgewood Avenue, Mr. Jenkins graduated in 1938 from Emory University Holyoke, Massachusetts, has been assigned to Casablanca, in Atlanta, Georgia, with honors in philosophy, and North Africa, as Vice Consul. studied further at Duke University and the University of Mr. McKiernan is a graduate of Boston University, and Chicago. In 1940-41 he was Principal of the Baxley, attended Boston University Law School. He served as a Georgia, Junior High School, and the following year was Captain in the Army in the European Theatre during Superintendent of Schools in Naylor, Georgia. After four World War II. years’ service with the Army, Mr. Jenkins was employed as MARTIN F. HERZ, of 59 East 75th Street, New York a Far Eastern Consultant in the Military Intelligence City, has been assigned to Vienna, Austria, as Third Service of the War Department, until his appointment to Secretary and Vice Consul. the Foreign Service. Educated abroad and at Columbia University School ROBERT W. MOORE, of 7824 S. Sangamon Street, of Business, Mr. Herz served as a Major in the Army Chicago, Illinois, has been assigned to Asuncion, Para¬ during World War II. He was awarded the Purple Heart guay, as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. at Anzio, and the Bronze Star. Mr. Herz is co-author of A native of Iowa, Mr. Moore, graduated from the Uni¬ “The Golden Ladle,” a book for children. versity of Chicago, with a B.A. in Business Administra¬ WILLIAM W. PHELPS, JR., of Hackensack, New Jersey, tion. He was inducted into the Army as a Private in 1943 has been assigned to Habana, Cuba, as Third Secretary and was discharged as a First Lieutenant in May, 1946. and Vice Consul. ANDREW E. OLSON, of 1122 N. 84th Street, Seattle, Mr. Phelps is a graduate of St. Mark’s School and Washington, has been assigned to Vienna, Austria, as Yale University. He was inducted into the Army as a Third Secretary and Vice Consul. Private in 1941, serving in North Africa, Sicily and Italy, Mr. Olson graduated from the University of Washing¬ and was discharged as a Major in 1946. ton Phi Beta Kappa, and studied further at Brown Uni¬ versity. During World War II he served as a Sergeant in December 3, 1946 the Rhineland and Central Europe, and was awarded two The Department of State has announced that the fol¬ Bronze Stars. lowing newly appointed Foreign Service Officers have been RUFUS Z. SMITH, of 871 Loraine Avenue, Springfield, assigned to the Department of State for training: Illinois, has been assigned to Amsterdam, The Netherlands, LAWRENCE N. CHAMBERLIN, of 3221 Gaylord Ave¬ as Vice Consul. nue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A native of Springfield, Illinois, Mr. Smith graduated A graduate of the University of Pittsburgh, Mr. Cham¬ from Illinois College, and served with the Army for three berlin served as a Lt. Colonel in the Army during World years during World War II. War II. CLYDE W. SNIDER, of 4375 Trias Street, San Diego, MARTIN P. DETELS, JR., of 64 Westgate Boulevard, California, has been assigned to Madrid, Spain, as Third Plandome, New York. Secretary and Vice Consul. A native of Brooklyn, New York, Mr. Detels graduated Mr. Snider received an A.B. from San Diego State from Williams College in 1943 and served with the United College, and an M.A. from the University of California. States Army until 1946. During World War II he served as a Captain in the Army ALEXANDER JOHNPOLL, of 609 N. Girard, Albuquer¬ in the Mediterranean Theatre. que, New Mexico. LYNNE D. STORA, of 1690 Beach Street, San Fran¬ Mr. Johnpoll was born in New York City, and received cisco, California has been assigned to Montevideo, Uruguay, his A.B. from the University of New Mexico in 1941. He as Third Secretary and Vice Consul. was a teacher with the Santa Fe County Board of Educa¬ Mr. Stora studied at Los Angeles City College and tion prior to his four years’ service with the Army. graduated from the University of California in 1942. Dur¬ OLIVER L. TROXEL, JR., of 1616 13th Avenue, Greeley, ing World War II he served with the Army in North Colorado. Africa. Subsequently he became a reporter for United Mr. Troxel graduated from George Washington Uni-

