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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ROBERT F. WOODWARD Interview

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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ROBERT F. WOODWARD Interview The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ROBERT F. WOODWARD Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: May 5, 1987 Copyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Impact of Foreign Ser ice Childhood Foreign Ser ice Salary during depression Buenos Aires Language Training Bogot#, Columbia 1936 - 1937 ,ecruiting from humble backgrounds Origin of drafting skills DC- posts .ational /ar College Ambassador to Costa ,ica 1901-1902 Appointment Preparation for position3 Ellis Briggs, Larry Duggan, Spain Costa ,ican highway project CIA6s awareness of impending in asion .icaraguan in asion of Costa ,ica Airplane attack and OAS6s re7uirement for planes ,etaliatory air raid on Nicaragua CIA6s attitude toward Costa ,ica6s Figueres go ernment Embassy staff Ambassador to 8ruguay 1902-1961 Problems with wool trade 8ruguay6s sei9ure of 8.S. packing plants Castroism and anti-8.S. sentiments 8.S. policy toward 8ruguay Cross ties case -eeting representational costs 1 Finding wholesale scotch supplies President Eisenhower6s isit ,ole of CIA Ambassador to Chile 1961 Bay of Pigs Alliance for Progress Visit from Ellis Briggs and Adlai Ste enson Dean ,usk6s offer of Assistant Secretary for Latin American Affairs Assistant Secretary for Latin American Affairs 1961-1962 ,eturn to /ashington .ature of 8.S. ambassadors to Latin America Alliance for Progress meeting First of December -assacre Hickenlooper Amendment3 withholding aid from Haiti Colombian resolution and the break the Castro -adrid, Spain 1962-1960 8.S. military bases in Spain Dealing with Spanish go ernment CIA in Spain Polio inoculations and 8.S. = Spanish relations Ad isor to Panama Canal Treaty 1960-1967 Draft treaties Turning down Ambassadorship to 8ruguay ,etirement Conclusion Accomplishment3 Inter = American highway Economic conditions in So iet 8nion Cuba and Castro Frustration3 CIA Public speaking skills Spanish proficiency Family in the Foreign Ser ice Coup against President Arben9 in Guatemala 1901 Di ision of American ,epublic Affairs 1932-1912 Taco Somo9a of Nicaragua Good Neighbor Policy /est Coast Affairs 8.S. influence in Latin America Fear of communism 2 Summer /ells ?Bicycle ,e olution“ in Boli ia George -essersmith /alter Donnelly Commerce and State foreign ser ice amalgamation Outbreak of /orld /ar II and effects on relations La Pa9, Boli ia 1912-1911 Boli ia6s liberal mining law contro ersy Break in relations In charge of mission -o miento Nacionial ,e oluacionario A-.,) Ar a /arren = e acuation of Germans and Capanese Acting chief of Office of North /est Coast Affairs 1911 Hochschild kidnapping Guatemala 1911-1916 -ilitary coup d6etat Elections and constitutional con ention Spruille Braden emissary to inauguration Visit of ,oy Tasco Da is Earth7uake Ha ana, Cuba 1916-1917 Deputy chief of mission Ambassador Harry Norweb Aand wife) Herbert Hoo er isit Communism and Fidel Castro Deputy Director of American ,epublic Affairs 1917-1919 Spruille Braden and his anti-Peron campaign Cubans plot to o erthrow Trujillo -ob iolence in Bogota during OAS conference -cCarthy /orkings of Bureau .ational /ar College 1919-1900 Stockholm, Sweden 1900-1902 DC- to /alton Butterworth ChargE but no eFtra pay Swedish steel and ball-bearings ,alph Bunche replaces Count Bernadotte 3 Chief of Foreign Ser ice Personnel 1902-1903 Cohn and Schine pair Dulles and -cCarthy Communist witch hunt Cohn Patton Da ies Cack Cabot Henry Holland CIA Honduras plot against Arben9 in Guatemala INTERVIEW Q: Ambassador, we were talking about the dual structure of looking at your career. /OOD/A,D3 As I mentioned to you, I think this discussion di ides itself basically into two parts. The first thing, so that we can dispose of it 7uickly, is the Foreign Ser iceGs effect on my life and my own personal welfare. I can say, in summary, that the Foreign Ser ice has turned out to be, really, my whole life. It has been tremendously fortunate for me. I couldnGt ha e asked for a more interesting and educational eFperience, and it has led, in arious respects, to my ha ing a ery happy home life and a family that is satisfying, an intellectual life with plenty of 7uestions to contemplate for the rest of my life, and the kind of security that e ery person in our economic system aspires to. I am grateful for the opportunity I ha e had to participate in trying to sol e some fairly large problemsH to make some contribution to what we might call GprogressGH to become well ac7uainted with understanding people I might only ha e read about or seen on TVH and