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Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65

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SLEEPING ON THE ASHES:
SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65

by
Jesse Lewis Horst
Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006
Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of
The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

University of Pittsburgh
2016
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES

This dissertation was presented by

Jesse Horst
It was defended on
July 28, 2016 and approved by
Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science
Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History
Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History
Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History
Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University

ii
Copyright © by Jesse Horst
2016

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SLEEPING ON THE ASHES:
SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65

Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD
University of Pittsburgh, 2016

This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socioracial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched. As the urban poor resisted evictions, they utilized the legal and political systems to draw their neighborhoods into contact with the welfare state. Not merely coopted by politicians, tenants and shantytown residents claimed housing as a citizenship right and played a decisive role in centralizing and expanding state institutions before and after the 1959 Revolution.
Far from giving the urban poor free rein over their destinies, however, their tight relationships with the Cuban state impelled officials to implement new policies drawn from abroad. Public debates over slum clearance reinforced the social-scientific discourse of a “culture of poverty” in ways that ultimately blended with the incipient socialist system. This discourse was embedded in the most beneficial interventions of the revolutionary welfare state but in ways

iv that perpetuated racism and social exclusion. By the early 1960s, then, slum policy in Havana represented a dynamic interaction between residents, social scientists, and state bureaucrats. The urban poor shaped the Revolution, even as the Revolution sought to manage them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................................XI

  • 1.0
  • INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW.............................................................................. 8 CUBAN HISTORIOGRAPHY......................................................................... 14 CORE ARGUMENTS....................................................................................... 18 WIDER SIGNIFICANCE................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER SUMMARY ................................................................................... 25 A NOTE ON LANGUAGE............................................................................... 27 A NOTE ON GEOGRAPHY............................................................................ 28
“THE PROBLEM OF LA HATA”: AGRARIAN REFORM AND URBAN
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
2.0 INFORMALITY IN HAVANA, 1930-1947.............................................................................. 30
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
THE CITY OF REPARTOS............................................................................. 33 PUBLIC WELFARE AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION ...................................... 36 RIGHTS TO THE CITY................................................................................... 42 STATE LANDS IN CUBAN LAW .................................................................. 45 LAND WARS..................................................................................................... 53 THE PROBLEM OF LA HATA...................................................................... 63 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 68

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  • 3.0
  • “THE FIRES OF ROME”: SHANTYTOWN NETWORKS AND THE STATE,

1931-1950 ..................................................................................................................................... 70
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
BETWEEN FIRE AND FREEDOM ............................................................... 74 MAKING CLAIMS........................................................................................... 83 PROPERTY RIGHTS IN LAS YAGUAS....................................................... 89 A LANGUAGE OF CONTENTION ............................................................... 94 URBAN INFORMALITY ON BEHALF OF THE STATE .......................... 98 A CURE WORSE THAN SICKNESS........................................................... 102 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 110

  • “FACTORIES OF MEN”: NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE
  • 4.0

CULTURE OF POVERTY, 1924-1963................................................................................... 112
4.1 4.2 4.3
FORERUNNER LUIS BAY SEVILLA......................................................... 116 “BARRIOS DE INDIGENTES” .................................................................... 121 THE INDIGENT HOME: “BARRIOS DE INDIGENTES” IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE .......................................................................................................................... 125 4.4 4.5
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE STATE........................................................ 129 “SCRATCHING THE URBAN SURFACE”: “BARRIOS DE
INDIGENTES” AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 133 4.6 4.7 4.8
SOCIAL WORK AND THE CULTURE OF POVERTY........................... 142 A NEW MAN ................................................................................................... 146 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 150

  • A CONSTRUCTIVE REVOLUTION: RENT CONTROL AND PRIVATE
  • 5.0

INVESTMENT IN HAVANA’S HOUSING MARKET, 1939-1963.................................... 152

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5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
RENT CONTROL........................................................................................... 155 RENT CONTROL IN PRACTICE, 1939-1945 ............................................ 161 MORALITY AND RACE............................................................................... 169 MORALITY AND THE MARKET............................................................... 174 PUBLIC HOUSING, 1940-1952..................................................................... 180 BATISTA’S HOUSING PROGRAM ............................................................ 184 HOUSING AND THE REVOLUTION......................................................... 191 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 196

