THE ERROR ANALYSIS ON GRAMMAR FOUND IN THE INTERVIEWED ENGLISH NATIVE SPEAKERS’ SENTENCES
A Thesis
Submitted to English Department of Muhammadiyah University in Partial Fulfilment of The Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
By:
Hanung Dimas Susanto 102120190
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOREJO 2014
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MOTTO
Someone who really loves science will always fight to find an existence. (Plato)
Allah will not change the (good) condition of a people as long as they do not change themselves. (QS. Ar- Ra’du: 11)
Allah is always by your side, Insyaallah you’ll find your way. (Maher Zain)
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DEDICATION
Proudly, I would like to dedicated this thesis to:
1. Allah SWT “May love toward You never can be separated, I love You not only to hope Your heaven, but purely as form of an honest devotion, a pert whatever Your rewards.” 2. My Prophet Muhammad SAW, who was guided me in to the right ways of life.
3. My beloved father, and mother, who always give the best for their children. Thanks for your prayer and support.
4. My beloved brothers, thanks for support and all.
5. All my lecturers in English Department of Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo.
6. All of my best friends, I will miss you all. You always stand by my side in all situations. Making my life more crazy and colorful. Thank you so much.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Alhamdulillah, praise be to Allah, the Almighty, the Merciful and the most
Beneficial. Without his blessing, the researcher would have never been able to finish his thesis entitled “The Error Analysis on Grammar Found in the
Interviewed English Native Speakers’ Sentences” as a requirement for obtaining the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree for the English Department of Purworejo
Muhammadiyah University.
On the available occasion, the researcher would like to express his great gratitude to several people who participated in finishing this thesis. He extends his sincere gratitude and appreciations to:
1. Drs. H. Supriyono, M.Pd, The Rector of Muhammadiyah University of
Purworejo,
2. Drs. H .Hartono M.M , The Dean of FKIP of Muhammadiyah University of
Purworejo,
3. Semi Sukarni, M.Pd, the Head of English Department of Teacher Training
and Education Science Faculty of Muhammadiyah University of
Purworejo,
4. Juita Triana, M.Pd, as his thesis consultant, thanks for his understanding
patience, guidance, advise, ideas, corrections, and support for the thesis
accomplishment,
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ABSTRACT
Susanto, Hanung Dimas. 2014. The Error Analysis on Grammar Found in the Interviewed English Native Speakers’ Sentences. English Department, The Faculty of Teacher Training and Educational Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo. Consultant: Juita Triana, M.Pd.
Grammar is rules for forming words and making correct sentences. The researcher wants to find out the dominant tenses used by interviewed English native speakers. The purpose of this research is find out what errors they probably made, and what types of error they made, in this case in spoken English. Based on the result and its analysis, the researcher found 511 sentences with all 9 types of tenses used by the interviewed English native speaker. From all all 9 types of tenses, 82.2% of it is simple present tense. From all 511 sentences, the interviewed English native speaker makes 109 (21.3%) error, dominantly classified as omission of error with 58%. The researcher hopes that the students get more activities namely speaking in learning English not only in school but also in their daily activity because it can improve their knowledge about English learning. Besides, teaching-learning activity must be improved to get the satisfactory result. The teacher must guide the student to speak in English and avoid error in speaking. These errors will be affected and made misunderstanding.
Key words: An Error Analysis, Grammar, Interviewed English Native Speaker
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title ...... i
Approval Sheet ...... ii
Ratification Sheet ...... iii
Statement ...... iv
Motto ...... v
Dedication ...... vi
Acknowledgments ...... vii
Abstract ...... ix
Table of Contents ...... x
List of appendices ...... xiii
Chapter I INTRODUCTION ...... 1
A. Background of Study ...... 1
B. Identification of the Problem ...... 4
C. Limitation of the Problem ...... 5
D. Formulation of the Problem ...... 5
E. The Objective of the Study ...... 6
F. Significance of the Study ...... 6
F. Definition of Key Term ...... 7
G. Organization of the Thesis ...... 8
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Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 9
A. Summary of Previous Study ...... 9
B. Theoretical Framework ...... 10
1. Sentences and Utterances ...... 10
2. Definition of Grammar ...... 12
3. English Tenses ...... 17
4. Tenses ...... 19
C. Error Analysis ...... 30
Chapter III RESEARCH METHOD ...... 42
A. Subject of the Research ...... 42
B. Unit of Analysis ...... 42
C. Type of the Research ...... 42
D. Method of Collecting Data ...... 43
E. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 43
F. Data Source ...... 43
Chapter IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...... 45
A. Research Finding ...... 45
1. The types of the Tenses ...... 45
2. The Analysis of Grammar ...... 49
3. The Dominant Mistakes ...... 43
C. Discussion ...... 53
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Chapter V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION ...... 61
A. Conclusion ...... 61
B. Suggestions ...... 61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher will formulate the concept of introduction into several items. This chapter is divided into seven parts. They are background of the study, identification of the problem, statement of the problem, objective of the study, limitation of the study, significance of the study, and organization of the thesis.
A. Background of the Study
Language that is very important in society is a means of
communication. Language, also, has an important role in people’s life to make
communication which involves at least two persons, the speaker and the
listener. Communication is a piece of transferring message from a sender (the
speaker) to a receiver (the hearer). People use the language to communicate
with others. Therefore, everyone needs language to interact with each other in
their social group.
Language is a system for expression of meaning. The primary
function of language is for communication. Communication is a part of human
daily activities. Through communication by using clear language we can share
our ideas to other people properly.
On the other hand, to face a global era we must be able to
communicate not only using our mother tongue but also by foreign language.
One of foreign languages that we must be able to use is English. English which
1 2
is more difficult to learn when we lack of knowledge about it. As an
International language, English is used to communicate the information like in
science and technology. In the international relationship, English speaking
ability is very important to be able to participate in the wider world of work.
English has been the first foreign language that taught in Indonesia.
English becomes a compulsory subject that taught since elementary
school until university. The fact, we know that Indonesian students have
difficulties to improve their English ability. On the other hand, they are
required to be able to listen to, to write, read, and especially to speak English.
Speaking is one of English skills that support us in communication with foreign
people.
Brown (2004: 140) defines that speaking is a productive skill that can
be directly an empirically observed. By speaking properly, it helps us to
communicate our thoughts, ideas, suggestions, and comments in the most
natural and reliable way without much distortion of information. It requires a
resource that is naturally available to every living thing by nature. Sometimes,
we speak with foreign people using English. Although it is not well, they may
be able to catch our words. However, if we use proper and fluent English, the
foreign people become more respect with us.
English is one of the international languages that are intensively used
in international communication in spoken as well as in spoken language.
People speak a language to express their wishes, feeling and thought, ideas,
and they will be understood by others who know the language. To send their 3
message, the speakers can use spoken or written language. Spoken language is
a means to send message from the writer to the readers by using the printed
media.
In general, there are three language components such as phonology,
grammar and vocabulary. The mastery of certain language cannot be separated
from the individual ability in mastering components.
Problems, however, appear when people coming from different
countries with different conditions, cultures and backgrounds meet and speak
different languages. When they have to communicate and cooperate, they are
confronted with a problem; they do not understand each other. They, therefore,
have to master a certain language with which they can understand each other.
In this case, they have to master an international language.
English is one of the living languages in the world. Ramelan, (1992:2)
states that English is the first foreign language that plays in the international
world. It is considered as an international language used more widely in almost
aspect of live such as communication, science and technology, education,
broadcasting, scientific book, magazine, and other. Consequently, people who
want to have access to them should master English well.
When we study English we should also study grammar, because
grammar as one of the language components that is very important and very
useful to learn. According to Klammer ( 2004:3 ), Grammar has a number of
distinct meanings. Grammar can refer to the linguistic system that presumably
exists in the mind of speaker of a language, the knowledge to which refers to 4
when we say that someone “know” a language. Grammar can also mean a
description of the language system.
Grammar has an important role to avoid misunderstanding in
communication. Even native speakers sometimes make a lot of grammatical
mistakes when they are speaking. They do not concern in grammar when they
are speaking. The concept of the tense of verbs found in English language is
very different from that of Indonesian, so it is not surprising that many
Indonesian learners have difficulties with English tenses.
Based on the discussion of tenses as a component of grammar, the
researcher tries to find what is the most common tenses used by native speaker
when they are speaking. His research entitled: “The Error Analysis on
Grammar Found in the Interviewed English Native Speakers’ Sentences..
This research is related to the same theme that is about tenses as
Solihatun’s and Ratnah’s researches. The objective of this study is to find out
what is the most frequently tenses used by the native speaker while they do
speaking. While Solihatun analyzed focused on the used of lexical cohession,
nad Ratnah’s research analyzed about the error of the grammar. Once again,
this research only analyzed about the frequent tenses used by the native
speaker.
B. Identification of the Problem
The researcher decides to analyze this title because of the curiousity to
find out the common tenses used by the native speakers in daily spoken
activity. The difficulty to speak English in our daily communication is mainly 5
in the class. By understanding the habitual way of the native speakers’
speaking, we can cope with the barriers in communication to speak English.
The researcher analyzes some interview recordings because it is
important to make a communication. The act of speaking is done
spontaneously and commonly used in our daily conversation.
Several reasons why the researcher choosing the topic are as follows:
1. English is such a useful language that people learn. It is used in spoken and
written forms in all fields of science and technology. By knowing the way
native speakers speak, it will be very easy for us to get more knowledge and
to communicate with native like. Hornby ( 2005:586) states; “grammar is
rule for forming words and making correct sentences”.
2. The researcher wants to find out the most common tenses used by the
tourists at Borobudur Temple.
C. Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the researcher will not investigate all the native
speakers that come, but the researcher limits his investigation at some tourists
who speak in English that come to Borobudur. In this research, the researcher
focused on analysing the common tenses used by the native speaker.
D. Formulation of the Problem
The statement of the problem can be formulated into the general
questions:
1. What types of tense are frequently used by the native speaker in their
spoken language ? 6
2. What mistakes do they make in speaking English ?
3. How often do they make mistake when they speak ?
E. Objective of the Study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the objectives of the
study are:
1. To find kind of tenses frequently used by the native speaker in their spoken
language.
2. To find what mistakes do native speaker make in speaking English.
3. To find how often do they make mistake when they are speaking.
F. Significance of the Study
It is very expected that this research is very useful and gives good
contribution to everybody related to English education. There are some
expectations to be echieved from this present study:
1. For the teacher
This research is expected to contribute some materials in their subject
for example Vocabulary and Grammar.
2. For the students
By conducting this research, the researcher can help to contribute in
giving some views to understand about tenses and the student will know
about the function of tenses itself.
3. For the researcher
It can be used as reference by other researchers who want to conduct a
research related to the study of English or similar study. 7
G. Definition of Key Term
To get same perception and in order that there is no misunderstanding,
the researcher needs to explain some technical terms that is used in the title of
this thesis. The technical terms are:
1. Analysis
The detailed study or examination of something in order to
understand more about it. (Oxford advance learner’s dictionary.2005)
2. Tense
Discussing tense, we may say that we refer to time; and the shifting
of time isindicated by the changing of verb forms. Hornby (2005:1393)
defines tense as any of the forms of the verb that may be used to indicate
the time of the action or state expressed by the verb. The main points here,
regarding tense, is that we change the verb forms while we are changing the
time.
Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary the Third Edition states
that tense is any of the forms of a verb which show the time at which an
action happened. A form of a verb used to indicate the time, and
sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the
time of speaking. Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time
– past, present, and future.
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3. English Native Speakers
Someone who has spoken a particular language since they were a
baby, rather than having learnt it as a child or adult ( Cambridge
Advenced Learners Dictionary, The Third Edition)
H. Organization of the Thesis
This final project consists of five chapters. The first chapter covers
the background of the study, reason for choosing the topic, statement of the
problem, purpose of the study, limitation of the problems, significance of the
study, definition of the key terms and the organization of the thesis.
The second chapter elaborates the theories underlying the study. It
constitutes the review of related literature.
In the third chapter the researcher presents the research
methodology which includes the explanation about the population and sample,
research instrument, item analysis, data collection, and data analysis.
The fourth chapter deals with the result of the study and its
interpretation.
The last chapter the fifth one provides conclusion of the study and
some suggestions with reference to the result of the study. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher would like to formulate the concept of
introduction into several items. This chapter is divided into some parts. They are
Summary of Previous Study, Theoretical Framework, The Definition of English
Grammar, and English Tenses.
A. Summary of Previous Study
To provide the originality of this research, the researcher wants to
present the previous researches which deal with the students’ attitude toward
English subject. Solihatun (2012) conducted a research entitled “The Analysis of
Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion in the Discourse of Nassarudin Umar Speech
in Jakarta Post May 24th 2012”. The purpose of his study is about describing the
grammatical and lexical cohesion which are used in the discourse of Nasaruddin
Umar Speech in Jakarta Post May 24th 2012. The objectives of this research are to
describe the grammatical and lexical cohesion which are used in the discourse of
Nasaruddin Umar Speech in Jakarta Post May 24th 2012. The result of her study is
that in the discourse, the uses of grammatical cohesion are higher than the lexical
cohesion. Besides, the discourse of Nasaruddin Umar speech has a good cohesion
because it has the criteria of cohesion. Hence, the discourse of Nasaruddin Umar
speech can be understood by the readers or listeners easily.