56 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL EMBLEMS OF QUALITY PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

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versity in 1940, and received his M.A. at William and Theatre until his discharge in 1945. Prior to his appoint¬ Mary in 1941. Prior to being commissioned as a Foreign ment to the Foreign Service, Mr. Blow was an interviewer Service Officer, he taught in the Department of Economics with the Unemployment Compensation Commission of at the College of William and Mary, and served for two North Carolina. and a half years with the Army. • EDWARD V. LINDBERG, of 529 Stellar Avenue, Pel¬ EDWIN M. HARBORDT, of 6515 Summit Street, Kan¬ ham Manor, New York. sas City, Missouri. » Born in Nicaragua, Mr. Lindberg is a graduate of Pel¬ Mr. Harbordt is a graduate of the Junior College of ham Memorial High School, and Columbia University. Kansas City, and the University of Missouri. He had During World War II, he served as a First Lieutenant in three years’ service with the Army during World War II. the Army in the Pacific. SAM L. YATES, JR., of 1104 N. Military, Detroit, WILLIAM N. STOKES, of 93 Delafield Place, Staten Michigan. Island, New York. Mr. Yates received degrees from Wayne University and A graduate of Columbia University, Mr. Stokes also the University of Michigan, and served as a Captain in studied at Manhattan College, Staten Island, and the Uni¬ the Army during World War II. Prior to his appointment versity of Chicago. As a Captain in the Air Corps, he to the Foreign Service, he was an instructor of English was a weather forecaster, and editor of the Weather at Wayne University. Service Bulletin during World War II. C. H. WALTER HOWE, of 57 Bonn Place, Weehawken, December 9, 1946 New Jersey. LARUE R. LUTKINS, of 1120 Fifth Avenue, New A graduate of Dartmouth College, Mr. Howe served York City, now assigned to the Department of State, has with the Military Government in Europe during World been transferred to Peiping, China, as Vice Consul. War II. A graduate of St. Mark’s School and Yale University, WARREN S. MOORE. JIL, of 110 Northwest 22nd Mr. Lutkins was commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. in 1942. His first post was Habana, Cuba, and he has sub¬ A graduate of the University of Oklahoma, Mr. Moore sequently served at Nueva Gerona, Cuba, and Chungking, also studied at the East Central State College, in Oklahoma, China. and at the University of Minnesota. During World War II ROBERT W. RINDEN, of 133 K. Avenue East, Oska- he served as a Staff Sergeant in the European Theatre. loosa, Iowa, now assigned to the Department of State, STUART BLOW, of Washington, North Carolina. has been transferred to Peiping, China, as Vice Consul. Born in Edenton, North Carolina, Mr. Blow graduated A native of Iowa, Mr. Rinden holds degrees from Wil¬ from the University of North Carolina with an A.B. degree. liam Penn College and the Harvard Graduate School of He entered the Army in 1940 and served in the European Business Administration. He was commissioned as a For-