to ac7uire a wide circle of friends and ac7uaintances from the Foreign Ser ice. .ow the 7uestion is3 is it ad isable to recruit people in the way that I was recruitedI I came from a family of ery modest circumstances in -inneapolis J-innesotaK. -y father ne er made more than L0,000 in a year, but he was a thoughtful man and read 7uite widely. Of course, his income was more than it would be now, because IGm speaking of the Twenties. I had a public school education. I went to the 8ni ersity of -innesota, because e ery person who graduated from high school in -innesota was eligible for education in the uni ersity. I almost 7uit, in discouragement with my progress, and indifference because I was working after school and was much more interested in my work than I was in the uni ersity courses. -y father pleaded with me not to 7uit, one of the most important things I can say that he e er did for me, one of the specific things, eFcept for his eFample. I finished the uni ersity with ery mediocre grades. -y ad isor, who had been assigned because I elected, for my last year in the uni ersity, a course in preparation for the diplomatic and consular ser ice which was offered in the uni ersity catalog. Toward the end of that year, when a written eFamination for the Foreign Ser ice was offered at the St. 4 Paul Post Office, my ad isor said that he didnGt think I should take the eFamination because I wasnGt a good enough student. I, ne ertheless, did take it, and 7ualified, at least, to take the oral, which I failed. I took the written eFamination right o er againH fortunately, there were two eFaminations gi en in the same year. It was the heart of the Depression, and I took the first eFamination in Canuary 1931, and the second eFamination in Culy 1931. I might mention, parenthetically, because I think this of interest concerning the tactics of the administrators in the State Department, that at that time, there were some ery astute gentlemen, /ilbur Carr, Herbert Hengstler Ain charge of administration) and perhaps some others, who had the idea that they would 7uickly ha e another eFamination and hire a few more unclassified ice consuls, because they foresaw a drastic reduction in their appropriation in the Depression in the neFt year. They were planning for the MnecessityM of discharging a lot of Foreign Ser ice officers Awho were discharged arbitrarily) on the basis of their lesser 7ualifications. They discharged 100 in Cune 1933, but they had taken in a few youngsters to take their places. This was their method of getting rid of Mdead wood.M There was no authori9ation in the law for the discharge of 100 Foreign Ser ice officers, but they did it. Anyhow, this is one of the reasons I got in. Another reason that I managed to make it was that li ing in -inneapolis, I was close to one Foreign Ser ice post, and they were sa ing money on transportation. They assigned me to /innipeg as my first post. Q: )ou didn't go to Washington, then, for training, /OOD/A,D3 Not until later on, no. I had a year and a half in /innipeg, and I was assigned to the training school in the Department. I went to /innipeg, and my tra el eFpenses were, as I recall, L16 in a day coachH I took all my baggage in a sea trunk, in the baggage car with me. I had L30 in cash to my name when I arri ed at my first post. The beginning salary seemed magnificent--it was L2,000 a year, which ery 7uickly, after my arri al in Canuary 1932, was docked 10N. Then we had a month without pay, and then, paradoFically, had the beginning of a ery small rental allowance, but it was 7uickly postponed and temporarily eliminated. Q: These were all Depression-generated economies. /OOD/A,D3 Oes. But this was, of course, more than IGd e er made in my life. Ha ing come from a relati ely hard-working background--I had worked after school since I was 12 years old--I was willing to do any chore and take on any job that my boss assigned. I think this probably has been a 7uality which has contributed greatly to my getting along in the Foreign Ser ice--doing anything. This is one of the reasons that I began to think that itGs ery unfortunate, in a way, that we cannot attract people of high intellectual and scholarly 7ualifications and wealthier family backgrounds and keep them, because they 5 may not be willing to perform the odd chores that are re7uired of e ery neophyte in the Foreign Ser ice. Q: I know as a supervising consular officer, one of the great problems is to get young officers to learn the trade at the consular counter. Mr. Ambassador, what led you to your speciali.ation in Latin American affairs, /OOD/A,D3 After the training school of four months in the State Department, which followed my 12 months in /innipeg, I was assigned, arbitrarily, to Buenos Aires.
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