Ratnah (2013) conducted a research entitled “ Error Analysis in Tenses
Usage Made by Indonesian Student”. This paper attempts to find out types,
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sources and causes of errors on tenses usage in translating Indonesian into English
made by the 1st semester students of Tour and Travel department, academic year
2012/2013. Based on the analyzed transcrip, it has been find out that types of error
made by the students in tenses usage were error of omission, error of selection and
error of addition, particularly in using verb, time signals and the use of auxiliary
verb, the sources of errors made by the students in using tenses cover: intra lingual
error and inter language errors and the causes of error are; interference,
overgeneralization, ignorance of rule restriction, and false concept hypothesized.
B. Theoretical Framework
1. Sentences and Utterances
One of the basic problems in foreign language teaching is to prepare to
be able to use the language. Writing (as one of the four learning skills of
listening, speaking, reading, and writing) has always been part of the syllabus
in the teaching of English. It is kind of skill that needs practices much. The
students are expected to be able to write well organized piece of writing a
sentence. By writing a sentence, people can express what happen in their
mind, so that the readers will know about it.
Harmer (2004:8) regards writing is different from speaking. The final
product of it is not nearly instant. We can say that writing cannot only be
taught; it takes continual practice. Sentence is a set of word that is complete in
itself, typically containing a subject, predicate, conveying a statement
question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and
sometimes one or more subordinate clause.
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According to Klammer (2004:12), sentence is each of the strings of
word contains a subject and a main verb phrase that have a complete meaning.
While Yarber (2004: 31) said that a sentence is a group of words containing a
subject and expressing some sense of completeness. When we write
something we want to transfer a message. The simplest form of expressing the
message is called sentence. The sentence, therefore, must express a complete
idea. It tells the reader what is about. It tells the reader who is and does what.
A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean
something and it’s the basic unit of language which express a complete
thoughts by following the grammatical rules. To write sentences that are not
confusing, we have to make certain that they are grammatically correct
(Pearson, 2004). Tom (ed) 1992 states that there are several types of sentence,
as follows:
a. Simple sentence is one clause. (The dog is happy).
b. A compound sentence is two or more clauses. These clauses are joined
together with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. (The dog is happy, but the
cat is not).
c. A complex sentence is one clause with a relative clause. (The dog, which is
eating the bone, is happy).
d. A complex-compound sentence is consisting of many clauses, at least one
of which is a relative clause (The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy,
but the cat is sad). Sentence has different purposes as follows:
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1) Declarative sentence
It is the most a common type of sentence, tells something and it
ends with a full stop (the dog is happy.).
2) An interrogative/question sentence
It is about asking something, it ends with a question mark (Is the
dog happy?).
3) An exclamatory/exclamation sentence
It says something out of the ordinary and it ends with an
exclamatory mark (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!).
4) An imperative sentence/command
It tells someone to do something (Give the dog a bone!). From
the definition above it can be concluded that a sentence has at least a
subject and the main verb to state (declare) a complete though.
Example: Walker walks.
A subject is the noun that is doing the verb that the subject is doing. In
English and many other languages the first word of a written sentence has a
capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a full stop or full point
(American: period).
2. Definition of Grammar
Talking about the definition of grammar, there would probably be as
many definitions as the number of linguists who manages to define it. The
word Grammar is derived through old French from Latin Grammatica, which
represents Greek Grammatike in the expression Grammatiketekhne.
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According to Richards, Platt, and Weber in Nunan (2005:2) grammar is a
description of a language and the way in which units such as words and
phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language.
From this definition, it seems that grammar plays an important role in
combining units of language to form sentences. The sentences are acceptable
or grammatical if they follow the rules of grammar. Since a communicative
purpose and function of language are reflected in grammar, it is a must the
language students to acquire good grammar. It should be admitted, good
mastery in grammar will enable people easily to express information,
feelings, and ideas in their thought to others.
In other words, it can be said that communication failure will happen
if people does not master the grammar because the purpose of communication
cannot be reached. From that statement, it is clear that grammar is important
to be mastered by the students in order to be able to express their feelings,
emotions, and to be able to use English appropriately. Grammar is the central
part of a language that plays an important role in expressing meanings.
Grammar is the basic element to understand a sentence. So to study a
language, one must know the structure of that language. Grammar is one of
the important components in learning English.
Hornby (1995:517) defines that grammar is the rules in a language
for changing the form of words and combining them into sentences.
According to Harmer (2001:12), the grammar of a language is a description of
the ways in which words can change their forms and can be combined into
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sentence in that language. In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules
that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given
natural language. The term refers to the study of such rules, and this field
includes morphology, syntax, and phonology.
According to Klammer (2004: 3), grammar has a number of distinct
meanings. Grammar can refer to the linguistic system that presumably exists
in the mind of a speaker of a language. Grammar can also mean description of
the language system. There are two kinds of grammatical description. The
first involves descriptive rules, which how our grammatical system operates,
rules that are the same for all speakers of English such as subjects precede
verbs in most sentences. The second involves prescriptive rules such as
whether to use who or whom in a given context.
While Gerot and Wignell(1994:5) explained that there are three
grammars which have had a major influence on school.
a. Traditional grammar
Traditional grammar aims to describe the grammar of Standard
English by comparing it with Latin. As such, it is prescriptive. Students learn
the name of part of speech (nouns, verbs, prepositions, adverbs, adjectives).For
example:
Noun Verb Preposition Adverb Adjective the sky Walk in since happy the moon buy beside for sad book bring until as beautiful the river flies at little handsome
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b. Formal grammar
Formal grammars are concerned to describe the structure of individual
sentences. Such grammars view language as a set of rules which allows or
disallows certain sentence structure. For example;
1). The sky darkened N V
2). He worked hard N V Adverb
c. Functional grammar
Functional grammars view language as a resource for making
meaning. These grammars attempt to describe language in actual use and so
focus on texts and their context. They are concerned not only with the structures
but also with how those structures construct meaning. For example as below;
Sentences Function
If I had nine hundred million, I’d Suggesting a hypothetical situation travel around the world.
My younger brother graduated Presentation of a completed action from university last month.
When Sam and I were secondary Emphasizing of a past habit students, we never went to the tutorial classes and always played football.
Meanwhile Ramelan (1992:22) explains that there are kinds of grammar;
prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Descriptive grammar is based on
the observation of the language. The nature of rules is then called prescriptive.
Prescriptive grammar describes how we ought to use language. It contains the
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rules of how educated people ought to speak or write. People use grammar with
two meanings. First, the speaker’s internalized systems of rules which enable him
to create and understand the sentence of the language. This is provided in the
people’s mind. The second is the linguist’s attempt at describing the rules. It refers
to the real performance of language user. According to Harmer (2001:13),
grammars have three parts. They are:
a. Morpheme
Morpheme is used by linguistics to name the smallest units of
grammars to combine grammatically with words to create new meanings.
Morpheme can be divided into two parts. They are:
1). Free morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as a word such as
red, write.
2). Bound morpheme
A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word such as –ing, -ed.
b. Morphology
This knowledge is using morpheme to change the meaning or grammar
of a word such as write+ing = writing.
c. Syntax
Syntax is study of the arrangement of words into phrase and sentences
or syntactical constructions, such as Herman sold the dealer an airplane
Considering those definitions and explanations, the researcher comes into
conclusion that grammar is a set of rules derived from a language that makes
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people to understand what they read or to be creative in constructing sentences
or expressions when they communicate. Meanwhile in the context of education
especially in the learning and teaching of foreign language, grammar is usually
considered one of the language components other than vocabulary and sound
system which students should acquire.
As foreign language learners commonly do not have much direct
exposure to the language, mastering language components is one of the ways to
support the mastery of foreign language skills. Although grammar does not
belong to skill in English like reading, speaking, listening and writing, grammar
supports those skills.
It is not true that the language in speech does not concern to the
grammatical rule, sometimes we did not seem to be aware that the neglect of
grammar caused miscommunication in formal context or academic. In reading
students will understand the text and know the ideas of the researcher if they
have ability in grammar. So, grammatical English has important roles, whether
in speaking, writing and reading informal context and academic.
3. English Tenses
In the area of English as foreign language learning, especially the
learning of grammar, tense has probably been a quite complicated and
demanding element tolearn. In English, when we have to deal with tense, we
must automatically work withverb form changes. Moreover, the fact that in
some languages, including Indonesianlanguage, tense system does not occur
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has resulted in students’ negative perceptiontowards English, i.e., that English
is a difficult subject.
Discussing tense, we may say that we refer to time; and the shifting of
time isindicated by the changing of verb forms. Hornby (2005:1393) defines
tense as any of the forms of the verb that may be used to indicate the time of the
action or state expressed by the verb. The main points here, regarding tense, is
that we change the verb forms while we are changing the time. Consequently,
we may judge when an action takes place or when a state exists by seeing the
forms of the verb. It means that different forms of verb show difference in time.
The present tense indicates that something is taking place now, whereas the past
tense indicates that something was completed in the past. This indicates that
tense is classified into two kinds i.e., present and past tense. This dichotomy is,
therefore, considered the basic categorization of tense.
However, those two tenses are, then, re-categorized into several
different tenses. Another linguists may agree that there are three tenses in
English i.e., present, past, and future tenses. Even sometimes tense is classified
into twelve or sixteen or even more. Which classification to choose however is
not important. The thing is that they are all true because every linguist proposes
different points of view. Summing up those definitions and elaboration above,
tense is a particular form of a verb indicating the time of an action. It is, thus,
categorized into different kinds on the basis of the time changing.
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4. Tenses
In this case the researcher discusses the form, the use of tense and
completed with example.
a. Simple Present Tense
The present tense uses the verb's base form (write, work), or, for
third-person singular subjects, the base form plus an -s ending (he writes, she
works).
The present tense indicates that an action is present, now, relative to
the speaker or writer. Generally, it is used to describe actions that are factual
or habitual things that occur in the present but that are not necessarily
happening right now:
The present tense is used to describe events that are scheduled (by
nature or by people): "High tide is at 3:15 p.m. The Super Bowl starts at 6:15
p.m."
Present tense habitual activities are frequently signaled by time
expressions such as the following:
all the time every month often always every rarely every class semester sometimes every day every week usually every every year holiday most of the every hour time never
Singular Plural I walk we walk you walk you walk he/she/it walks they walk
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Singular Plural I sleep we sleep you sleep you sleep he/she/it sleeps they sleep
Singular Plural I am we are you are you are he/she/it is they are Example :
1) I walk to work every day.
2) The Chicago Bulls sometimes practice in this gymnasium.
3) Dr. Espinoza operates according to her own schedule.
4) Coach Calhoun recruits from countries outside the U.S.A.
5) Tashonda tells me she has committed to UConn.
6) We work really hard to make this a success, and then look what happens.
a. The Simple Past Tense
The simple past tense indicates that an action is in the past relative
to the speaker or writer.
1) when the time period has finished: "We went to Chicago last Christmas."
2) when the time period is definite: "We visited Mom last week."
3) with for, when the action is finished: "I worked with the FBI for two
months."
Singular Plural I walked we walked you walked you walked he/she/it they walked walked
Singular Plural
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I slept we slept you slept you slept he/she/it slept they slept
Singular Plural I was we were you were you were he/she/it was they were Example : 1) When I was a girl, I walked five miles to school every day.
2) Carmelita slept through the entire class.
3) We worked really hard to make this a success, but then Chuck ruined it
with his carelessness.
a. Simple Future Tense
The simple future tense indicates that an action is in the future
relative to the speaker or writer. There are no inflected forms for the future in
English (nothing like those -ed or -s endings in the other tenses). Instead, the
future tense employs the helping verbs will or shall with the base form of the
verb:
Singular Plural I will walk we will walk you will walk you will walk he/she/it will they will walk walk
Singular Plural I will sleep we will sleep you will sleep you will sleep he/she/it will they will sleep sleep
22
Singular Plural I will be we will be you will be you will be he/she/it will be they will be
1. Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is formed with a present tense form of
"to have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or
irregular in form). This tense indicates either that an action was completed
(finished or "perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to
the present:
a) I have walked two miles already [but I'm still walking].
b) I have run the Boston Marathon [but that was some time ago].
c) The critics have praised the film Saving Private Ryan since it came out
[and they continue to do so].
The choice between Present Perfect and Simple Past is often
determined by the adverbial accompanying the verb. With adverbs referring to
a period gone by, we would use the simple past:
a) I studied all night/yesterday/on Wednesday.
With adverbs beginning in the past and going up to present, we
would use the present perfect:
a. I have studied up to now/lately/already.