  • “THEY ARE CUBANS TOO”: SLUM CLEARANCE BETWEEN REPUBLIC
  • 6.0

AND REVOLUTION, 1950-1963 ............................................................................................ 199
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8
OUR JOSÉ MARTÍ......................................................................................... 202 TOWARDS A DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL ACTION ............................. 205 BEYOND POLITICS: SOCIAL WORKERS IN ISLA DE PINOS........... 211 A NEW REGIME ............................................................................................ 215 THE NATIONAL HOUSING COMMISSION ............................................ 219 LAS YAGUAS.................................................................................................. 227 THE REVOLUTION IN LAS YAGUAS ...................................................... 230 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 244
EPILOGUE AND CONCLUSION......................................................................... 247
SOCIALISM .................................................................................................... 251 THE SPECIAL PERIOD AND BEYOND .................................................... 253
7.0
7.1 7.2
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 256

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Percentage of Families Renting Their Home, by Race, 1943................................. 174

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Las Yaguas juxtaposed against the partially completed public housing project known as the Barrio Obrero (Worker’s Neighborhood) in 1947.................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Selected municipalities and shantytowns in Greater Havana........................................ 29 Figure 3: A journalist speaks with neighborhood leaders Rufino Gónzalez and Manuela Azcanio during the 1944 trial between Las Yaguas’ property owners and the state. Below, neighborhood children. ........................................................................................................................................ 99 Figure 4: Las Yaguas residents pose beneath a Cuban flag as they protest against relocation orders in 1944. ............................................................................................................................ 107 Figure 5: Population change in Havana, 1919-1953................................................................... 180 Figure 6: The Barrio Obrero (Worker’s Neighborhood) as it appeared at its 1947 inauguration. ..................................................................................................................................................... 184 Figure 7: Led by Maria Isadora Ros (right), social workers leave a shantytown accompanied by a journalist (second from left) in 1954. ........................................................................................ 225 Figure 8: Above, the Los Quemados shantytown—”ugly and denigrating for a country.” Below, residents work to construct new homes in 1960......................................................................... 238 Figure 9: A resident of Los Quemados in 1960: “I did the agrarian reform here, and the lands weren’t mine…”.......................................................................................................................... 251

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To say this project was a collective affair falls somewhat short. This work would simply be nothing without the people around me. Writing history is often a solitary enterprise, and yet connections to people across nations, languages, and cities have sprung from this project like water from a rock. Thank you.
In financial terms, this research was made possible by multiple sources. The US
Department of Education funded several FLAS awards for Portuguese language study. Other funds came from the University of Pittsburgh, including a Tinker Grant via the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS), a Social Science Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship and an Arts and Sciences Fellowship from the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, and travel grants and teaching stipends from the History Department. The Cuban Heritage Collection at the University of Miami provided a summer research stipend, and I received a writing fellowship from Harvard University’s Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. An early version of my MA thesis won the Jorge Pérez-Lopez Prize from the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, which provided travel funding and support at their annual conference.
In navigating Havana, I received assistance from a number of selfless local scholars and administrators at the University of Havana and the Fundación Núñez Jiménez. Without countless letters and paperwork done by Carmen Castillo, María Cristina, Milagros Martínez, and Julita

xi
Piloto, this project would not exist. Reinaldo Funes and Antonio Pitaluga were always available to orient me logistically and academically in Havana and always encouraging. Julian Asenjo and John Frechione from CLAS wrote letters and helped me navigate a maze of logistical challenges in the US.
My work in numerous libraries and archives was only possible because of the support and knowledge of their staffs. Thanks to Belkys Quesada from the Instituto de Historia de Cuba, Armando from the Museo Municipal de Guanabacoa; Julio César González Laureiro at the University of Havana; and Silvio Facenda, Niurbis Ferrer, Julio López, and Shamika at the Archivo Nacional, where I always felt at home. I am also grateful to the many workers who carried all my dusty legajos back and forth. The staff at the Biblioteca Nacional went out of their way to help me find sources. In the US, thanks are due to Meí Méndez, María Estorino, Gladys Gómez-Rossie, Rosa María Ortiz, and Esperanza B. de Varona at the Cuban Heritage Collection in Miami, and to Lisa Kemplin at the University of Illinois.
Going into the History Department at the University of Pittsburgh has always made me happy. In no small part this is thanks to the hard work and friendliness of Molly Dennis Estes, Kathy Gibson, Patty Landon, Grace Tomcho, and Lizzy Stoyle.