JANUARY, 1947 57 eign Service Officer in 1938 and his posts have included Hong Kong, Montreal, Johannesburg and Ottawa, as well as an assignment to the United Nations Conference in San Francisco in 1945. SAMUEL II. DAY, of Berkeley, California, Counselor of Legation for Economic Affairs at Pretoria, South Africa, has been assigned to New Delhi, India, as Counselor of Embassy for Economic Affairs. Born in California, Mr. Day received a B.L. from the University of California in 1910, and a J.D. in 1912, and for the next five years was engaged in private law practice in San Francisco. He served in France as a Captain in the Army during World War I, and with the Army of Occupation in Germany. Prior to his appointment to the Foreign Service in 1927, Mr. Day worked with the War Department Claims Board and with the Bureau of For¬ eign and Domestic Commerce, in Washington, D.C. During World War II he was assigned as head of the Anglo- American Mission to the Belgian Congo in 1942, and as alternative to the American Minister on the Joint Supply Council for the Union of South Africa from 1943 to 1945. JAMES M. GILCHRIST, of 128 East 8th Street, Hins¬ dale, Illinois, Vice Consul at Brisbane, Australia, has been assigned to Canberra, Australia, as Third Secretary. A graduate of Cornell University, Mr. Gilchrist has previously been assigned to Managua, Nicaragua, and Lagos, Nigeria. WILLIAM L. PECK, of Washington, Connecticut, Consul at Perth, Australia, has been assigned as Consul at Bris¬ bane, Australia. A native of Connecticut, Mr. Peck attended the Gunnery School, and received a B.A. from Trinity College in 1916. He studied further at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1919. During World War I he served with the 2nd Division in France, and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre and the Purple Heart. Prior to being commissioned a Foreign Service Officer in 1922, Mr. Peck was a clerk in the American Consulate in Stockholm for two years. A consul in Marseille in 1942, he was interned by the. Germans and was later taken to Baden-Baden, Germany, where he was interned until his release in March of 1944. DAVID W. BERGER, of Gretna, Virginia, Consul Gen¬ eral and First Secretary at Nanking, China, has been as¬ signed to the Staff of the U. S. Political Adviser at Tokyo, Japan. « After attending Roanoke College and Georgetown Uni¬ versity, Mr. Berger had fifteen months active duty with the U. S. Navy in European waters during World War I. Commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer in 1920, he has subsequently served at Peking, Shanghai, Buenos Aires and Chungking. J. HALL PAXTON, of Galesburg, Illinois, Consul at Chungking, China, has been assigned as Consul at Tihwa, China. A graduate of the Shanghai American School, Phillips Andover and Yale University, Mr. Paxton studied further at Cambridge University, England, and Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques, Paris, France. He was commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer in 1925, and his foreign posts have included Nanking, Peking, Canton, Shanghai and Tehran. F. LESTER SUTTON, of Bridgeton, New Jersey, Third Secretary and Consul at Tehran, Iran, has been assigned to Tabriz, Iran, as Consul. Mr. Sutton is a graduate of DePauw University, and re¬ ceived an M.A. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1937. Commissioned as a Foreign Service Officer in 1941, he has since served at Windsor, Canada; Habana, Cuba; and Basra, Iraq. (To be continued in the next issue)

58 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE MILESTONES 1895-1946

(Continued from, page 17)

1945 Act of May 3, 1945. 1. Raised salary ceilings and instituted a classification system for administrative and clerical personnel. 2. Authorized assignment of qualified Gov¬ ernment personnel for special duty with the Foreign Service.

1946 The Act of August 13, 1946 (Foreign Service Act of 1946) 1. Classifies all Foreign Service personnel into five basic groups: Ambassadors and Ministers; Foreign Service officers; Foreign Service Reserve officers; Foreign Service staff officers and employees and alien personnel. 2. Reduces the number of classes of For¬ eign Service officers from eleven to seven, and establishes the new class of Career Minister. 3. Establishes a new arm of the Service Harry S. Truman made up of the Foreign Service Reserve offi- cers, specialists in various fields serving for limited periods of time. 4. Also sets up a Foreign Service staff arm composed of all other American employees of the Service, provides a classification sys¬ tem for such personnel and salaries ranging up to $10,000 per annum. 5. Raises pay scale, permitting payment of salaries up to $25,000 for ambassadors and $13,500 for Foreign Service officers. 6. Provides a more adequate allowance structure for all Foreign Service personnel serving abroad. 7. Creates a Foreign Service Institute which will train Foreign Service personnel progres¬ sively throughout their careers. 8. Provides for home leave after two years abroad for all personnel and requires that all Foreign Service officers serve at least three of their first fifteen years of service in the United States. 9. Establishes a promotion-up or selection- out procedure designed to eliminate officers not up to the requirements of the Service and to insure promotion of qualified officers at a rate which will permit them to reach the top of the Service while still relatively youth- ful and vigorous.