An adverbial time-marker such as "today, this month," or "for an
hour" can take either the simple past or present perfect:
a) I worked/have worked hard today.
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We tend to use the Present Perfect when reporting or announcing an
event of the recent past:
a) The company's current CEO has lied repeatedly to her employees.
But we tend to use the Simple Past when reporting or announcing
events of the finished, more distant past:
a) Washington encouraged his troops. Because the time limits for Present
Perfect are relatively elastic (stretching up to the present), it is somewhat
less definite than the Simple Past:
b) Brett has worked with some of the best chefs of Europe [in the course of
his long and continuing career].
c) Brett worked with Chef Pierre LeGout [when he lived in Paris].
(Notice how the topic of Brett's work is narrowed down as we move
from Present Perfect to Simple Past.)
Singular Plural I have walked we have walked you have walked you have walked he/she/it has they have walked walked Singular Plural I have slept we have slept you have slept you have slept he/she/it has slept they have slept
Singular Plural I have been we have been you have been you have been he/she/it has been they have been
24
b.Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect tense indicates that an action was completed
(finished or "perfected") at some point in the past before something else
happened. This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (HAD)
plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in
form):
a) I had walked two miles by lunchtime.
b) I had run three other marathons before entering the Boston Marathon .
Singular Plural I had walked we had walked you had walked you had walked he/she/it had they had walked walked Singular Plural I had slept we had slept you had slept you had slept he/she/it had slept they had slept Singular Plural I had been we had been you had been you had been he/she/it had been they had been
b. Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense indicates that an action will have been
completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future. This tense is
formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can
be either regular or irregular in form): "I will have spent all my money by this
time next year. I will have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish
this one."
25
Singular Plural I will have walked we will have walked you will have walked you will have walked he/she/it will have walked they will have walked
Singular Plural I will have slept we will have slept you will have slept you will have slept he/she/it will have slept they will have slept
Singular Plural I will have been we will have been you will have been you will have been he/she/it will have been they will have been
c. Present Progressive Tense
The present progressive tense indicates continuing action,
something going on now. This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb,
in the present tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing
ending): "I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this year. She is
working through the holiday break. Dierdre is being a really good girl in these
days before Christmas".
The present progressive can suggest that an action is going to happen
in the future, especially with verbs that convey the idea of a plan or of
movement from one place or condition to another: "The team is arriving in
two hours. He's moving to Portland this summer." Because the present
progressive can suggest either the present or the future, it is usually modified
by adverbs of time.
26
Singular Plural I am walking we are walking you are walking you are walking he/she/it is walking they are walking
Singular Plural I am sleeping we are sleeping you are sleeping you are sleeping he/she/it is sleeping they are sleeping
Singular Plural I am being we are being you are being you are being he/she/it is being they are being
d. Past Progressive Tense
The past progressive tense indicates continuing action, something
that was happening, going on, at some point in the past. This tense is formed
with the helping "to be" verb, in the past tense, plus the present participle of
the verb (with an -ing ending):
a. I was riding my bike all day yesterday.
b. Joel was being a terrible role model for his younger brother.
The past progressive indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a
convenient way to indicate that something took place (in the simple past)
while something else was happening:
a. Carlos lost his watch while he was running.
The past progressive can express incomplete action.
a. I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door.
as opposed to the simple past, which suggests a completed action:
a. I slept on the couch last night.
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The past progressive is also used to poke fun at or criticize an action
that is sporadic but habitual in nature:
a. Tashonda was always handing in late papers.
b. My father was always lecturing my brother.
Singular Plural I was walking we were walking you were walking you were walking he/she/it was walking they were walking
Singular Plural I was sleeping we were sleeping you were sleeping you were sleeping he/she/it was sleeping they were sleeping
Singular Plural I was being we were being you were being you were being he/she/it was being they were being
e. Future Progressive Tense
The future progressive tense indicates continuing action,
something that will be happening, going on, at some point in the future. This
tense is formed with the modal "will" plus "be," plus the present participle of
the verb (with an -ing ending): "I will be running in next year's Boston
Marathon. Our campaign plans suggest that the President will be winning the
southern vote by November. "
Singular Plural I will be walking we will be walking you will be walking you will be walking he/she/it will be walking they will be walking
28
Singular Plural I will be sleeping we will be sleeping you will be sleeping you will be sleeping he/she/it will be sleeping they will be sleeping
Singular Plural There is no future progressive for the "to be" verb. "Will be being" is expressed simply as "will be": "We will be being happy."
f. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
The present perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action
that has been finished at some point in the past or that was initiated in the past
and continues to happen. The action is usually of limited duration and has
some current relevance: "She has been running and her heart is still beating
fast." The present perfect progressive frequently is used to describe an event
of the recent past; it is often accompanied by just in this usage: "It has just
been raining."
This tense is formed with the modal "HAVE" or "HAS" (for third-
person singular subjects) plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb
(with an -ing ending): "I have been working in the garden all morning. George
has been painting that house for as long as I can remember."
Singular Plural I have been walking we have been walking you have been walking you have been walking he/she/it has been walking they have been walking
Singular Plural I have been sleeping we have been sleeping you have been sleeping you have been sleeping he/she/it has been sleeping they have been sleeping
29
Singular Plural There is no present perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Have been being" is expressed simply as "have been": "We have been being successful in the past."
g. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
The past perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action
that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the
modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -
ing ending): "I had been working in the garden all morning. George had been
painting his house for weeks, but he finally gave up."
Singular Plural I had been walking we had been walking you had been walking you had been walking he/she/it had been they had been walking walking
Singular Plural I had been sleeping we had been sleeping you had been sleeping you had been sleeping he/she/it had been they had been sleeping sleeping
Singular Plural There is no past perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Had been being" is expressed simply as "had been": "We had been being successful before, but we somehow lost our knack."
h. Future Perfect Progressive Tense
The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action
that will be completed at some point in the future. This tense is formed with
30
the modal "WILL" plus the modal "HAVE" plus "BEEN" plus the present
participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "Next Thursday, I will have been
working on this project for three years."
Singular Plural I will have been walking we will have been walking you will have been walking you will have been walking he/she/it will have been they will have been walking walking
Singular Plural I will have been sleeping we will have been sleeping you will have been sleeping you will have been sleeping he/she/it will have been they will have been sleeping sleeping
Singular Plural There is no future perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Will have been being" is expressed simply as "will have been": "By this time next year we will have been being on this committee for a decade."
Authority for the last two paragraphs: A University Grammar of English by
Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993.
Used with permission. Examples our own.
C. Error Analysis
Learning foreign language such as English does not the same as
learning first language or mother tongue. Learning mother tongue or first language
is not influenced by other language but it is different for students who
learnEnglish; the process of learning is influenced by their mother tongue as their
first language andit causes an error and mistake in learning.
31
The learners will make mistakes in the process of acquisition and these
mistakeswill disturb that process if she or he does not correct the errors. Therefore,
the researcher and teachers, in this case English teachers, come to realize that the
mistakes and error which a person made in the process of constructing a new
system of language needs to be analyzed carefully. This analysis becomes the key
to the understanding of the process of foreign language acquisition.
1. The Meaning of Error
Brown (1994:224) states that especially in the early stages of learning, a
foreignlanguage, before the system of the foreign language is familiar. The
native language is the only previouslinguistic system upon which the learner
can draw. The word error is derived from Latin word error that means
wandering or straying; however, in this case the word wandering or straying
means that the process when the students learn new things, they must take trial
and error or make a deviation from accuracy or correctness during the
processes (language teaching).
Human learning is fundamentally a process that involves the making
of error and mistake assumptions that form an important aspect of learning
virtually any skill or acquiring information, Ellis (1994:51) defines errors as a
deviation from the norms of the target language. It means that there is
something wrong in norms of language performance; the making of errors is so
unavoidable in learning process. Besides, the making of errors is one part of
learning and no one can learn without the making of errors.
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Meanwhile Ellis (1994:49) stated that the errors that learners make can
be influenced by a variety of factors, such as; mother tongue or language
learning experience. From the statement above we know that error may happen
in teaching learning process, maybe it is caused by the teacher, they have lack
of grammar competence in English teaching or by students who have different
understanding or wrong perception then they save on the brain for long time
and improve in their English grammar.
When we talk about error, we may also think about mistake. Errors
andmistakes are not the same; it is crucial to make distinction between error
and mistake and most of people still misunderstand about the definition of
both. To be more classified between error and mistake, Corder in Ellis
(1994:51) said “A mistake occurs when learners fail to perform their
competence”. That is the result of processing problems that prevent learners
from accessing their knowledge of a target language rule and cause them to fall
back on some alternative, non-standard rule that they find easier to access.
Corder in Ellis (1994:51) stated that anerrortakes place when the
deviation arises as a result of lack of knowledge. Another way to differentiate
between error and mistake is if the learners cancorrect themselves, it is
probably mistake, but if they cannot, it is an error. From its definition of error
above, we have seen that there are some classifications of error, they are as
follows:
33
a. Errors of competence are the result of application of rules by the first
language learner which do not (yet) correspondence the foreign language
norm.
b. Errors of performances are the result of mistake in language use and manifest
themselves as repeats, false starts, corrections or slips of the tongue. Error of
competence is known what is grammatically correct; Error performance
occurs frequently in the speech of both native speaker and foreign language
learner or what actually occurs in practice.
2. Distinction between Error and mistake
To learn error analysis further, there must be a distinction between
error and mistake. In fact, it is difficult to determine the nature of deviation
without doing analysis carefully. Mistakes can be self-corrected when attention is
called. On the other hand, an error is the use of linguistic item in a way that a
fluent or native speaker of the language regards it as showing faulty or incomplete
learning. In other words, it occurs because the learner does not know what is
correct, and thus it cannot be selfcorrected. There are those so called error and
mistake that are more correctly described as lapses. A mistake refers to an error
performance; it is a failure to make use of a known system.
Everybody makes mistakes in both native and foreign language
situation. Normally, native speakers are able to recognize and correct such lapses
and mistake which is not the result of a deficiency in competence, but it is the
result of imperfection in the process of producing speech (Brown,2000:170).
Errors are deviances that are due to deficient competence, such as knowledge of
34
the language, which may or may not be conscious. As they are due to deficient
competence they tend to be systematic and not self-correctable. Whereas, mistake
or lapses that is due to performance deficiencies and arises from lack of attention,
slips of memory, anxiety possibly caused by pressure of time etc. As James
(1998:83) said that error cannot be self-corrected until further relevant input
(implicit or explicit) has been provided and converted into intake by the learner. In
other words errors require further relevant learning to take place before they can
be self-corrected.
To distinguish between errors and mistake simply, Ellis (1994:54)
suggests two ways. The first one is to check the consistency of learner’s
performance. If he sometimes uses the correct form and sometimes the wrong one,
it is mistake. However, if he/she always uses it correctly, it is then an error. The
second way is to ask learner to try to correct his/her own deviant utterance where
he/she is unable to, the deviations are errors; where he/she is successful, and they
are mistake.
3. Types of Errors in Errors Analysis
To categorize error into classification based on the types or the sources of
errors is not easy work. Many times error cannot be traced back into one source.
Moreover, the boundaries between different sources of many errors are sometimes
unclear that the arbitrary classification decision unavoidable.
Dulay (1982: 145) defines error analysis as an analytical tool, as are the
specification of transitional constructions, the computation of acquisition orders
and the delineation of special utterances types.
35
a. Omission
Omission is characterized by the absence of an item that must appear
in well-formed utterance. However between content words and function words,
language learner more frequently omits the letter. Examples: My mother caled
me for My mother called me
b. Addition
This error is the opposite of omission. They are characterized by the
presence of an item which must not appear in a well-formed utterance.
Examples:
1) She putted the book from the book shelf yesterday (She put the book from
the book shelf yesterday)
2) My father readed a newspaper last morning (My father read a newspaper
last morning)
c. Miss-formation
It is characterized by the use of the wrong form of the morpheme or
structure. In formation errors, the learner supplies something although it is not
correct. Examples:
1) The baby sleeped early this night. (The baby slept early this night)
2) We spended our holiday with our family. (We spent our holiday with our
family)
36
d. Misordering
Misordering errors are categorized by the incorrect placement of a
morpheme or group of morpheme in an utterance. This kind of errors occurs
when learners wrongly place the sequence of words in the sentence. Examples:
1) My brother did homework her last night. (She did her homework last night)
2) I bought a dictionary new last week. (I bought a new dictionary last week)
4. The Causes of Errors
Ellis (1994:49) claims that there are three major of causes of error, they
are;Mother tongue interference, Overgeneralization and Error encouraged
byteaching material or method.
a. Mother tongue interference
Although young children appear to be able to learn a foreign language
quite easily and to reproduce new sound very effectively, older learner
hasexperience considerable difficulty. The sound system (phonology) and
thegrammar of the first language impose themselves on the new language and
this leads to foreign pronunciation, faultygrammatical pattern andoccasionally
to the wrong choice of vocabulary.
b. Overgeneralization
The mentalist theory claims that errors are inevitable because they
reflect various stages in the language development of learner. It claimthat the
learner processes new language data in his/her mind and produces rulefor its
production based on the evidence.
