DOCSLIB.ORG

Political Order in Changing Societies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Political Order in Changing Societies Political Order in Changing Societies by Samuel P. Huntington New Haven and London, Yale University Press Copyright © 1968 by Yale University. Seventh printing, 1973. Designed by John O. C. McCrillis, set in Baskerville type, and printed in the United States of America by The Colonial Press Inc., Clinton, Mass. For Nancy, All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form Timothy, and Nicholas (except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Library of Congress catalog card number: 68-27756 ISBN: 0-300-00584-9 (cloth), 0-300-01171-'7 (paper) Published in Great Britain, Europe, and Africa by Yale University Press, Ltd., London. Distributed in Latin America by Kaiman anti Polon, Inc., New York City; in Australasia and Southeast Asia by John Wiley & Sons Australasia Pty. Ltd., Sidney; in India by UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt., Ltd., Delhi; in Japan by John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo. I·-~· I I. Political Order and Political Decay THE POLITICAL GAP The most important political distinction among countries con­ i cerns not their form of government but their degree of govern­ ment. The differences between democracy and dictatorship are less i than the differences between those countries whose politics em­ , bodies consensus, community, legitimacy, organization, effective­ ness, stability, and those countries whose politics is deficient in these qualities. Communist totalitarian states and Western liberal .states both belong generally in the category of effective rather than debile political systems. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have different forms of government, but in all three systems the government governs. Each country is a political com­ munity with an overwhelming consensus among the people on the legitimacy of the political system. In each country the citizens and their leaders share a vision of the public interest of the society and of the traditions and principles upon which the political com­ munity is based. All three countries have strong, adaptable, coher­ ent political institutions: effective bureaucracies, well-organized political parties, a high degree of popular participation in public affairs, working systems of civilian control over the military, ex­ tensive activity by the government in the economy, and reasonably effective procedures for regulating succession and controlling po­ litical conflict. These governments command the loyalties of their citizens and thus have the capacity to tax resources, to conscript manpower, and to innovate and to execute policy. If the Polit­ buro, the Cabinet, or the President makes a decision, the probabil­ ity is high that it will be implemented through the government machinery. In all these characteristics the political systems of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union differ significantly from the governments which exist in many, if not most, of the modernizing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. These rr: r . 2 POLITICAL ORDER IN CHANGING SOCffiTIES i POLITICAL· ORDER AND POLITICAL DECAY 3 countries lack many things. They suffer real shortages of food, lit­ twentieth century the principal locus of political underdevelop­ eracy, education, wealth, income, health, and productivity, but ment, like that of economic underdevelopment, tends to be the most of them have been recognized and efforts made to do some­ modernizing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America... thing about them. Beyond and behind these shortages, however, With a few notable exceptions, the political evolution of these there is a greater shortage: a shortage of political community and countries after World War II was characterized by increasing of effective, authoritative, legitimate government. "I do know," , ethnic lind class conflict, recurring rioting and mob violence, fre­ Walter Lippmann has observed, "that there is no greater necessity i, quent military coups d'etat, the dominance of unstable person­ I< for men who live in communities than that they be governed, self­ i; alistic leaders who often pursued disastrous economic and social I governed if possible, well-governed if they are fortunate, but in 1" policies, widespread and blatant corruption among cabinet minis­ tl any event, governed." 1 Mr. Lippmann wrote these words in a ; ters and civil servants, arbitrary infringement of the rights and lib­ moment of despair about the United States. But they apply in far f erties of citizens, declining standards of bureaucratic efficiency and greater measure to the modernizing countries of Asia, Africa, and performance, the pervasive alienation of urban political groups, Latin America, where the political community is fragmented the loss of authority by legislatures and courts, and the fragmenta­ against itself and where political institutions have little power, less tion and at times complete disintegration of broadly based politi­ majesty, and no resiliency-where, in many cases, governments cal parties. In the two decades after World War II, successful coups simply do not govern. d'etat occurred