JANUARY, 1947 THE FOREIGN SERVICE IN THE 11. Earle, Edward Meade—Makers of Modern NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE Strategy. Princeton University Press, Prince¬ (Continued from, page 10) ton, New Jersey. 553 pages, $3.35. 1943. 12. Sprout, Harold & Margaret—Foundations of 5. Becker, Carl Lotus—How New Will the Better National Power. Princeton University Press, World Be. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 246 Princeton, New Jersey. 774 pages, $4.25. 1945. pages, $2.50. 1944. 13. Foreign Policy Association Headline Books, 6. Dulles, Foster Rhea—Road to Teheran. Prince¬ (25 cents each): ton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Bailey, Thomas A. — America’s Foreign 264 pages, $2.00. 1939. Policies Dean, Vera Micheles—After Victory 8. Robbins, Lional Charles—Economic Causes of Emeny, Brooks — Mainsprings of World War. The Macmillan Company, New York. Politics 124 pages, $1.35. 1940. Johnstone, William Crane—The Changing Far 9. Schwarzchild, Leopold—Primer of the Coming East World. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 309 Miller, Helen Day Hill—France, Crossroads of pages, $2.50. 1944. a Continent 10. Hansen, Alvin Harvey—America’s Role in Pribicevic, Stojan—Spotlight on the Balkans World Economy. Norton & Co., Inc., New Reid, Charles Frederick—Overseas America York. 197 pages, $2.50. 1945. Van Valkenburg, Samuel—European Jigsaw

NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE Washington 25, D. C. SCHEDULE Fifth Week, 30 Sept.—4 Oct. 1946 COMMITTEE WORK, LECTURE SEMINARS AND DATE TIME (All lectures will be in auditorium B) SPECIAL ACTIVITIES Monday 0845 HI (2) ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER—Prof. 30 Sept. Harold H. Sprout 1030 III (3) IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHY ON NATIONAL POWER—Dr. Isaiah Bowman Tuesday 1030 III (4) DEMOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL Read “The Facts of Life” by 1 Oct. POWER—Dr. Frank W. Notestein Notestein in -June Atlantic Monthly. 1330 Seminars A-D meet in assigned rooms. Wednesday 1030 I (10) PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE 2 Oct. BIKINI TESTS—Vice Admiral William H. Blandy 1330 Seminars E-H meet in assigned rooms. Thursday 0845 Committees 1-4 meet in as- 3 Oct. signed rooms. 1030 II (10) OBJECTIVES OF STATE POLICY—Prof. Arnold 0. Wolfers Friday 0845 Committees 5-8 meet in as- 4 Oct. signed rooms. 1030 III (5) POLITICAL. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SO- CIAL ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER —Prof. Sigmund Neumann

60 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE OUTLINE OF COURSE First Semester: 3 September—20 December 1946 Politico-Military Aspects of International Relations and United States Foreign Policy I. Basic Factors in International II. Objectives and Capabilities of III. U. S. Foreign Policy Prob- Relations Principal Powers lems 3 September—8 October 9 October—18 November 19 November—21 December

Weeks General Topics Weeks General Topics Weeks General Topics 1-4 I. Security in the Atom¬ 6- 8 IV. Russia 12-13 VIII. U. S. Policy and ic Age Vital Interests 2-4 II. International 8- 9 V. British Common¬ 13-14 VIII. Commitments and Politics wealth (con) Responsibilities in Lectures • 5-6 III. Factors of War 9-11 VI. Europe and Near Europe; Latin Potential East America and Far 11 VII. Far East East 15 VIII. U. S. Policy and (con) International Or¬ ganization

Committee '1-6 Security in the Atomic Age 7-11 War Potential of Se¬ 12-15 Problems in Formula¬ Work - lected Nations tion of U. S. Foreign Policy

r 1-6 Indoctrination in Method; 7-12 Presentation of Indi¬ 12-16 Preparation and Presen¬ Seminar and Intergroup Discussion. vidual Reports tation of Group Reports < Preparation of Individual Reports