Some over-generalization is signed by:
37
1) Over-generalization generally involves the creation of one deviantstructure
in place of two regular structures. Example:
He can sings
We are hope
It is occurs
It may be the result of the learner reducing his/herlinguistic burden,
with the omission of the third person –s.
2) Over-generalization is associated with redundancy reduction. It may occur,
for instance, with items which are contrasted in the grammar of the language
but which do not carry significant and obvious construct for the learner. The
-ed marker, in narrative or in other past context often appears to carry no
meaning, since pastness is usually indicated lexically in stories, and essential
notion of sequence in narrative can be expressed equally well in the present.
For example;Yesterday I go to the university and I meet my new professor.
Thus, the learner cuts down the task involved in sentence production.
c. Errors encouraged by teaching material or method Error can appear to be
induced by teaching process itself and error isan evidence of failure of
ineffective teaching or lack control. If material iswell chosen, graded and
presented with meticulous care, there shouldnever be error. Corder in Ellis
(1994:51)said that it is however, not easy to identify sucherror except in
conjunction with a close study of the material and teachingtechnique to which
the learner has been exposed. This is probably why solittle is known about
them.
38
Meanwhile, Richard in Ellis (1994:58), a number of different sources
or causes of competence errors have been identified. He distinguishes three:
a) Interference errors occur as a result of the use of element from one language
while speaking another.
b) Intralingual errors reflect the general characteristics of rule learning such as
faulty generalization, incomplete application of rules and failure to learn
conditions under which rules apply.
c) Developmental errors occur when the learner attempts to build up hypotheses
about the target language on the basis of limited experience.
Richard in Ellis (1994:59) said that intralingual errors are also often further
subdivided, i.e. overgeneralization, in complete application of rules
ignorance of rule restrictions and false concept hypothesized.
a. Overgeneralization
Overgeneralization happens when the learners create false structure on
the basis of other structure in the target language. If learners make a sentence in
the use of present perfect tense, for example, they think that the main verb in
the past participle from in English are made by adding the ending –ed or –d to
the infinitive form of regular verbs. For instance the children have borrowed
book for two days.
b. Ignorance of rule restriction.
Ignorance of rule restrictions involves the application of rule to
contexts where they do not apply. In this type of error the learners fail to
observe the restrictions of existing structure. The students ignore the using of
39
auxiliary have or has between the subject and the verb in making a sentence in
the use of present perfect tense. The students are likely auxiliary is instead of
was such as in I have read a newspaper instead of She has read a newspaper.
c. Incomplete application of rules
The occurrences of structures whose deviant represents the degree of
development of the rule required to produce acceptable utterances, example; the
student make a question with a question word in every statement. In this case
the communication can be achieved efficiently than mastering the rule of
question usage.
d. False concept hypothesized
In addition to the wide range of intralingual errors, which have to do
with faulty rule learning at various levels, there is a class of developmental
error, which is derived from faulty comprehension of distriction in the target
language. Example;
1) One day it was happened, the form was may be interpreted as a marker of the
past tense.
2) He is speaks English, is may be understood to be the corresponding marker
of the present tense. The student will use is and was to present and past in
every words following it.
5. The role of Error Analysis in language teaching and learning In language
learning the study of the learners has become very important and has always
been a cause of much concern to the teacher and text-book writers alike. It has
been used as indicator of learning and guide in teaching. The study of
40
learners’ errors is known as error analysis. Error analysis shows the
significance of learner’s errors in three ways:
1) They tell the teachers how far the learners have progressed and what
remains for them to learn.
2) They provide evidence to researchers of how language is learned of
acquired and what strategy or procedure the learner is employing to learn
the language, and
3) They serve as feedback to the learner of hypothesis he is using. Contrastive
analysis has in many case, failed to predict learning problems, despite the
claim that contrastive analysis has not only predicated difficulties in the
areas where the mother tongue and foreign differ but also in the case of
linguistic features that are unknown in the sources language.
However, there are weaknesses of error analysis. The points out of
their major weaknesses of error analysis are:
(1) The confusion of error description with error explanation (the process and
product aspect of analysis).
(2) The lack of precision and specificity in the definition of error categories
and
(3) Simplistic categorization of the causes or learning’s errors. Meanwhile,
there are three major difficulties in conducting error analysis. They are:
(1) Difficulty in giving meaning to the students’ utterances. He/she does not
have time to make reconstruction of students writing utterances or to return
41
them to their original sentence or corpus, these often cause mistake and
produce meaningless finding.
(2) Difficulty in creating instrument, which can be used to obtain the
information that we need. If the instrument we make is not good and
systematic, we will get invalid and meaningless data. In other words the
information data we do not contain error since students may avoid using
difficult items.
(3) Difficulty in classifying the errors, to classify errors into types is not an
easy work and it takes much time. Sometimes students’ wrong utterance
cannot be regarded as error. Actually, we can take some benefits from
errors, errors to be of particular importance because the making of errors is
a device the learner’s use in order to learn. The foreign
languagelearners’errors potentially are important for the understanding of
the processes of SLA. Therefore, it is expected that students can correct
themselves when they commit errors.
The learner’s errors are indicative both of the states of the learner’s
knowledge, and of the ways in which a second language is learned 6. The Goal of
Error Analysis
When researcher conducts an error analysis, he/she must have at least onegoal
to achieve, one of the goals of error analysis is to reveal learners strategies and to help
in the preparation of more effective learning materials. Another goal is to classify the
types of errors and identify those which under communication, as well as those which
native speakers find difficult to tolerate.
42
There are four goals of error analysis.It was believed that error analysis, by
identifying the areas of difficulty for the learner, could help in (i) determining the
sequence of presentation of target item in textbook and classroom, with the difficult
item following the easier one, (ii) deciding the relatives degree of emphasis,
explanation and practice required in
putting across various items in the target language; (iii) devising remedial lesson and
exercise, and (iv) selecting items for testing the learners’ sproficiency
(http://lets- elajar.blogspot.com/2014/04/review-of-relatedliterature. html).
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher will explain the research method of this thesis. They are object of the research, unit of analysis, type of research, method of collecting data, technique of data analysis, and data source.
A. Subject of the Research
The subject of this study is the tourists that are the English Native
Speaker at Borobudur Temple. The researcher conducted the research of
grammar in the discourse of tourist at Borobudur Temple .
B. Unit of Analysis
The units of analysis in this research are the sentences and utterances in
the transcipt of the tourist interview. The introductory of the discourse would
be conducted as the sentences.
C. Type of Research
In this research, the writer uses a descriptive qualitative research. It is
type of research which does not use any calculation or numbering. The writer
uses this type of research because the data produced are in the form of words.
The descriptive research is to describe or interpret the condition of situation
from the data by using grammatical tenseon the tourist interview transcription
at Borobudur Temple.
42
43
D. Method of Collecting Data
In collecting the data, the writer uses documentary methods.
Documentary method is the technique in getting the data about the cases or
variable as note, transcript, book, magazine and newspaper. By using transcript
method, the writer takes a transcript from the tourist interview recording at
Borobudur temple to be the data. The ways to collect the data are:
1. interviewing and recording the tourist,
2. transcribing the record,
3. Reading the transcript as the data, and
4. Coding the transcript that contains grammar.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, this research applies descriptive method. In
doing the analysis, the writer goes through with the following steps:
1. Classify the grammatical tenses based on Halliday and Hasan,
2. Describing the kinds of tenses toward the tourist interview recording,
3. Describing the kinds of tenses used by the tourist at Borobudur temple,
4. Calculating the frequency of the mistakes, and
5. Drawing the conclusion and suggestion based on the data analysis
F. Data Source
There are two kinds of sources in colecting data which are needed for
analyzing the transcript of tourists’ speaking as follows:
a. Primary data 44
The data of the research is a text transcription of tourist
interview records at Borobudur temple. Because there are more than 100
tourists coming to borobudur temple, the researchers take 10 of the tourists
to be analyzed. It is accordance with Arikunto’s statement (2010 : 174) that
explain that sample is a part of representative of population of the research.
If the subject of the research is less than 100, it is better to take all of the the
subject. If the subject of the research are more than 1400, the researcher can
take 10-15 % or 20-25%.
b. Supporting Data
The data of this kind include some information, which are taken
from other references out side the data has being analyzed, for example,
English dictionary and grammar book. CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher would like to discuss about the results or the findings of the research. For the first, the researcher presents research finding and the second is discussion.
A. Research Finding
a. The typesof Tenses Used by the English Native Speakers
In this thesis, the researcher tried to analize 10 native speakers.
Each native speaker spoke on their own way and pronunciation. The
researcher focused only in finding the grammatical error used by the native
speaker.
After doing the transcription, then the researcher classified the
tenses used by the native speaker.
1. First Native Speaker
In the first native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 50
sentences. There are sixtypes of tenses that used by the first native speaker.
They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense, simple
present tense, present perfect tense, and past continuous tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 38 sentences in simple present
tense, 2 sentences in present continuous tense, 3 sentences in present future
tense, 5 sentences in past tences, 1 past continuous tense, and 1 present
perfect tense.
45 46
2. Second Native Speaker
In the second native speakers’ conversation, the researcher finds37
sentences. There are three kinds of tenses used by the second native speaker.
They are present continuous tense, past tense, and simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 31 sentences in simple present
tense, 2 sentences in present continuous tense, and 4 sentences in past
tences.
3. Third Native Speaker
In the third native speakers’ conversation the researcher finds26
sentences. There are four kinds of tenses used by the third native speaker.
They are present continuous tense, past tense, present perfect tense, and
simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 23 sentences in simple present
tense, 1 sentence in present continuous tense, 1 sentence in past tences, and
1 present perfect tense.
4. Fourth Native Speaker
In the Fourth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 78
sentences. There are Fourtypes of tenses that used by the Fourth native
speaker. They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense,
and simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 71 sentences in simple present
tense, 2 sentences in present continuous tense, 3 sentences in present future
tense, and 2 sentences in past tences. 47
5. Fifth Native Speaker
In the Fifth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 48
sentences. There are twotypes of tenses that used by the Fifth native
speaker. They are past tense, and simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 44 sentences in simple present
tense, and4 sentences in past tences.
6. Sixth Native Speaker
In the Sixth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 78
sentences. There are seventtypes of tenses that used by the Sixth native
speaker. They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense,
simple present tense, present perfect tense, present perfect continuous, and
past future tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 55 sentences in simple present
tense, 5 sentences in present continuous tense, 5 sentences in present future
tense, 5 sentences in past tences, 1 present perfect continuous tense, 1 past
future tense and 6 sentences in present perfect tense.
7. Seventh Native Speaker
In the Seventh native speakers’ conversation the researcher found
21 sentences. There are threetypes of tenses that used by the Seventh native
speaker. They are past tense, simple present tense, and present perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 18 sentences in simple present
tense, 1 sentence in past tense, and 2 present perfect tense.
8. Eigth Native Speaker 48
In the Eigth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 100
sentences. There are fivetypes of tenses that used by the Eigth native
speaker. They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense,
simple present tense, and present perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 80 sentences in simple present
tense, 2 sentences in present continuous tense, 7 sentences in present future
tense, 9 sentences in past tenses, and 2 present perfect tense.
9. Ninth Native Speaker
In the Ninth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 41
sentences. There are Fivetypes of tenses that used by the Ninth native
speaker. They are past tense, present future tense, simple present tense,
present perfect tense, and past perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 34 sentences in simple present
tense, 2 sentences in present future tense, 3 sentences in past tenses,1 past
perfect tense , and 1 present perfect tense.
10. Tenth Native Speaker
In the Tenth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 32
sentences. There are four types of tenses that used by the Tenth native
speaker. They are past tense, present future tense, simple present tense, and
present perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 26 sentences in simple present
tense, 4 sentences in present future tense, 1sentence in past tense, and 1
present perfect tense. 49
b. The Analysis on Grammar Made by the Interviewed English native Speaker
1. First Native Speaker
The researcher also found some grammatical error made by the first
native speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 5 (five) error.
This is one of example of errors made the first native speaker :
a) First Native Speaker, sentence 12
“No, i don’t get angry. It just the variaties. It just different culture and
we have to accept every culture.”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “No, Ididn’t get angry. It is just the variaties. It is
just different culture and we have to accept every culture.”
2. Second Native Speaker
The researcher also found some grammatical error made by the
second native speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 6 (six)
errors. This is one of example of errors made the second native speaker:
a) Second Native Speaker, sentence 13
“Indonesian food? When I try it, I like it. Like....”
Type of error : Miss-formation
“Indonesian food? When I tried it, I like it. Like....”