I first went to Cuba because of a class at St. Olaf College put together by Jeane Delaney. She also encouraged me to pursue graduate study and helped refine my earliest, most outlandish graduate school applications. Michael Fitzgerald taught me about the field of social history, pushed me to generate original interpretations from primary sources, and showed me how to load a microfilm reader. (I had no idea how relevant it would be in my professional life.)

xii
At Pittsburgh I joined the department of E.P. Thompson, where first names and hard work were the order of the day. A number of talented faculty have pushed me to think in new ways, including Seymour Drescher, Pinar Emiralioglu, Leslie Hammond, Peter Karsten, Irina Livezeanu, Marcus Rediker, Rob Ruck, and Rebecca Shumway. From beyond the department, John Markoff and Mrinalini Rajagopalan shaped this project in important ways. Ana Paula Carvalho taught me to speak Portuguese.
Many US scholars of Cuba and Latin America have supported my work along the way as well. I might never have studied Cuba if Ada Ferrer had not convinced me that José Antonio Aponte was the most interesting human being to ever have lived. Lillian Guerra has been generous with her enthusiasm and introductions. Jill Hamberg, Joseph Scarpaci, and Jorge Domínguez all offered useful feedback on my MA thesis. Brodwyn Fischer thoughtfully responded to my email queries. Thanks also to Devyn Spence Benson, Michelle Chase, Marial Iglesias, and Alejandro de Castro Mazarro.
I am especially grateful to the numerous scholars in Cuba who offered time, enthusiasm, and intellectual guidance as I researched. Tomás Fernández Robaina has supported me from my first awkward forays into Cuban research. Thanks also to Jorgé Calderón, Mercedes García, Jorge Macle, Ricardo Quiza, Tatu Quiñones, Mabel Suárez Ibarra, Gina Rey, Pablo Rodríguez Ruíz, and Victor, el Padrino.

I have spent the past six years writing about one city, but many of my ideas came from another: South Minneapolis; Lake Street; Powderhorn Park—the quiet city that wishes it were loud. A part of me will always see the world from the corner store on 34th Street and Chicago Avenue

xiii after church. I’m grateful to the people who made that view big enough for me to dream and wonder: Jordan Baynard, Peter Sundberg, Kayavin Unger, and everyone else.
My path to graduate study was shaped by my teammates on the track and cross-country teams at St. Olaf, with whom I developed the endurance to finish a PhD and learned to save energy for the final kick. My former high school students in Brooklyn, who by now are gifted adults, believed in me and questioned everything.
During these years, several people were particularly important in filling drab aspects of graduate study with life. Thanks to Maria Venegas for building communities, Camilo Ruíz for exploring underworlds from Pittsburgh to Cali, Tito for relentless positive energy, Kavin Paulraj for propping up writing with reggae, and Laura Correa Ochoa for being a bright light.
Kelly Urban has read most of what I have written from my first days in the program. She has been a constant source of personal and professional support from Pittsburgh, to Washington, D.C., Miami, Havana, Cambridge, and back again, sharing sources, logistical headaches, and friends. This project would be much worse without her, and it would not have been nearly as much fun.
The graduate students in the History Department at Pittsburgh have given me a forum whose intellectual intensity and camaraderie far surpassed what I could have asked for. In particular, this work has been sharpened by long lunches with Francisco Flórez Bolívar and Orlando Rivero Valdés, whose tireless enthusiasm for debates about all aspects of Latin American history (and whose love of Peruvian food) has been an inspiration. Orlando is an encyclopedia of Cuban History. He offered crucial guidance on sources and read many of my chapters. Pacho introduced me to Cartagena and Cascajal.

xiv
Other historians at Pittsburgh have been invaluable colleagues and friends: Andrew
Behrendt, Lucy Behrendt, Matthew Casey, Isaac Curtis, John Galante, Tori Harms, Natalie Kimball, Luke Martínez, Katie Parker, and Yevan Terrian. Ryan Urban’s place in this group is even more valuable for his not being an historian. During my time at Harvard, Sarah Balakrishnan, Sarah Kennedy Bates, Jon Booth, Mateo Jarquín, Rainer Schultz, and Grete Vidal were kind enough to take a rootless graduate student under their wing.
Pittsburgh was a staging ground for almost constant travel. What has sometimes seemed a daunting process of doing research in Cuba has benefitted enormously from the collective wisdom of the friendliest, most talented diaspora of Yuma graduate students (and now professors). Romy Sánchez was one of the first people to teach me how to love living in Havana. Jenny Lambe’s infectious enthusiasm has come at just the right times. Lexi Baldacci, Mike Bustamante, Anasa Hicks, Rachel Hynson, Lauren Krebs, Ariel Lambe, Raquel Otheguey, Daniel Rodríguez, Franny Sullivan, Elizabeth Schwall, and Sarah Town have each come along for parts of this journey. On my wanderings I have also received companionship, food, and in some cases housing from Taylor and Tiffany Delhagen, Dane Hamman, Becky Hollender, Malcolm Richards, Elizabeth White Vidarte, Graham Lake, and Elizabeth Wilkins.
As I researched Havana’s history, I lived in its densely layered present. Every inch of the city is suffocating and wonderful, and I have been so fortunate to learn from what I now consider a true family. Claudia Martínez Herrera has been a philosophical sister and a faithful friend. Ivan Vásquez’s diligence, humility, and curiosity have been a constant source of encouragement. To María Bory Barrientos for la jama de la mama; Cecy for Sunday afternoons; Adelinde Acosta Roberts for always laughing at everything; Martin and Maritza Castro, and Alicia, for giving me