To the Joreign Service Officers THE MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE announces the publication of of the United States ♦ THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL A quarterly appearing first in January, 1947 UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY Leading articles on current problems and COMPANY puts at your disposal its service in conditions in the Middle East. writing your bond. Special attention is given Also the following features: to the requirements of Foreign Service Officers. Developments of the Quarter Our Washington office specializes in this Selected Documents service. Chronology Bibliography of Periodical Material ♦ Reviews of Recent Books in the Field $1.50 THE COPY $6.00 THE YEAR UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY COMPANY Postpaid to any address in the world. Chris. A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager THE MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE 1616 EYE ST., N. W. Devoted to promotion of better understanding be¬ Washington 5, D. C. tween the United States and the countries of the Middle East. Telephone—NAtional 0913 Annual Membership $10.00 Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide” 1906 Florida Ave., N. W., Washington 9, D. C.

JANUARY, 1947 61 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued, from, page 27) Frederick D. Hunt entertained at a large reception ARABIAN AMERICAN OIL CO. at the Consulate on Wednesday evening, November the thirteenth to celebrate the “Diamond Jubilee” of that office. The first American Consulate in Nuevo Laredo was established on November 13, 1871, just seventy-five years ago, and has operated continuously despite rigorous days. The reception was attended by all of the officials PETROLEUM PRODUCTION of both Nuveo Laredo and Laredo, Texas. Among AND REFINING other refreshments there was a huge birthday cake on which was inscribed in Spanish the phrase, “75 Years.” Two sets of musicians played and Radio Station XEFE broadcast from the Consulate for two hours presenting a description of the party, the music, and interviewing many of the guests. Ear¬ lier in the day, Mr. Hunt gave a fifteen minute review of the history of the Consulate over the Mutual Broadcasting Co., from Laredo, Texas. 200 Bush Street MONTERREY San Francisco Dhahran California Saudi Arabia December 4, 1946. The retirement of Consul General Henry S. Waterman caused considerable sorrow in Monter¬ rey and was the occasion for more than the usual number of despedidas. The Watermans were on vacation up to late in October, so that the little more than a month remaining between their return to Monterrey and November 30 was crowded with luncheons, teas, cocktails, and dinners, and the packing at home and the rushed business of turning over an office almost became a relaxation. The high spot in the round of despedidas for the Watermans was very appropriately a Thanksgiving dinner. Since their arrival in Monterrey in 1941 the Watermans have made it a practice to entertain the American colony at a turkey and cranberry sauce American Thanksgiving dinner. This year the colony gave the Watermans the dinner. More than 250 friends of the Watermans’, Mexican and LONG active in promoting commerct American, attended. A going away present of a among the peoples of the Americas, large ice bucket and tongs of Mexican silver was the Chase National Bank today is in the presented to the Watermans on behalf of those at¬ tending the dinner. During the party it was agreed vanguard of those institutions which are by the American colony that the Thanksgiving fostering Pan-American relations by the Dinner should become an institution, one which will promotion of trade and travel. he a tribute to the affection with which the Water¬ ( mans are regarded here. Just before he signed Form 5, turning over the THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK office, on November 30, the staff gathered in Mr. Waterman’s office and presented him with a large Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation handsome cigarette box of Mexican silver. I J JUAN DE ZENGOTITA.