50
3. Third Native Speaker
The researcher also found some grammatical error made by the
third native speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 2 (two)
errors. This is one of example of errors made the third native speaker :
a) Third Native Speaker, sentence 18
“Yes, i have been come so many times, so I like Indonesia”
Type of error : Omission
“Yes, i have came so many time, so I like Indonesia”
4. Fourth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some errors made by the fourth native
speaker. After analysind the data, the researcher14 errors. This is one of
example of errors made the third native speaker :
a) Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 12
“people are nice”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The people are nice”
5. Fifth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the fifth native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcherfound 5errors. This is one of
example of errors made the third native speaker :
a) Fifth Native Speaker, sentence 11
“Not in here”
Type of error : Addition 51
The correct sentece is “Not here”
6. Sixth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the sixth native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcherfound 11 errors. This is one
of example of errors made the third native speaker :
a) Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 6
“We came to holiday to see you life, the culture”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “We come to holiday, to see your life, and the
culture”
7. Seventh Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the seventh native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcherfound 4 errors. This is one
of example of errors made the third native speaker :
a) Seventh Native Speaker, sentence 2
“We live in Bali, actually from England”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We live in Bali, but actually we’re from
England”
8. Eight Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the eight native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcherfound 33 errors. This is one
of example of errors made the third native speaker : 52
a) Eight Native Speaker, sentence 18
“And you people really”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “And you people are really also”
9. Ninth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the ninth native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcherfound 11 errors. This is one
of example of errors made the third native speaker :
a) Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 4
“Many reason. No for my pleasure.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Many reasons., for my pleasure”
10. Ninth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the tenth native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 19 errors. This is one
of example of errors made the tenth native speaker :
a) Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 1
“From the college?”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “What College are you from?”
For futher proof the researcher gives the complete data in appendics.
53
c. The Dominant Mistakes Made by The Interviewed English Native Speakers
After anlysing the data, the researcher tried to analyzed the dominant
errors made all 10 interviewed native speaker. The researcher made it into table
to make it easier, as follows;
Native Speaker Type of Error Omission Addition Miss-Formation Misordering 1 1 - 4 - 2 4 1 1 - 3 1 - 1 - 4 13 - - 1 5 3 1 - 1 6 6 - 5 - 7 4 - - - 8 18 6 5 4 9 5 1 2 3 10 8 - 2 8
After analysing the data, the researcher found that the dominant error
made by the interviewed English native speaker is Omission Error type.
B. Discussion
1. First Native Speaker
In the first native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 50
sentences. There are sixtypes of tenses that used by the first native speaker.
They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense, simple
present tense, present perfect tense, and past continuous tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 38 (76%) sentences in simple
present tense, 2 (4%) sentences in present continuous tense, 3 (6%) 54
sentences in present future tense, 5 (10%) sentences in past tences, 1 (2%)
past continuous tense, and 1 (2%) present perfect tense.
2. Second Native Speaker
In the second native speakers’ conversation, the researcher finds37
sentences. There are three kinds of tenses used by the second native speaker.
They are present continuous tense, past tense, and simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 31(83.8%) sentences in simple
present tense, 2 (5.4%) sentences in present continuous tense, and 4(10.8%)
sentences in past tences.
3. Third Native Speaker
In the third native speakers’ conversation the researcher finds26
sentences. There are four kinds of tenses used by the third native speaker.
They are present continuous tense, past tense, present perfect tense, and
simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 23 (92.5%) sentences in simple
present tense, 1(2.5%) sentence in present continuous tense, 1(2.5%)
sentence in past tences, and 1(2.5%) present perfect tense.
4. Fourth Native Speaker
In the Fourth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 78
sentences. There are Fourtypes of tenses that used by the Fourth native
speaker. They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense,
and simple present tense. 55
After analysing the data, it is found 71 (91%) sentences in simple
present tense, 2 (2.6%) sentences in present continuous tense, 3 (3.8%)
sentences in present future tense, and 2 (2.6%) sentences in past tences.
5. Fifth Native Speaker
In the Fifth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 48
sentences. There are twotypes of tenses that used by the Fifth native
speaker. They are past tense, and simple present tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 44(91.7%) sentences in simple
present tense, and4 (8.3%) sentences in past tences.
6. Sixth Native Speaker
In the Sixth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 78
sentences. There are seventtypes of tenses that used by the Sixth native
speaker. They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense,
simple present tense, present perfect tense, present perfect continuous, and
past future tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 55 (70.5%) sentences in simple
present tense, 5 (6.4%) sentences in present continuous tense, 5 (6.4%)
sentences in present future tense, 5 (6.4%) sentences in past tences, 1 (1.3%)
present perfect continuous tense, 1 (1.3%) past future tense and 6 (7.7%)
sentences in present perfect tense.
56
7. Seventh Native Speaker
In the Seventh native speakers’ conversation the researcher found
21 sentences. There are threetypes of tenses that used by the Seventh native
speaker. They are past tense, simple present tense, and present perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 18 (85.7%) sentences in simple
present tense, 1 (4.8%) sentence in past tense, and 2(9.5%) present perfect
tense.
8. Eigth Native Speaker
In the Eigth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 100
sentences. There are fivetypes of tenses that used by the Eigth native
speaker. They are present continuous tense, past tense, present future tense,
simple present tense, and present perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 80 (80%) sentences in simple
present tense, 2 (2%) sentences in present continuous tense, 7 (7%)
sentences in present future tense, 9 (9%) sentences in past tenses, and 2
(2%) present perfect tense.
9. Ninth Native Speaker
In the Ninth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 41
sentences. There are Fivetypes of tenses that used by the Ninth native
speaker. They are past tense, present future tense, simple present tense,
present perfect tense, and past perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 34(82.9%) sentences in simple
present tense, 2 (4.9%) sentences in present future tense, 3(7.3%) sentences 57
in past tenses,1 (2.45%) past perfect tense , and 1 (2.45%) present perfect
tense.
10. Tenth Native Speaker
In the Tenth native speakers’ conversation the researcher found 32
sentences. There are four types of tenses that used by the Tenth native
speaker. They are past tense, present future tense, simple present tense, and
present perfect tense.
After analysing the data, it is found 26(81.3%) sentences in simple
present tense, 4(12.5%) sentences in present future tense, 1 (3.1%) sentence
in past tense, and 1 (3.1%)present perfect tense.
11. All 10 Native Speaker
Finally, the researcher put the precentage on the usage of tenses by
all ten native speaker to make the research finding is clearer. From all ten
native speaker, the total sentences was 50 + 37 + 26 + 78 + 48 + 78+ 21 +
100 + 41 + 32 = 511 sentences, the total frequency of tenses used by all 10
native speakerare 420 (82.2%) Simple Present Tense, 35 (6.8%) Past Tense,
14 (2.7%) Present Continuous Tense, 24 (4.7%) Present Future Tense, 14
(2.7%) Present perfect Tense, 1 (0.225%) Past Continuous Tense, 1
(0.225%) Past Future Tense, 1 (0.225%) Past Perfect Tense, and 1
(0.225%)Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
The researcher put the precentage on the usage of tenses by all 10
native speaker into table and char to make the research finding is clear. The
table and chart below was made to make the data easier to understand : 58
Present Simple Present Present Present Past Past past Past perfect No. Present Cont. Future perfect Cont. Future Perfect Total Tense Cont. Tense Tense tense Tense Tense Tense tense Tense 1 38 5 2 3 1 1 50 2 31 4 2 37 3 23 1 1 1 26 4 71 2 2 3 78 5 44 4 48 6 55 5 5 5 6 1 1 78 7 18 1 2 21 8 80 9 2 7 2 100 9 34 3 2 1 1 41 10 26 1 4 1 32 Total 420 35 14 24 14 1 1 1 1 511
Simple Present Past Present Cont. Present future Present Perfect Past Cont. Past Future Past Perfect Present Perfect Cont.
From the data above, the researcher conclude that the most
dominant tense used by all 10 interviewed native speaker is simple
present tense with 82.2 % usage.
59
12. The Percentage of Error
After anlysing the data, the researcher tried to analyzed the
dominant errors made all 10 interviewed native speaker. The researcher
made it into table to make it easier, as follows;
Native Type of Error Speaker Omission Addition Miss-Formation Misordering Total 1 1 4 5 2 4 1 1 6 3 1 1 2 4 13 1 14 5 3 1 1 5 6 6 5 11 7 4 4 8 18 6 5 4 33 9 5 1 2 3 11 10 8 2 8 18 Total 63 9 20 17 109
The researcher also show the data above in the form of percentage
as follows;
Native Type of Error Speaker Omission Addition Miss-Formation Misordering Total 1 20% 80% 100% 2 66.7% 16.7% 16.7% 100% 3 50% 50% 100% 4 92.9% 7.1% 100% 5 60% 20% 20% 100% 6 54.5% 45.5% 100% 7 100% 100% 8 54.5% 18.2% 15.2% 12.1% 100% 9 45.5% 9.1% 18.2% 27.2% 100% 10 44.4% 11.1% 44.5% 100%
60
Here are total error made by all 10 interviewed native speaker:
Native Type of Error Speaker Omission Addition Miss-Formation Misordering Total Total 63 9 20 17 109 Total 57.8% 8.3% 18.4% 15.5% 100%
Misordering 16%
Miss‐formation 18% Omission 58% Addition 8%
After analysing the data, the researcher found that the dominant
error made by the interviewed English native speaker is Omission Error type
with 58% errors.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Chapter V is the last chapter of this thesis. In this chapter, the researcher gives conclusion and suggestion for all whom related to this study.
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the CCU Class interview Transcription in the chapter IV
the researcher give the conclusion about this thesis.
1. The researcher found that from all 10 native speakers, the tenses dominantly
used by the all three native speaker is simple present tense with 80.3%
usage, and the less-dominant used is past continuous tense with only
1%usage.
2. The researcher found that even native speaker made errors while they are
speaking. From all 10 native speakers, they made 12.6 % error in speaking.
B. Suggestion
After finishing this thesis the researcher has some suggestions:
1. The teacher hopefully can consider the linguistict aspect from the object of
the research to be used as his teaching material. Student should do the
exercise about tenses and speaking in class and the teacher should give them
homework related to it.
2. The student should learn the use of correct spoken English, especially in
grammar, and to be more confident when they are speaking english.
3. The researcher should be delight in reading, and speaking to develop their
ability in mastering foreign language and used as reference by other
61
62
researchers who want to conduct a research related to the study of English or
similar study. BIBLIOGRAFY
Arikunto,Suharsimi. 2010.Prosedurpenelitian: suatupendekatanpraktik. Jakarta: BinaAksara.
Bailey, Katheleen M.2003. Practical English Language Teaching; Speaking. Singapore.
Brown, H.D.2004.Teaching by Principes. New york: Addison Wesley. Longman, Inc.
Brown, Douglas. 2004. Language Assessment: principle and ClassroomPractice. San Francisco University.
Ellis, Rod. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. New york:Oxford University Press.
Gerot,Linda and Peter Wignel. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Gerd Stabler Press.
Glenn Fulcher.2003.Testing Second Language Speaking. Britain: Pearson Education Limited.
Harmer, Jeremy.2001. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London : Longman
Herning Tyas, Astried. 2012. An Error Analysis on the Use of Present Perfect Tense among the Second Grade Students of SMP N 32 Purworejo in the Academic Year of 2011/2012. Thesis.English Department Faculty of Teacher Training and Educational Sciences Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo.
Hornby, A.S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press
.2000. A Guide to Pattern and Usage in English. London:Oxford University Press.
James,Carl. 1998. Error in Language Learnng an use: Exploring errorAnalysis. London: Longman
LeTaoume, S. M. (2002). English Grammar. London: Longman.
Nunan, David. 1993. Introducing Discourse Analysis. New York: Penguin
English
Ramelan. 1992. Introduction to Linguistic. Semarang: IKIP Press.
Quirk, R.1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum.1993. A University Grammar of English by. Longman Group: Essex, England.
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/tense_frames.htm
http://www.Bookfinder.com
http://lets-belajar.blogspot.com/2012/04/review-ofrelatedliterature.htmldownloade on wednesday, may, 16.2014at 11:15).