xv my first Havana home in Cayo Hueso; Carmen, Annie, and Omar Ivan for introducing me to neighborhood life: gracias.
I finished this project on the dingy, beautiful corners of Pittsburgh, a place that I will always equate with the friends I made there. I am not sure that a more unique group of people has ever come together in any place on earth. Dolores Casagranda, Gabriel Chouhy, Pauline Coster, Daniel Núñez, Adriana Piteta, and Samantha Plummer, thank you for meses de alegría.

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    Hampshire in Havana Cuba Project Abstracts Theme: Nature and the Environment The abstracts listed here are for projects done on the Hampshire in Havana Cuba program, related to the theme of Nature and the Environment. Projects are listed by year beginning in 2008, with the most recent year first and then in alphabetical order by last name. For questions about specific projects, please contact the Global Education Office. Name: Yasmina Mattison Sudan Year: S2018 Tutor: Armando Fernández and Lissette Solozarno Title: “Research on the Cuban System on Education and Prevention of Natural Disasters: Facing the Inevitable” Topic: Hurricane Education and Prevention in Cuba Medium: Essay and Photo series This past semester in Cuba I have studied the country’s singular defense system against hurricanes and other natural disasters. I have found a five-fold answer to my research question, why is Cuba the safest place in the world during hurricane while is located in the sure path of hurricanes and continues struggles meteorologically? 1. The Revolutionary government’s commitment to defense, 2. hydraulic development plans and infrastructure, 3. meteoritical accuracy, 4. educated and informed public and 5. dedicated sense of solidarity. During my investigation I traveled to coastal towns and areas effected by tropical storms: Cojimar, Guanabo, Santa Fe, Jaimanitas, Central and Old Havana. I also noted the level of consciousness and education surrounding tropical cyclones in less effected, higher elevated areas such as Vedado. I embarked on this work with two tutors well versed in two seemingly distinct forms: environment science and research, visual arts and photography, who advised and guided my research.
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 188/Monday, September 28, 2020

    Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 188/Monday, September 28, 2020

    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 188 / Monday, September 28, 2020 / Notices 60855 comment letters on the Proposed Rule Proposed Rule Change and to take that the Secretary of State has identified Change.4 action on the Proposed Rule Change. as a property that is owned or controlled On May 21, 2020, pursuant to Section Accordingly, pursuant to Section by the Cuban government, a prohibited 19(b)(2) of the Act,5 the Commission 19(b)(2)(B)(ii)(II) of the Act,12 the official of the Government of Cuba as designated a longer period within which Commission designates November 26, defined in § 515.337, a prohibited to approve, disapprove, or institute 2020, as the date by which the member of the Cuban Communist Party proceedings to determine whether to Commission should either approve or as defined in § 515.338, a close relative, approve or disapprove the Proposed disapprove the Proposed Rule Change as defined in § 515.339, of a prohibited Rule Change.6 On June 24, 2020, the SR–NSCC–2020–003. official of the Government of Cuba, or a Commission instituted proceedings For the Commission, by the Division of close relative of a prohibited member of pursuant to Section 19(b)(2)(B) of the Trading and Markets, pursuant to delegated the Cuban Communist Party when the 7 Act, to determine whether to approve authority.13 terms of the general or specific license or disapprove the Proposed Rule J. Matthew DeLesDernier, expressly exclude such a transaction. 8 Change. The Commission received Assistant Secretary. Such properties are identified on the additional comment letters on the State Department’s Cuba Prohibited [FR Doc.
  • Cuba and the Cubans