in 17 of 20 Latin American countries (only In the mid-1950S, Gunnar Myrdal called the world's attention Mexico, Chile, and Uruguay maintaining constitutional proc­ to the apparent fact that the rich nations of the world were getting esses), in a half-dozen North African and Middle Eastern states richer, absolutely and relatively, at a faster rate than the poorer (Algeria, Egypt, Syria, the Sudan, Iraq, Turkey), in a like num­ nations. "On the whole," he argued, "in recent decades the eco­ ber of west African and central African countries (Ghana, Nige­ nomic inequalities between developed and underdeveloped coun­ ria, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Central African Republic, Congo), tries have been increasing." In 1966 the president of the World and in a variety of Asian societies (Pakistan, Thailand, Laos, Bank similarly pointed out that at current rates of growth the gap South Vietnam, Burma, Indonesia, South Korea) . Revolutionary in per capita national income between the United States and forty violence, insurrection, and guerrilla warfare wracked Cuba, Bo­ underdeveloped countries would increase fifty per cent by the year livia, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Guatemala, and the Dominican 2000.2 Clearly, a central issue, perhaps the central issue, in inter­ Republic in Latin America, Algeria and Yemen in the Middle national and developmental economics is the apparently remorse­ East, and Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, the Philippines, less tendency for this economic gap to broaden. A similar and Malaya, and Laos in Asia. Racial, tribal, or communal violence or equally urgent problem exists in politics. In politics as in econom­ tension disrupted Guyana, Morocco, Iraq, Nigeria, Uganda, the ics the gap between developed political systems and underdevel­ Congo, Burundi, the Sudan, Ruanda, Cyprus, India, Ceylon, oped political systems, between civic polities and corrupt polities, Burma, Laos, and South Vietnam. In Latin America, old-style, has broadened. This political gap resembles and is related to the oligarchic dictatorships in countries like Haiti, Paraguay, and economic gap, but it is not identical with it. Countries with un­ Nicaragua maintained a fragile police-based rule. In the eastern derdeveloped economies may have highly developed political sys­ hemisphere, traditional regimes in Iran, Libya, Arabia, Ethiopia, tems, and countries which have achieved high levels of economic and Thailand struggled to reform themselves even as they teetered welfare may still have disorganized and chaotic politics. Yet in the on the brink of revolutionary overthrow. During the 1950S and 1960s the numerical incidence of political 1. WaIter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune, Dec. 10, 1963, p. 24. violence and disorder increased dramatically in most countries of 2. Gunnar Myrdal, Rich Lands and Poor (New York and Evanston, Harper and Row, 1957), p. 6; George D. Woods, "The Development Decade in the Balance," the world. The year 1958, according to one calculation, witnessed Foreign Affairs,14 (Jan. 1966) , 207. some 28 prolonged guerrilla insurgencies, four military uprisings, 4 POLITICAL ORDER IN CHANGING SOCIETIES POLITICAL ORDER AND POLITICAL DECAY 5 and two conventional wars. Seven years later, in 1965, 42 pro­ political instability in Asia, Africa, and Latin America derives pre­ longed insurgencies were underway; ten military revolts occurred; cisely from the failure to meet this condition: equality of political and five conventional conflicts were being fought. Political insta­ l, participation is growing much more rapidly than "the art of asso­ bility also increased significantly during the 1950S and 1960s. Vio­ ciating together." Social and economic change-urbanization, in­ lence and other destabilizing events were five times more frequent ::i creases in literacy and education,industrialization, mass media ex­ " between 1955 and 1962 than they were between 1948 and 1954· ·1.:."······. pansion-extend political consciousness, multiply political de­ Sixty-four of 84 countries were less stable in the latter period than mands, broaden political participation. These changes undermine in the earlier one.s Throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America traditional sources of political authority and traditional political rt·, there was a decline in political order, an undermining of the \. institutions; they enormously complicate the problems of creating authority, effectiveness, and legitimacy of government.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CRITICAL THEORY and AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism
    CDSMS EDITED BY JEREMIAH MORELOCK CRITICAL THEORY AND AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism edited by Jeremiah Morelock Critical, Digital and Social Media Studies Series Editor: Christian Fuchs The peer-reviewed book series edited by Christian Fuchs publishes books that critically study the role of the internet and digital and social media in society. Titles analyse how power structures, digital capitalism, ideology and social struggles shape and are shaped by digital and social media. They use and develop critical theory discussing the political relevance and implications of studied topics. The series is a theoretical forum for in- ternet and social media research for books using methods and theories that challenge digital positivism; it also seeks to explore digital media ethics grounded in critical social theories and philosophy. Editorial Board Thomas Allmer, Mark Andrejevic, Miriyam Aouragh, Charles Brown, Eran Fisher, Peter Goodwin, Jonathan Hardy, Kylie Jarrett, Anastasia Kavada, Maria Michalis, Stefania Milan, Vincent Mosco, Jack Qiu, Jernej Amon Prodnik, Marisol Sandoval, Se- bastian Sevignani, Pieter Verdegem Published Critical Theory of Communication: New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet Christian Fuchs https://doi.org/10.16997/book1 Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism Mariano Zukerfeld https://doi.org/10.16997/book3 Politicizing Digital Space: Theory, the Internet, and Renewing Democracy Trevor Garrison Smith https://doi.org/10.16997/book5 Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare Scott Timcke https://doi.org/10.16997/book6 The Spectacle 2.0: Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism Edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano https://doi.org/10.16997/book11 The Big Data Agenda: Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies Annika Richterich https://doi.org/10.16997/book14 Social Capital Online: Alienation and Accumulation Kane X.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen Sheila Carapico University of Richmond, [email protected]
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Political Science Faculty Publications Political Science 2013 Yemen Sheila Carapico University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/polisci-faculty-publications Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Carapico, Sheila. "Yemen." In Dispatches from the Arab Spring: Understanding the New Middle East, edited by Paul Amar and Vijay Prashad, 101-121. New Delhi, India: LeftWord Books, 2013. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Yemen SHEILA CARAPICO IN FEBRUARY 2011, Tawakkol Karman stood on a stage outside Sanaa University. A microphone in one hand and the other clenched defiantly above her head, reading from a list of demands, she led tens of thou­ sands of cheering, flag-waving demonstrators in calls for peaceful politi­ cal change. She was to become not so much the leader as the figurehead ofYemen's uprising. On other days and in other cities, other citizens led the chants: men and women and sometimes, for effect, little children. These mass public performances enacted a veritable civic revolution in a poverty-stricken country where previous activist surges never produced democratic transitions but nonetheless did shape national history. Drawing on the Tunisiari and Egyptian inspirations as well as homegrown protest legacies, in 2011 Yemenis occupied the national commons as never before.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Government
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Syllabi Course Syllabi Fall 9-1-2001 PSC 520.01: Comparative Government Louis Hayes University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hayes, Louis, "PSC 520.01: Comparative Government" (2001). Syllabi. 7024. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi/7024 This Syllabus is brought to you for free and open access by the Course Syllabi at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syllabi by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Political Science 520 COMPARATIVE POLITICS 9/13 Comparative Government and Political Science Robert A Dahl, "Epitaph for a Monument to a Successful Protest, "AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW 1961 763-72 -------------------- ---- ----- 9/20 Systems Approach David Easton, "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems," WORLD POLITICS (April 1957) 383-400 Gabriel Almond _and G. Bingham Powell, COMPARATIVE POLITICS: A DEVEtOPMENTAL APPROACH, Chapter II 9/27 Structural-functional Analysis William Flanigan and Edwin Fogelman, "Functionalism in Political Science," in Don Martindale, ed. , FUNCTIONALISM IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 111-126 Robert Holt, "A Proposed Structural-Functional Framework for Political Science," in Martindale, 84-110 10/4 Political Legitimacy and Authority Richard Lowenthal, "Political Legitimacy and Cultural Change in West and East" SOCIAL RESEARCH (Autumn 1979), 401-35 Young Kim, "Authority: - Some Conceptual and Empirical Notes" Western Political Quarterly (June 1966), 223-34 10/11 Political Parties and Groups Steven Reed, "Structure and Behavior: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case," British Journal of Political Science (July 1999) 335-56.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan, 1989-1996: Between the Soviets and the Taliban