APPENDIX I
Transcription
FIRST INTERVIEWED
Lesta : Why did you come to Indonesia? Cristine : I’m here for travelling. I’m travelling around for one month. I just strarted here, so i just arrived here yesterday. And i will travel to east as well. Lesta : is this your first time coming to Indonesia? Cristine : yes, it is my first time. Lesta : ok, thank you. Next, my friend will ask you. Cristine : ok. Wahyu : do you have a job to come? Cristine : a job? I want to work here? No, it is just for holiday. Wahyu : for travelling? Cristine : yes, for travelling. Whayu : how does Indonesian culture compare with your own culture? Cristine : i think there is a big different. Just like classical relation. Mm, the behaving, behavior, the climate. I think it is really funtastic different between the other. Wahyu : do you mind telling me how old you are? Cristine : i’m thirty. Wahyu : Thirty, hmm you look so beautiful. Cristine : ow, thank you. Puji : do you ever get angry or feel frustated with cultural deiffereces? Cristine : i’m sorry. i think i don’t understand. Puji : do you ever have angry or feel frustated with deiffereces of cultural? Cristine : no, i don’t get angry. It just the variaties. It just different culture and we have to accept every culture. Puji : how about your family think about your coming to Indonseia? Cristine : for my family thinks? Puji : yes. Cristine : i think they are jealous because they couldn’t go with me. And i know it is good. Everyone just have a good think about Indonesia. Puji : do you mind me ask how you are financing your trip? Cristine: How i? Puji : how you are financing your trip? Cristine : Financing? Puji : yes Cristine : with my money. I was working ,and now, i spend all my money. Arif : so you come here with your family or you come here alone? Cristine : i came here alone, but today i will meet my two friends. So, no more alone in a few hour. Arif : this is your first time coming, right? So, how can you know Indonesia? May be your friend told you or you watched an advertisment on Tv. Cristine : Yes, i have alot of friends. They work here. They just told me a good thinks. Arif : how about your friends think about Indonesia? About the people of Indonesia. Critine : they alway told me that they are really friendly, really kind. Arif : but sometimes, they found that Indonesian people are cruel, may when in the news. How do you think? Cristine : Actually i can’t remember about the news in the last time. I think there was a really really special about Indonesia. Arif : I’m sorry, how well you speak Indonesia? Can you speak Indonesia? Cristine : sadly not. I have to learn. Someone told me yesterday how was good morning, but actaully i forgot. How was it good morning, once again? Arif : in Indonesia? Cristine : ya.. Arif : selamat pagi. Crsitine : ok, it is a bit difficult for me. Arif : yes. We are english student. How similar Indonesian language with your language? Cristine : i don’t know it is preety similar. I think the letters are same, so that are preety similar. Arif : where are you from? Cristine : I’m from Switzlerland. Arif : swiss? Cristine : yes, eropa. Arif : i think Indonesian is very different with english. They way to spell and the way to pronunce is very different. Cristine : yes, i heard Indonesian is you spell it how you can read it. Is that right? Arif : yes, that is right. Cristine : and that is not in English and German as welll sometimes. Arif : it really makes us difficult to understand english. Cristine : but you are speaking all very good english. Arif : ya, because we have practiced alot. Ms Cristine, may i take your picture? Critine : yes. All together? Arif : yes, but also one by one may be. Cristine : okey. Arif : okey, this is the end of our interview. Thank you very much. Cristine : your wellcome. Wait i have so much things in my hand. Thak you, thanks, see you, thank you. Arif : your wellcome. But, may i you to do something? Cristine : a sign? Arif : no, it is a questionare. Cristine : yes, about Indonesia? Lesta : Ms Crisitine, do you know Borobudur temple? Cristine : yes, i have heard about it but i haven’t see it. Probably tomorrow.
SECOND INTERVIEWED
Uli : Excuss me, may I and my friends practice our speaking English with you ? Carlos : Sorry? Uli : Would you mind if we interview you for academic reason? Carlos : Yeah, OK. Uli : Our lecturer, Mrs. Titi Rohayati gave us an assignment to interview a foreign for Cross Culture Understanding. Carlos : Well, but I don’t have much time. Go on. Uli : What’s your name, Sir? Carlos : I’m Carlos. Uli : Why did you come in Indonesia? Carlos : Pardon me? Hanung : Why did you come in here? Carlos : To Indonesia? Uli : Yes, why? Carlos : I come to Indonesia for a job. Okres : So, why now are you here? Carlos : I need for my job. I work for United State. I don’t just visit Indonesia, but another countries too. It’s so nice. Uli : What do you think about Indonesia Culture? Carlos : Very nice, there are many nice places, togetherness, it’s vice. Uli : Have you ever mad for different culture or people of Indonesia? Carlos : No, I haven’t it yet. I think they are respect. Uli : Can you speak Bahasa Indonesia? Carlos’ sister: Only TERIMA KASIH. Eri : Selamat pagi, selamat siang?. Hanung : Only Terima kasih? Uli : How do you think about the difference of Indonesia culture and your own culture? Carlos : It’s so very different. Okres : What is your vavorite Indonesian food? Carlos : Indonesian food? When I tried it, I liked it. Like.... Carlos’s sister: Gado‐gado, it’s very nice. Carlos : Yeah, gado‐gado. Indonesian food, there are many dishes, like small...hemm..when I walk I saw it in arround street and we are going to dinner. Eri : So, you stay in Jogjakarta? Why you stay in jogja? Carlos : Well, we stay in hotel. I don’t exactly the name, but it’s Indonesia name. Eri : Garuda Inn? Carlos : No, It’s not Garuda, It’s nor far from here. After that we are going to Bandung. So, you studied English? In Unyversity? Uli, Eri, Okres, Hanung : Ya. Carlos : That’s good. Okres : Are you going to back to Indonesia? Carlos : back to Indonesia? May be, but I don’t know. Eri : Bali? Carlos : No. I was in Bali for two weeks ago. Maluku, hemm.... Eri : Raja Ampat? Carlos : Rajet??? Eri : Raja Ampat, It’s very good. Papua, like Bunaken? Carlos : Papua...hahaaa Uli : What interesting places have you ever visited in Indonesia? Carlos and his sister : Borobudur, Bali, and what kinds of it in here? Carlos’ sister: Barana? Hanung : Prambanan. Carlos : So, what language do you speak? Uli : Indonesia language, Javenese. Carlos : Oh, so many. English too. So many stresses in English. Good. Uli : Whould you like to write your name and nationality and answer this questions? Carlos : Oh, yaa. Carlos’ sister : Can I take a picture? Uli, Okres : yes, Of course. Uli : what do you think of Indonesia’s season? Eri : Hot? Carlos’ sister: Oh no, Very hot. Eri : If you go to Dieng, Salatiga. It’s very cold. Carlos’ sister: Cold? Eri : Ya, You will get it. If You go to Semarang, there is Rawapening. Lake. Carlos’ sister: Oww, lake? Eri : Ya. Carlos : OK. Uli : Thank you. Carlos : Do you know Portuguese well—known? Uli, Eri : emm. No. Carlos : You don’t know? Cristian Ronaldo. Uli : Thank you so much, Sir. Enjoy your journey.
THIRD INTERVIEWED
Desi : Ok mister what is your name ? Sheraz : My name is Sheraz. Desi : Why did you come to Indonesia? Sheraz : I come just to spent my holiday, mylong weekend. Desi : Just spent your holiday? Sheraz : Yes. Desi : How long have you been here? Sheraz : In Jogjakarta just 3 days. Lisa : And Iam going to ask you. How similar is Bhs. Indonesia to your language? Sheraz : It is very very different. Lisa : How similar is the culture to your culture? Sheraz :I am from Australia and the Indonesia culture and Australia culture is very very different. Lisa : How well do you speak bhs. Indonesia and how well do you know the culture? Sheraz : Indonesian culture..I know the language and in the bahasa language I know only “apa kabar” and “terima kasih”. Desi : Just greating? Sheraz : Yeah..just greating.. Yuli : Oke..Do you ever get angry or feel frustrated with the culture differences? Sheraz : No… not really.I just holiday and I just enjoying my holiday Yuli : How do your family feel about your comingto Indonesia ? Sheraz :Oh.. they are fine. I’ve so many Indonesianfriends and my family have also. Yuli : Do you mind me asking you how are you financing your trip? Sheraz :My trip??? Iam working full time and When my holiday came I can come to Indonesia. Anggoro: My question is did you have a job to come? Sheraz :Job In Indonesia ? Oh no.. Anggoro: Do you mind me telling how old are you? Sheraz : Me? Iam 33 Anggoro: How does Indonesian culture compare with your culture? Sheraz : My culture?excatly I’ve some Indian pattern also so it is something similar something different. Iam also also and something same something different. Desi : Ok..Sir,, do you like Indonesia? Sheraz : Yes.. I have been came so many time, so I like Indonesia. Desi : What things in Indonesia do you like ? Sheraz : What do I like??ehmm…I like the building, the people, and the food. Yeah,,,I love the foods. Anggoro: Why you choose Indonesia? Desi : To spent your holiday? Sheraz : For me..Cause I know to live in Singapura is cost..For our flat is very cost. Desi : Ok..Sir, Thank you for your time.Very happy to meet you. Nice to meet you.. Sheraz : Ok..no problem..you guys too.I hope it can help. Yuli : May I take your photo? Desi : Photo together. Shenaz : Yeah you can
FOURTH INTERVIEWED
Transcript based on the interview with Mr. Sean Field from United State Anggi : What’s your name? Sean : My name nis Sean . Anggi : My name is anggi. Shodiq : My name is diqi , diqi or yes up to you. Sugiyarto : My name is sugi. Delia : Me delia. Sugiyarto : Where do you come from ? Sean : I’m from United State. Anggi : Why did you come to Indonesia ? Sean : I really want to see it, Iwant to see Bali , I want to see Jogjakarta and Anggi : Just make a journey . Sean : Ya , I’m in holiday about 2 months , so I go to Bali and I go to Bali and Lombok, Flores and I go to Jogjakarta . Shodiq : Many places you have visited in this country , yes right . Sean : Yes , I go to Java and than Bali , and than I’m back home . Shodiq : Its your choice . Why did you come to Indonesia ? Sean : I wanna see it . I wanna see the country in Indonesia and what they do . Anggi : Do you think that you like Indonesia ? Sean : I love Indonesia , people are nice, the culture is great, warm weather . Sugiyarto : Is this your first coming to Indonesia ? Sean : Yes it is. Sugiyarto : What do you feel about it ? Sean : Very good . Delia : What do you think about condition here ? Sean : You mean condition the whether or? Delia : Very hot . Sean : It is like where I from , where I from is very hot , so this is the summer time? Sugiyarto : What do you think about people ? Sean : People very nice . I can talk to you , very kind people . Shodiq : With whom you come to Indonesia ? By your self or? Sean : I’m alone . Delia : Can you speak Indonesian ? Sean : I don’t know , little bit that I can speak , terimakasih. Delia : Selamat pagi . Sean : Ya , I know nasi goreng . Anggi : You know nasi goreng . What food do you like from Indonesia ? Sean : I like fried rice , nasi goreng is very good , from Bali they have very good there are ayam betutu . Anggi : Chicken ? Sean : Ya , ayam it’s very good . Shodiq : How about drink that you like ? Sean : The drink ,the drink is very very sweet , you put a lot of sugar . Shodiq : You like , for example dawet , you know dawet ? Sean : I don’t know . Shodiq : May be you want to try it letter . Sean : ok Sugiyarto :are you staying in a hotel ? Sean : Ya. Near here. Ten minutes walk. Anggi : Do you want a little bit of Indonesia culture ? Sean : A little bit , ya , ya . Anggi : What is that ? Sean : I know that Java is the island that most of this country is moslem , I know a little bit about history. Anggi : You also know about the history ? Sean : I just read , little bit , not very much . Anggi : Is it interesting ? Sean : interesting , yeah it is very interesting.very good history . Sugiyarto : What do you think about Indonesian culture ? Sean : It is very , very differ , many of island , many people in Java different with people in Bali .different culture, you/they can live with different people Diki : can you tell me a little bit of your culture? Sean : so I’m from the south of United State, the culture is influence from the Greek, Italic, Spanish. Every year there is a big party there. About 2 weeks there are a lot of things in. the street, everybody wear costum. Anggi : really fantastic I think Sean : and everybody went around with jazz music Diki : there are many kinds of music, like Keroncong, Campur Sari, Band, and Dangdut. You know Rhoma Irama from Indonesia? I think it is a big dangdut group come from this country. Sean : ya …. Ok Sugi : do you know about batik? Sean : ya, I bought some batik yesterday Delia : what do you think about it? Sean : Beautiful, ya wonderful and so i want to make it, is very interesting to me. Sugiyarto : Is there any batik in your country ? Sean : No , I just know batik in here . Shodiq : If your business is over , do you prefer to go back to your country soon or you stay in Indonesia for awhile ? Sean : I wish I have more time , I will see more in this country but i just have ten days left and I will share to another . Sugiyarto : May be to you can come letter ? Sean : Come back , if I have time I would come back . Anggi : What your family think about your coming to Indonesia ? Sean : They are very interested , about what I’m seeing , what I’m doing what kinds of food that unique . Anggi : May be sometime you will bring them to Indonesia , may be ? Sean : I’d love too , ya , if they have time . Shodiq : What do you think about the women come from Indonesia ? Sean : My opinion about Indonesian women ? Very nice . Anggi : Like in your country may be ? Sean : Yes ya ya. Shodiq : If you have choice you choose women from to your country or in here may be . Sean : Oh I don’t know . Shodiq : Just kidding . Anggi : Which one do you like , Indonesian culture or your own culture ? Sean : Both . American culture is very differ , like my city , is very different culturte and the race of the country I don’t know which one I like . I like my own culture , becauseIndonesian culture I just know a little bit about . Anggi : So , you think that all culture is interesting for you ? Sean : Ya , I think so , I don’t know everything about your culture , I think it is very differ. 2 weeks to take me awhile. Sugiyarto : Would you mind to tell us how do you financing your trip to Indonesia ? Sean : I just say don’t worry . Anggi : Do you have any other job to come to Indonesia?or just for enjoy? Sean : yes, this is only for vacation. No working. I gonna back to United State to work. Anggi : Do you have any difficulty when you are coming at the fist time? Sean : No. I have no trouble. No problem Sugi : So, you are enjoy in this trip? Sean : very much. Don’t wanna go home but i have. Anggi : Thank you so much for your time Sean : with my pleasure Anggie : nice to meet you, really nice to meet you.