    Cuba and the Cubans

    nm^mmm THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/cubacubansOOcabriala Cuba AND THE Cubans BY I RAIMUNDO £ABRERA Author of " Mis Buenos- Tiempos," " Los Estados Unidos, " IMPRESIONES DE VlAJE," ETC., ETC. MEMBER OF THE BaR OF Cuba. Provincial Ex-Deputy. Member of the Executive Committee of the Cuban Autono- mist Party, Etc. TRANSLATED FROM THE EIGHTH SPANISH EDITION OF "CUBA Y SUS JUECES" By LAURA GUITERAS REVISED AND EDITED BY LOUIS EDWARD LEVY AND COMPLETED WITH A SUPPLEMENTARY APPENDIX BY THE EDITOR ILLUSTRATED WITH 124 ENGRAVINGS AND A MAP PHILADELPHIA THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY 1896 Copyright 1896 THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY PHILADELPHIA -J F TO THE MEMORY OF HER BELOVED UNCLE EUSEBIO GUITERAS THIS TRANSLATION IS DEDICATED BY HIS NIECE LAURA GUITERAS 1470160 EDITOR'S PREFACE. At a time when the condition of Cuba and its people has been forced upon the attention of the civilized world by another sanguinary contest between Spain and its Great Antillan colony, there is no need of an apology for the appearance of the present work. The American people, especially, have an abiding interest in Cuba, not alone as a matter of sentiment, but by reason of extensive commercial relations with the island and of the important economic facts resulting from those relations ; the condition of Cuba and the Cubans largely concerns us, and a disturbance of those conditions affects our material interests in many ways. Since the beginning of 1895 the prolonged contention between the Cuban colonists and the mother country, which in the past has resulted in numerous insurrections and in a devastating civil war of ten years' duration, has again been taken out of the domain of parliamentary discussion by a resort to force.
  • Latino Louisiana Laź Aro Lima University of Richmond, Llima@Richmond.Edu

    Latino Louisiana Laź Aro Lima University of Richmond, [email protected]

    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Latin American, Latino and Iberian Studies Faculty Latin American, Latino and Iberian Studies Publications 2008 Latino Louisiana Laź aro Lima University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/lalis-faculty-publications Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Lima, Lazá ro. "Latino Louisiana." In Latino America: A State-by-State Encyclopedia, Volume 1: Alabama-Missouri, edited by Mark Overmyer-Velázquez, 347-61. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC., 2008. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin American, Latino and Iberian Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Latin American, Latino and Iberian Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 19 LOUISIANA Lazaro Lima CHRONOLOGY 1814 After the British invade Louisiana, residents of the state from the Canary Islands, called Islenos, organize and establish three regiments. The Is/enos had very few weapons, and some served unarmed as the state provided no firearms. By the time the British were defeated, the Islenos had sustained the brunt of life and property loss resulting from the British invasion of Louisiana. 1838 The first. Mardi Gras parade takes place in New Orleans on Shrove Tuesday with the help and participation of native-born Latin Americans and Islenos. 1840s The Spanish-language press in New Orleans supersedes the state's French-language press in reach and distribution. 1846-1848 Louisiana-born Eusebio Juan Gomez, editor of the eminent Spanish­ language press newspaper La Patria, is nominated as General Winfield Scott's field interpreter during the Mexican-American War.
  • Casa De Las Américas (Año LVIII No. 287 Abr-Jun

    Casa De Las Américas (Año LVIII No. 287 Abr-Jun

    Casa de las Américas (Año LVIII no. 287 abr-jun 2017) Titulo Casa de las Américas - Compilador/a o Editor/a; Autor(es) La Habana Lugar Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas Editorial/Editor 2017 Fecha Colección Pensamiento latinoamericano; Política; Cultura; Sociedad; Literatura; América Latina; Temas Caribe; Revista Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.org/Cuba/casa/20200420051325/Casa287.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.org Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.org Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas Hechos e Ideas 003 Peter Hulme • Caliban: La inteligencia americana de Roberto Fernández Retamar de las Américas 011 Selena Millares • Tema del traidor y del héroe: el caso Almoina 287 028 Jorge Luis Arcos • El logos sumergido o légamo oscuro. Para una lectura abril-junio/2017 de Otros poemas de Raúl Hernández Novás año LVIII Órgano de la Casa de las Américas Medio siglo con Cien años de soledad 039 El 30 de mayo de 1967... Fundadora: 041 GUSTAVO BELL LEMUS Cien años de soledad o la reivindicación del Caribe Haydee Santamaría • en la identidad nacional de Colombia Directores: 049 ¿Por qué recomendarías a un lector de hoy Cien años de soledad? Roberto