    Afghanistan, 1989-1996: Between the Soviets and the Taliban A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for University Honors with Distinction by, Brandon Smith May 2005 Oxford, OH ABSTRACT AFGHANISTAN, 1989-1996: BETWEEN THE SOVIETS AND THE TALIBAN by, BRANDON SMITH This paper examines why the Afghan resistance fighters from the war against the Soviets, the mujahideen, were unable to establish a government in the time period between the withdrawal of the Soviet army from Afghanistan in 1989 and the consolidation of power by the Taliban in 1996. A number of conflicting explanations exist regarding Afghanistan’s instability during this time period. This paper argues that the developments in Afghanistan from 1989 to 1996 can be linked to the influence of actors outside Afghanistan, but not to the extent that the choices and actions of individual actors can be overlooked or ignored. Further, the choices and actions of individual actors need not be explained in terms of ancient animosities or historic tendencies, but rather were calculated moves to secure power. In support of this argument, international, national, and individual level factors are examined. ii Afghanistan, 1989-1996: Between the Soviets and the Taliban by, Brandon Smith Approved by: _________________________, Advisor Karen L. Dawisha _________________________, Reader John M. Rothgeb, Jr. _________________________, Reader Homayun Sidky Accepted by: ________________________, Director, University Honors Program iii Thanks to Karen Dawisha for her guidance and willingness to help on her year off, and to John Rothgeb and Homayun Sidky for taking the time to read the final draft and offer their feedback.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER 43 Antikvariat Morris · Badhusgatan 16 · 151 73 Södertälje · Sweden [email protected] |
    NEWSLETTER 43 antikvariat morris · badhusgatan 16 · 151 73 södertälje · sweden [email protected] | http://www.antikvariatmorris.se/ [dwiggins & goudy] browning, robert: In a Balcony The Blue Sky Press, Chicago. 1902. 72 pages. 8vo. Cloth spine with paper label, title lettered gilt on front board, top edge trimmed others uncut. spine and boards worn. Some upper case letters on title page plus first initial hand coloured. Introduction by Laura Mc Adoo Triggs. Book designs by F. W. Goudy & W. A. Dwiggins. Printed in red & black by by A.G. Langworthy on Van Gelder paper in a limited edition. This is Nr. 166 of 400 copies. Initialazed by Langworthy. One of Dwiggins first book designs together with his teacher Goudy. “Will contributed endpapers and other decorations to In a Balcony , but the title page spread is pure Goudy.” Bruce Kennett p. 20 & 28–29. (Not in Agner, Ransom 19). SEK500 / €49 / £43 / $57 [dwiggins] wells, h. g.: The Time Machine. An invention Random House, New York. 1931. x, 86 pages. 8vo. Illustrated paper boards, black cloth spine stamped in gold. Corners with light wear, book plate inside front cover (Tage la Cour). Text printed in red and black. Set in Monotype Fournier and printed on Hamilton An - dorra paper. Stencil style colour illustrations. Typography, illustra - tions and binding by William Addison Dwiggins. (Agner 31.07, Bruce Kennett pp. 229–31). SEK500 / €49 / £43 / $57 [bodoni] guarini, giovan battista: Pastor Fido Impresso co’ Tipi Bodoniani, Crisopoli [Parma], 1793. (4, first 2 blank), (1)–345, (3 blank) pages. Tall 4to (31 x 22 cm).
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Gothic Fiction
    THE ‘If the Gothic emerges in the shadows cast by modernity and its pasts, Ireland proved EME an unhappy haunting ground for the new genre. In this incisive study, Jarlath Killeen shows how the struggle of the Anglican establishment between competing myths of civility and barbarism in eighteenth-century Ireland defined itself repeatedly in terms R The Emergence of of the excesses of Gothic form.’ GENCE Luke Gibbons, National University of Ireland (Maynooth), author of Gaelic Gothic ‘A work of passion and precision which explains why and how Ireland has been not only a background site but also a major imaginative source of Gothic writing. IRISH GOTHIC Jarlath Killeen moves well beyond narrowly political readings of Irish Gothic by OF IRISH GOTHIC using the form as a way of narrating the history of the Anglican faith in Ireland. He reintroduces many forgotten old books into the debate, thereby making some of the more familiar texts seem suddenly strange and definitely troubling. With FICTION his characteristic blend of intellectual audacity and scholarly rigour, he reminds us that each text from previous centuries was written at the mercy of its immediate moment as a crucial intervention in a developing debate – and by this brilliant HIST ORY, O RIGI NS,THE ORIES historicising of the material he indicates a way forward for Gothic amidst the ruins of post-Tiger Ireland.’ Declan Kiberd, University of Notre Dame Provides a new account of the emergence of Irish Gothic fiction in the mid-eighteenth century FI This new study provides a robustly theorised and thoroughly historicised account of CTI the beginnings of Irish Gothic fiction, maps the theoretical terrain covered by other critics, and puts forward a new history of the emergence of the genre in Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Protest and State–Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa
    SIPRI Policy Paper PROTEST AND STATE– 56 SOCIETY RELATIONS IN October 2020 THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE SIPRI is an independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament. Established in 1966, SIPRI provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. GOVERNING BOARD Ambassador Jan Eliasson, Chair (Sweden) Dr Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) Espen Barth Eide (Norway) Jean-Marie Guéhenno (France) Dr Radha Kumar (India) Ambassador Ramtane Lamamra (Algeria) Dr Patricia Lewis (Ireland/United Kingdom) Dr Jessica Tuchman Mathews (United States) DIRECTOR Dan Smith (United Kingdom) Signalistgatan 9 SE-169 72 Solna, Sweden Telephone: + 46 8 655 9700 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.sipri.org Protest and State– Society Relations in the Middle East and North Africa SIPRI Policy Paper No. 56 dylan o’driscoll, amal bourhrous, meray maddah and shivan fazil October 2020 © SIPRI 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of SIPRI or as expressly permitted by law. Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vi Summary vii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 Figure 1.1. Classification of countries in the Middle East and North Africa by 2 protest intensity 2. State–society relations in the Middle East and North Africa 5 Mass protests 5 Sporadic protests 16 Scarce protests 31 Highly suppressed protests 37 Figure 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Department of Political Science Westfield
    ABSTRACT DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE WESTFIELD, ALWYN W BA. HONORS UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX, 1976 MS. LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, 1977 THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON POLITICS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES UNDER EBENEZER THEODORE JOSHUA AND ROBERT MILTON CATO Committee Chair: Dr. F.SJ. Ledgister Dissertation dated May 2012 This study examines the contributions of Joshua and Cato as government and opposition political leaders in the politics and political development of SVG. Checklist of variable of political development is used to ensure objectivity. Various theories of leadership and political development are highlighted. The researcher found that these theories cannot fully explain the conditions existing in small island nations like SVG. SVG is among the few nations which went through stages of transition from colonialism to associate statehood, to independence. This had significant effect on the people and particularly the leaders who inherited a bankrupt country with limited resources and 1 persistent civil disobedience. With regards to political development, the mass of the population saw this as some sort of salvation for fulfillment of their hopes and aspirations. Joshua and Cato led the country for over thirty years. In that period, they have significantly changed the country both in positive and negative directions. These leaders made promises of a better tomorrow if their followers are prepared to make sacrifices. The people obliged with sacrifices, only to become disillusioned because they have not witnessed the promised salvation. The conclusions drawn from the findings suggest that in the process of competing for political power, these leaders have created a series of social ills in SVG.
    [Show full text]
  • 177] Decentralization Are Implemented and Enduringneighborhood Organization Structures, Social Conditions, and Pol4ical Groundwo
    DOCUMENT EESU E ED 141 443 UD 017 044 .4 ' AUTHCE Yates, Douglas TITLE Tolitical InnOvation.and Institution-Building: TKe Experience of Decentralization Experiments. INSTITUTION Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. Inst. fOr Social and Policy Studies. SEPCET NO W3-41 PUB DATE 177] .NCTE , 70p. AVAILABLEFECM Institution for Social and,Policy Studies, Yale tUniversity,-',111 Prospect Street,'New Haven, Conn G6520. FEES PRICE Mt2$0.83 HC-$3.50.Plus Postage. 'DESCEIPTORS .Citizen Participation; City Government; Community Development;,Community Involvement; .*Decentralization; Government Role; *Innovation;. Local. Government; .**Neighborflood; *Organizational Change; Politics; *Power Structure; Public Policy; *Urban Areas ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to resolve what determines the success or failure of innovations in Participatory government; and,-more precisely what are the dynamics of institution-building by which the 'ideas of,participation arid decentralization are implemented and enduringneighborhood institutions aTe established. To answer these questiOns, a number of decentralization experiments were examined to determine which organization structures, Social conditions, and pol4ical arrangements are mcst conducive io.sucCessful innov,ation and institution -building. ThiS inquiry has several theoretical implications:(1) it.examines the nature and utility of pOlitical resources available-to ordinary citizens seeking to influence.their government; 12L it comments on the process of innovation (3) the inquiry addresses ihe yroblem 6f political development, at least as It exists in urban neighborhoods; and (4)it teeks to lay the groundwork fca theory of neighborhood problem-solving and a strategy of reighborhood development. (Author)JM) ****************44**************************************************** -Documents acquired by EEIC,include many Informal unpublished * materials nct available frOm-other sources. ERIC makes every effort * to obtain.the test copy available.