FIFTH INTERVIEWED
Romadhona : Hello, what is your name? Narc : I am Narc and she is Jessica. Romadhona : Please spell your name! Narc : N – A – R – C and J – E – S – S – I – C – A Romadhona : Where are you come from? Narc : French. Romadhona : French . . . . Bonjour Setya : Why did you come to Indonesia? Narc : Because I take around the world, so it’s one of our destination. Kukuh : Is it the first time? Narc : In Indonesia, Yes. Setya : How long will you stay in Jogjakarta? Narc : In Jogjakarta two days, In Indonesia two weeks. Setya : Where the other place you visit in Indonesia? Narc : Jakarta, Jogjakarta, Bromo, and Bali. Setya : Do you want to climb the mountain? Narc : Yes Romadhona : Do you like Indonesian traditional food? Narc : Traditional food? Yes , but without spicy. Romadhona : Like nasigoreng may be , then gudeg. Narc : Yes , but tidakpedas. Setya : You can speak Indonesia? Narc : No, No. I am not use it. Romadhona : Good morning in Indonesian is selamatpagi. Narc : Yes, selamatpagi. Kukuh : Did you have a job to come? Narc : Not in here. In French I have a job. Setya : So, What is your job? Narc : I am an Engineer Setya : wow..the great Job! Romadhona : What do you think about culture in Indonesia ? Narc : Ow .. It’s nice and very different from French. Setya : What is the differences between Indonesia and your Country? Narc : In language have many variety and it is very different. Kukuh : Did you need time to adapt with our culture? Narc : We were in Malaysia before, so we spent two weeks to close to take it. Muchdjabir : Could you compare our culture to your own culture! Narc : Ow ..yeah it’s very different. Place is not same , language is not same . and people is not same. Setya : Do you ever fet angry or feel frustrated with the cultural differences? Narc : We are here found the difference. We want to visit place. That’s very well so that we can’t be angry Romadhona : Do ypu like dance? Narc : I don’t like to dance but I like to see dance. Romadhona : Traditional dance or modern dance? Nach : Both of them. Muchdjabir : How about the music? Narc : I’m not too know the music, so I don’t know about the music. Setya : What is your hobby? Narc : Sports, playing cards, watching Tv. Romadhona : What is your hobby miss ? Jessica : Sewing Narc : Sewing ..like to make clothes. Romadhona : I see , like make shall may be. Muchdjabir : Do you mind me asking you how you are financing trip? Narc : It’s wedding trip , so we gonna wedding and we got money to go . Romadhona : May I asked you how old you are? Narc : I am twenty seven Jessica : I am twenty six Setya : You are so handsome and beautiful Narc : hehehehe Setya : How do your family feel about your coming to Indonesia? Narc : They know our trip. We share our picture in facebook and we can give a coment. So they know well we are. Setya : May I have your facebook? Narc : Oh yes, of course. Setya : Woukd you tell us the famous place in your country ? For example in Indonesia there areKraton and candi Borobudur. Narc : Eifel tower.I am sorry I’m write down facebook page in French, our facebook page. It is French, everything is different. Romadhona : Do you have favouriteactris in Indonesia ? Narc : Pardon me? Romadhona : Favouriteactris , may be agnesmonica? Setya : Anggun? Narc : OwAnggun , Yes I know. Is she from French? Setya : No, she from Indonesia but stay in French. Narc : Yes, we know. she is a judge in singing competition. Kukuh : Do you think that Indonesia’s history similar with your own country? Narc : I don’t know well about Indonesian history, so I don’t know. Hehe. Muchdjabir : How do you think about issue in Indonesia abou terrorism? Narc : Ow..we don’t know. Setya : What do you think about Kraton Jogjakarta? Narc : It’s very different, so its nice. Romadhona : Do you like gamelan? Narc : Gamelan? What is it? Romadhona : It’s music instrument. Narc : Yes Setya : So , what do you think about Indonesian people? Narc : They are very nice, hehe Romadhona : Friendly, may be? Narc : OwYes .hehe.
SIXTH INTERVIEWED
Tourist : Whats your name ? Interviewer : Pujo Susilo. You can call me Jo. Tourist : And your name ? Interviewer : My name is Riski. Tourist : Riski ? Interviewer : Yes Interviewer : and I’m Mirwana. You can call me Mimi. Tourist : Mimi ? Interviewer : You can call me Mimi. It’s easy right ? Interviewer : Where do you come from ? Tourist : UK. England,Wales,Scotland. Interviewer : oh,from UK. Yes,we know. I see. Interviewer : Why did you come to Indonesia ? Janet : We came to holiday to see you life,the culture. We’r travelling all the way to see Indonesia. We started from Medan and finished at Bali. Interview : And then you go here. Janet : ……. Beautiful Island Interview : May be you can go to Lombok. There’s so beautiful place. Janet : We’re gone to Bali Island. We went to another country because in the UKVery cold, freezing, minus 3. But,here is very hot. Interview : How long have you been here ? Janet : We’re been here one week and will be here for three weeks. Interview : With whom do you come to here ? Group or alone ? Beven : We with travel company to organized where we’ll stay. But, we decideThe one we went to …… Interviewer : What do you think about Indonesia people ? Janet & Beven : Very friendly. Interviewer : Thank you. Janet : You learn English Interviewer : Yes. Janet : Very hard Interviewer : yes, so hard Janet : Yes. Because we have different tenses. Interviewer : English very important in this era. How similar is bahasa Indonesia With your language ? Beven : Very different. No similiarities. Janet : Very different. Interviewer : Can you speak Indonesia ? Janet : No Interviewer : Maybe food, soto ayam Bebek goreng. Have you ever eaten Indonesia Traditional food ? Janet : ……. Traditional food ? Yes, very nice. Interviewer : what’s that ? Janet : special fried rice. Beven : Nasi goreng. Janet : gado‐gado Interviewer : How similar is my culture to your culture ? Janet : Very different. Very different. Isn’t it ? There so many cars not motor bike. Interviewer : Have you ever felt frustated in the different country ? Janet : Frustated ? No.no. just very interesting to see the way you live and to try to live as you do, and experience to your culture. Beven : we went to Cambodia, we wen to Angkor wat. It’s similar to Borobudur.Borobudur much better condition, Angkor wat through fall down all. Interviewer : How do your family feel about your coming here ? Beven : Making they mad. Interviewer : Have you married ? Janet : We are married. Interviewer : It is honeymoon or not ? Janet : we have married many years. We’ve children, grandchild, great grand children. Interviewer : How does Indonesia culture compare with your own culture ? Janet : Very different,about religion. Mostly about religion. Mostly christian.Not many people practice this religion. Not many people goes to church. Interviewer : How about your feeling for you first coming to Indonesia ? Janet : Yeah. It’s very interesting. We’ve seen orang hutan in the jungke. Like the monkey. I’d like terrible. Interviewer : Would you mind telling us how you are financing your trip ? Beven : We save for long. We work, save our money to come Indonesia. Janet : In one single year we have a big holiday. We go to different countries. Beven : We have to earn much money. We just not grown on trees. Interviewer : How old are you ? Janet : How old ? What do you think ? Interviewer : More than 50 ? Janet : Oh. Bad. Janet relation : Oh, bad . I l ove you. Interviewer : But you look energy. Janet : ah. Yes Beven : we are 68. Janet (speak to her relation) : How about you ? Telling how old are you ? Janet(relation) : 78 Interviewer : May be if you go back to your country. What will you bring as souvenir From Indonesia to your family in UK ? Janet : We take simple souvenir. We present …….. Interviewer : What is it ? Janet : We have many pictures. We write a diary everyday about we havedone. So, that we will remember. Beven : When you get old memory, you cannot remember. You can open tour diary. Interviewer : We want to know what’s the most place to visit by tourist in your Country ? Janet : London. London is the most popular place. Many things in London. We’re living wales and cheap. Interviewer : Do you have guide for guiding you here ? Janet : We’re got a book to tell us all about where we are going. Janet : Could we take a photo ? Interviewer : Of Course. Janet : What about you ? Interviewer : O. He ? Ok. No problem. Which one will be the first ? Janet : I think we have to go ? Interviewer : You have to write down your answer. There are some questions here. We have questionare. Beven : How many years are you doing this ? Interviewer : 6 th semester. 3 years. Beven : You have been doing for 3 years. Do you have college here doing The same thing ? Interviewer : Yes. But in another place. Janet Relation : When you finish your college ? What will you do ? Interviewer : We have traditional food from Indonesia, central Java from Purworejo. And the name is clorot. You wanna try ? Beven : How to eat ? Interviewer : You can push up from the bottom. Beven : Whats the taste ? I nterviewer : Sweat Beven : What is the made from ? Interviewer : Brown sugar and rice flour. Beven : Very good. Did you make this ? Interviewer : No, we bought it this morning. Interviewer : Thank you very much. Janet : Thank you. Thank you. Have nice day. Interviewer : Have nice holiday here. Jannet Relation : What’s you going to do after finish college ? Interviewer : Work. As a English teacher. Beven : I think its very well. Interviewer : Thank you very much Mr. Have a nice holiday in Indonesia. Beven : Thank you very much. Interviewer : If you wanna buy something here, you have deal with the seller. At least 50 % from the 1 st price. Beven : We have hat. It’s 50 rb. Interviewer : 25 thousand. It’s ok. So expensive. Would you like to take picture With us ? Beven : Comin’. Comin’. Interviewer : Thank you very much.Have nice holiday. Janet relation : take care. SEVENTH INTERVIEWED
Azizah : what’s your name? Ms.charlotte : charlotte, Azizah : and you? Ms.sarah : sarah Azizah : would you mind telling us how old you are? Ms.charlotte : i’m 26 Azizah : could you write down your name here,miss? Ms.charlotte : yea.. Ms.sarah : here?just under? We : yeah Nur :Where Do yoU Come From? Ms.charlotte : we live in bali,actually from england Nur : why did you come to indonesia? Ms.charlotte : to work,we are english teachers Dimas : by the way,is it your first time to come here?how long have you been here?how long will you stay here? Dimas : by the way,is it your first time to come here? how long have you been here? how long will you stay here? Ms.charlotte : yeah.just 3 days.on sunday we go back to bali Dimas : anyway,where are u staying now? Ms.charlotte : i’m…around …. Nur : in the hotel? Ms.charlotte : yeah,in the hotel Nur : with whom did u come here? Ms.charlotte : just us together Dimas : which place in indonesia that you have ever visited? Ms.charlotte : in java just here,yesterday we’ve gone to borobudur Dimas :how do your family feel about your coming to indonesia? Ms.charlotte : they loved it,because we can spend the holiday Dimas : how similar is bhs.indonesia with your lang? Ms.charlotte : quite different,some english words are used… Azizah : how about the culture? Ms.charlotte : i like the culture Nur : Ms.charlotte : i think people here they care about their family so they can spend time with their family,i think people here more relax Nur : how about the season here? Ms.charlotte :really…..hmmm….i like hot wheather… Azizah : do you ? Ms.charlotte : not really,i think may be some foreigners do.. But i don’t Azizah : have you ever visited Bromo mountain ? Ms.charlotte : only….only little bit,some strange words… Azizah : what kind of food have you ever tried? Ms.charlotte : i like sate,gado‐gado,nasi goreng,bakso… Nur : what’s your hobby? Ms.charlotte : flying fox,reading,travelling around to visit places, Azizah : wich is the most interesting place in ind,have you ever visited? Ms.charlotte : i like see another country side,so anywhere i really like it. Azizah : where are you going after this,miss? Ms.charlotte : i don’t know where,we haven’t decided it yet,just look around Azizah : thank you very much for your time, Ms.charlotte :you’re welcome
EIGHTH INTERVIEWED