62 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ZURICH November 11, 1946. IN NEW YORK CITY Sam E. Woods, American Consul General at SHOP BY PROXY Zurich, was presented on November 6, 1946 by PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE Ask me to attend to your orders. Brig. General Legge, Military Attache, Bern, the One letter for everything. Medal of Freedom, which had been awarded Mr. Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or United S*ates Despatch Agent. Woods by the War Department for his outstanding Outfitter for men, women, children services to American aviators who had landed in Nettleton’s Shoes for Men. Switzerland during the war. The citation read as Table Delicacies and Household Necessities. follows: MISS E. J. TYNER Consul General Sam Woods rendered valuable Murray Hill Hotel services to the United States Military Attache, Bern, 112 Park Avenue New York City Switzerland, through his untiring efforts in caring Telephone: Murray Hill 5-5479 for the physical needs of American aviators who made forced or crash landings in Switzerland from August 1943 to May 1945. By his constant and WHEN YOUR HEART solicitous visits to the sick and wounded, he con¬ SAYS “REMEMBER”... tributed materially to their morale and comfort. By supplementing the work of the Military At¬ Wire FLOWERS tache’s Office during this trying period and giving t> No other remem¬ first priority to these important tasks, Consul Gen¬ brance expresses eral Woods rendered a patriotic service of unusual your sentiments so value to the American Army. perfectly Numerous friends of Mr. and Mrs. Woods in the Legation at Bern, the officers of the Consulate Gen¬ eral, Zurich, their wives and the officers of the Military Attache’s office were invited by the Gen¬ 1212 F Street N. W. eral and Mrs. Legge to a cocktail party at their Authorized F.T.D. Member Washington, D. C. home to celebrate the occasion. PHIL H. HUBBARD. DURBAN October 17, 1946 Consul E. Talbot Smith, on the occasion of his recent departure from Durban for reassignment, received a most unusual tribute from the City of Durban in the form of a concert in his honor given by the Municipal Orchestra, under the direc¬ tion of Mr. Edward Dunn, the City’s Musical Direc¬ tor. The concert, which was held in the Durban City Hall was advertised by press and radio as a special tribute to Mr. Smith, and all members of the Consular Corps and American residents of MIDDLE COLOMBIA COSTA RICA Durban were especially invited. The program in¬ AMERICA CUBA cluded music of many nations, but the prime bit Since the turn of the century, DOMINICAN was Aaron Copeland’s “Lincoln Portrait,” for which the United Fruit Company’s REPUBLIC Mr. G. H. Galpin, the well-known South African Great White Fleet has served ECUADOR radio commentator and author, acted as narrator. Middle America, transporting EL SALVADOR great cargoes and thousands of GUATEMALA Mr. Smith, Vice Consul Duggan and Mrs. Duggan passengers to and from the HONDURAS were guests of the Mayor of Durban, who also gave lands of our nearest neighbors JAMAICA, B. W. I. a private reception after the concert. to the South. NICARAGUA In addition to this unique concert, Mr. Smith was If you have a shipping prob¬ PANAMA lem involving any of the coun¬ CANAL ZONE also honored by numerous parties by members of tries listed here, please call on us. PANAMA the American and local community and was guest of honor at a meeting of the local Rotary Club GREAT WHITE FLEET giving a talk on the experiences of an American UNITED FRUIT COMPANY Foreign Service Officer. R. AUSTIN ACLY Pier 3, North River, New York 6, N. Y., WHitehall 4-1700

JANUARY, 1947 63 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Canned Salmon Allis-Chalmers 1 49 American Eastern Corp 48 An Appetizing, Nu¬ tritious, Easily Kept American Security and Trust Company 37 and Transported Arabian American Oil Co 62 Sea Food Association of Pacific Fisheries 64 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC FISHERIES Barr Shipping Company 54 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Brewood 64

Calvert School 64

Chase National Bank 62 HOME STUDY COURSI Federal Storage Company 53 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co 6 Kindergarten through Ninth Cra Goodyear . 39

Grace Line 5 This famous school, with a successful achievement record, will give your child sound schooling wherever you live. Gude’s 63 Widely used by State Department members. Start any time. C*+*loq on request. Heublein’s Club Cocktails 41

CALVERT SCHOOL Liggett & Myers ' 2 130 Tuscany Road, Baltimore 10, Md. Mayflower Hotel 40

Middle East Journal 61

National City Bank 55

National Distillers Corp 46

National Geographic Magazine 45

Pan-American Airways, Inc 42

Schenley Products.. II and III COVERS

Security Storage Company of Washington 37

Sinclair 3

Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 57

Texaco Petroleum Products.. __ 58

Tyner, Miss E. J. 63

United Fruit Company 63

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company. 61

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER

Williams, R. C., & Co 4

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL when writing to advertisers.

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