    [Show full text]
  • November-December 1966, Vol. XVIII, No. 1
    t % AIR UNIVERSITY Heview Alr Ur|iversity Librar> MOV ' 9 1956 ' r^xwell AFB, A/a. 3611 f. eme act>©n USAF’S ROLE IN LATIN AMERICA: MILITARY ASSISTANCE, EDUCATION, AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE CIVIC ACTION NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1966 W hy Mil it a h y Assist a n c e for Latin Amer ica ? .....................................................................................2 Col. Frank R. Pancake, usaf (Ret) T he Lvter-Amer ica n Air Forces Academy........................................................................................... 13 Dr. A. Glenn Morton Preventive Med ic in e Civ ic Action Trainixc P rocram.........................................................................21 Maj. Mathew T. Dunn, usaf Maj. James B. Jones, usaf T he Spe c t r u m Construct of Conflict..............................................................................................................30 Norman Precoda Axa l ysis and Technology........................................................................................................................................45 Maj. Paul L. Gray, usaf Melvin Tanchel F rench Nuclear Wea pon s Policy...........................................................................................................................55 Lt. Col. Norman D. Eaton, usaf Aer o xa ut ica l Ge r ia t r ic s..............................................................................................................................................62 Col. I. R. Perkin, usaf Satellite Ground Tracks......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How Economic Inequality Shapes Mobility Expectations and Behavior
    How Economic Inequality Shapes Mobility Expectations and Behavior in Disadvantaged Youth Alexander S. Browmana Mesmin Destinb,c,d Melissa S. Kearneye,g Phillip B. Levinef,g a Lynch School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 b School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 c Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 d Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 e Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 f Department of Economics, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481 g National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138 Nature Human Behaviour, 2019 © Springer Nature Limited, 2019. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in Nature Human Behaviour. The final article is available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0523-0 2 Abstract Economic inequality can have a range of negative consequences for those in younger generations, particularly for those from lower-socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Economists and psychologists, among other social scientists, have addressed this issue, but have proceeded largely in parallel. This Perspective outlines how these disciplines have proposed and provided empirical support for complementary theoretical models. Specifically, both disciplines emphasize that inequality weakens people’s belief in socioeconomic opportunity, thereby reducing the likelihood that low-SES young people will engage in behaviors that would improve their chances of upward mobility (e.g., persisting in school, averting teenage pregnancy). In integrating the methods and techniques of economics and psychology, we offer a cohesive framework for considering this issue.
    [Show full text]
  • By Jennifer M. Fogel a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
    A MODERN FAMILY: THE PERFORMANCE OF “FAMILY” AND FAMILIALISM IN CONTEMPORARY TELEVISION SERIES by Jennifer M. Fogel A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Amanda D. Lotz, Chair Professor Susan J. Douglas Professor Regina Morantz-Sanchez Associate Professor Bambi L. Haggins, Arizona State University © Jennifer M. Fogel 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my deepest gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee – Dr. Susan J. Douglas, Dr. Bambi L. Haggins, and Dr. Regina Morantz-Sanchez, who each contributed their time, expertise, encouragement, and comments throughout this entire process. These women who have mentored and guided me for a number of years have my utmost respect for the work they continue to contribute to our field. I owe my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Amanda D. Lotz, who patiently refused to accept anything but my best work, motivated me to be a better teacher and academic, praised my successes, and will forever remain a friend and mentor. Without her constructive criticism, brainstorming sessions, and matching appreciation for good television, I would have been lost to the wolves of academia. One does not make a journey like this alone, and it would be remiss of me not to express my humble thanks to my parents and sister, without whom seven long and lonely years would not have passed by so quickly. They were both my inspiration and staunchest supporters. Without their tireless encouragement, laughter, and nurturing this dissertation would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]