Faikoh : OK. Hello. I am Faikoh. I’d like to ask you, how similar Bahasa Indonesia to your language ? Jake and Travis discuss for a while. Travis : Very different. We have the same alphabet. But the sound is completely different. simple present Tami : Maybe you mean different in pronunciation? Julia : Like what word? Tami : Maybe like “A” we pronounced it with ‘a’ but you guys pronounced it with “ae”. Jake : Some words like tomat, it’s tomato. We heard it in few times. You can use that. Tami : certain words absorb from English Jake : ya, similar. Latin base, maybe. The sound is so different. And to understand it almost impossible, unless you know some. Faikoh : how similar is our culture to your culture ? Travis : it’s very different. Jake : I think like religiously, a large of Moslem in Indonesia whereas in United States it’s a minority , just small amount. Actually I think most people are Christian but even Christian don’t show their Christianity strongly. So, religion is a part of everyday life in United States. Faikoh : The last questions. How do your family feel about your coming to Indonesia ? Travis : Happy. They happy to see me visit new place. Jake : ya, they happy Julia : my mom support us, I intentionally travelling alone, so she feel a little scare, but she’s very supporting me . Wahyu : why did you came to Indonesia? Travis : Indonesia is very cool, and you have a beautiful scenery..and you people really.. (two thumbs up ) Jake : I did like the food. Tami : ow..you like the food ? What kind of food do you like ? Jake : well..spicy food. Tami : ow..spicy food ? since a lot of western I knew didn’t like the spicy food. Jake : ya..you can find a lot of Indonesian food in United States. I don’t know, but I like all the spicy food. I know lot of the spicy food here. I was excited about it. Tami : so, what’s your favorite ? Jake : Favorite ?I like sambals. All kind of sambals. Wahyu : what about Nasigoreng ? Jake : Nasigoreng ?is it like Mie goreng? Tami : it’s fried rice. Jake : Ow..I like everything. Everything. Julia : I like miegoreng. Tami :everything that spicy. You love that (speak to Jake) Jake : yes. Wahyu : so, how well do you speak in BahasaIndonesia and how well do you know about Indonesian culture? Julia : we don’t speak very well. Travis : I don’t speak much. Very little. Jake : yes, very little. Travis : because this is a short time we visit. Jake : that’s the point of traveling. To learn about the traditional way, and ya…I learn lot just in few days . Tami : so, this is your first time to Indonesia ? Jake and Julia : Yes. Tami : so, what your next visit after Jogja ?Where’s your next destination? Jake : we’re going from Jogja to Bromo. And then from Bromo to Bali. Tami : o, great. And after Bali you must visit Lombok as well. It’s good also. I stayed in bali almost for 2 years, and you’ll fall in love to Bali in few days. Jake : o.. really ? Julia : could it be Giliisland? Tami : yes, it’s part of Lombok. Julia : o.. really? Ok.. Tami : yes, you must visit there. Wahyu : did you have job to come ? Jake : I’m a student.So I just saved up the money and….you know, spent the last package from United States. Saved up and nowI’m choosing at all. Tami : so, what about you Julia? Julia : I have a part time job. Tami : ow.. Julia has a part time job. And what about you, Travis? Travis : I was working. And now my holidays. Qory : how long you have you been here ?how long you will stay here ? Jake : I am leaving first. On april 2ndandI’ll spend for 7 more days. Tami : in Jogja? Jake : In jogja? Oh..injogjaI’ll stay 2 more days. Qory : how long you have been here ? Jake : ten days? Yes, ten days. Qory : did you ever get angry or frustrated with the different culturein Indonesia? Travis : the people here are very nice. Jake : um..you know, when some places you go… if you don’t know the culture , they rude to you, they got frustrated with you, so you go frustrated with them, but here, there’s so nice so we’ll not get frustrated. Qory : ok, so the last question is, can you telling me how old are you? Sorry.. Travis : I am 28 Jake : I am 23 Julia : and I’m 26. Tami : so, you, travis and jake is a brother or? Jake : yes, we brothers Tami : ow. Yes, since I saw the similarities on your face. Tami : this is the questions from me. Maybe some out of the book, but still about cultural understanding.How do you financing your trip? If jake, it’s from saving the college cost maybe? Travis : yes, I’m working and we’re savings. Julia : yes, I’ve just working and I got money every day, so ya..i’m savings a lot for the past three months. Tami : ok, now I’ll ask about … the cultural differences is also about the habit, right?have you ever found an Indonesian people in US, California particularly, and have a cultural shock in there? Maybe your friend, colleagues? Jake : usually not a fresh from Indonesia, usually their parent came to United States, so they are Americanized. You know..umm.. I haven’t meet anybody that from Indonesia. Travis : its Asia, like Thai, Vietnamese, its not Indonesia. Tami : so you mean that people that their parent migrate to United State and so the way they act just Americanized. The next is,I bet you ever heard about Corruption, colution, and nepotism in Indonesia. What do you think about that ?maybe from media, maybe from tv, or from newspaper? Travis : I heard about the political struggle? But now it’s getting better ? Tami : yap..it’s better now. Travis : so, it’s already past.. Jake : it’s a lot of corruption, everywhere.,in every country, so it’s not surprising to hear about it. In here anymore in any other place. Tami : have you ever ..ummm..experienced with the different of your culture maybe like on time culture that belong to you, but slowly but surely is belong to eastern culture like me. So have you experienced with that? Umm..maybe you make an appointment with a person.. and oh my goodness,,, they come late.. mm.. have you ever had that experience ? with Indonesian people maybe? (Jake speak to Travis ) Travis : umm..ya.. everything is more slow down in here Indonesia. The western is very on time. Tami : so, is it allowed to people to come late ? Travis : it’s very bad.. Julia : you better to cancel it.. Tami : so, this is also one point the differences between us and you guys..western and eastern Jake : yes.. Tami : I also would like to ask about..in university, how you treat the difference culture when somebody come in to your country? How you treat them? I mean how to a new comer? New student?For Jake maybe that still in college?how you guys treat them to a new comer? Jake : I think we really accepting. Like you..cozthe university is a cool spot when you have that. that you have a lot different people to coming together . soI mean you.. you just more understanding about ..umm.. the university is about learning.. that it’s about learning right? So learning is the books also the people ..and so you have different people from different places that you wanna get to know. So you accepting.Well… Tami : ok..so this is the last questions, in Central Java particularly has a large Muslim, so what do you think guys about our outfit ? because certain people is thinking that Moslem is a terrorist, right? So what do you think guys about our outfit? Travis : ya, it’s just like in other spectrum. It’s good. It’s nice. It’s very different wardrobe because..ummm.. it’s very respectful outfit.. umm.. Elegant.It’s very elegent. It’s nice. Ya. Jake : and it’s like ..whatI’ve like Indonesian are .. I don’t know..more accepting? Like you can see somebody is in Hijab, and somebody is not in Hijab. Cos it’s a lot of Moslem country that’s not okay, so I like here more accepting the different. Tami : ok, so those the questions from us, maybe you guys have questions for us? Me maybe?Or one of them? Julia? Maybe you have certain questions to us? Julia : oow..ok.. what do you think about my clothing ? is it too… ??? (Tami speak to her friends ) Wahyu : sooosexxyyy… All laughs.. :‐D Tami : for me it is fine, since I see more in bali..haha… coz every people that come from another country bring their own culture right ? but maybe this is their first time so they said you’re sexy.. so..is there another questions that you wanna ask to us? Travis : how old do you usually wear Hijab for the first time ? Tami : actually it’s depend on their family. Certain people that has strong religion in Moslem they will start to make their daughter using hijab at 5 years old..when they go to the kindergarten. Now in our society it’s lot of people that open minded, they don’t push their children to use the hijab. So, Jake maybe you wanna ask something? But please don’t ask me MY AGE again..haha.. we/re 10 years different right? Haha.. Jake : ya..hahaha… Jake : how traditional umm..like an orthodoxmoslem .. how the girl and the boy meet and then… become you know.. get together.. Idon’t know..date..umm.. Tami : dating ? Jake : ya..dating ??I mean dating in moslem ?or maybe the scale..orthodox and normal ? Tami : in orthodox..no.. I mean in Moslem actually there is no dating. They will getting married and then dating after got married. But now, like I said before ..we have a lot of cultures from other country surround us and they absorb including the dating. So even their parents prohibited them for No dating, they will got dating, backstreet dating..haha… so that’s the way youth of Indonesian for the dating. So like when they go to college and their parents said no dating, they will said I have no dating, but actually they have. Jake : so, it’s secretly. Tami : that’s right. That’s why now parents in Indonesia more concern with their children and their circumstances. But now children aremore clever than their parents… Jake : interesting.. Tami : Ya..that’s the interesting of Indonesian culture.. haha… so, from Jogja you’ll depart first or together ? (askingjake) Jake : we will go to Bromo together and then Bali together and then fly out from Bali. Tami : so you have been get schedule in Bromo ? Jake : no… Tami : how many days you’ll spend in Bali ? Jake : I’ll be there in 2 or 3 days. But they gonna be there about a week. Tami : ow..okay.. so if you spend a week in bali, you can go from Padang bay by boat to Lombok. There is a boat or also there is a plane from Denpasar to Mataram. But it’s more fascinating if you go by ship. It’s more interesting with the views. Julia : is it quick ? Tami : yes, it’s quick. Only 2‐3 hours by ship. Now it’s a fast cruise ship from Padang bai to Lombok. It’s have a classes like airplane. Ok guys. So where’s the driver ?is he coming? Jake : yeah, I think he’s already in there ..parking near the market. Tami : okay..do you mind if you share your facebook or other social media ? Jake : Facebook? I never use mine. I have one but I never use it. Tami : so, twiter or maybe Instagram ? Jake : Instagram ?I have it… Tami : but you never use it ? Jake : no..I use Instagram, but facebookI have it but never use it.. Tami : okay..instagram..
NINTH INTERVIEWED
Aan : I will introduce the member of our group, my group come from Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo. And I would like to interview with you about cross cultural between our cultural and your culture. My name is Aan budi nurcahyo, I’m krismiyati, me lilik widayati. Can I know your name? Wunne : My name is desiratov. Interviewers : Could you repeat again? Wunne : desiratov . It’s little bit difficult. Lilik : Where are you from? Wunne : We’re from Germany. Aan : Why did you come to Indonesia? Wunne : Many reason. No for my pleasure. Lilik : How long have you been in Indonesia? Wunne : Maybe about 3 weeks. Krismi : When did you arrive in Indonesia? Wunne : I t was 21st March. Aan : How long will you stay in Indonesia? Wunne : Maybe about 5 weeks. Lilik : How do you know Indonesia? Maybe from your friend, movie… Aan : what make you interested Indonesia, and you decide to come here? Wunne : ………….we have come here for 20 years ago. Interviews : oo…20 years ago years ago Wunne : very long time. Aan : what something that can make you amazing in Indonesia? Wunne : actually Bali. Interviewers : Bali.. Wunne : Bali, also Borobudur Temple. Lilik : How many places that have you been visited? Wunne : in Indonesia? Actually Bali, Bororbudur. Krismi : And Mendut Temple. Wunne : Many years ago we go to Ambon? Krismi : Why did you go to Ambon? Wunne : Because of my curiosity. Krismi : What curiosity that make you went to Ambon? Wunne : to know about the different country, different people and culture. Aan : have you been frustrated, maybe..ah Indonesia is annoying that is made by Indonesian people. Wunne : No, they are friendly. Lilik : After you are in Indonesia. What do you think about culture in Indonesia? Wunne : ………..because we just in Bali. Bali is different from Indonesia. Interviewers : may be with Java. Aan : maybe about people interaction how to life? Wunne : what do you mean? Bali and Java? Lilik : No, between Indonesia and Germany Wunne : People are different culture are different. Aan : So, theree isn’t similarity between your culture and Indonesian culture? Wunne : No. Aan : maybe about Indonesian people interaction in public? Is it different? Wunne : You know that people here more friendly. Aan : Your country is individual or friendly? Wunne : Not yet. People in the Germany are not friendly. Aan : People in the Germany is individualistic madam. Wunne : Yes. Lilik : What your opinion about Indonesian language? Wunne : I know about …, soto ayam, nasi goreng, bebek , I know selamat datang. Lilik : After you know Indonesian language, is it difficult to you? Wunne : To learned? It’s not difficult, it’s not too difficult. Aan : I know a word of Germany but I don’t know the meaning Indonesia. Can you tell me the meaning of aufklarung? Wunne : Aufklarung? Where did you get it? Aan : I get it at the movie; the meaning is I don’t know Wunne : to make other people to understand something, something like that. Krismi : By the way is there similarity between Germany language and Indonesian language? Wunne : Not yet. Lilik : You come to Indonesia with your family? Wunne : With my husband. Lilik : Oh, with your husband Aan : Do you have a children Wunne : No. Interviewers : O… Wunne : In Germany, people don’t have children is no problem while people in Indonesia is a problem. Interviewers : So, it’s the different culture Wunne : I know for Indonesian woman are terrible, in Germany is not problem. Lilik : How about living family? You live with your family? Krismi : Or with your husband? Wunne : People in the Germany when they 20 they go to study get a job. Lilik : It’s different from Indonesia Wunne : they go to different places to learn. So they go to US to live … so they are separated. So, it’s complicated. Aan : After you have been here for a long time, would you like to love Indonesia? Wunne : I just want to live in Bali. Lilik : Why do you like Bali much? Wunne : Why I like Bali is because of the nature. Krismi : Maybe about the tourist resorts that make you stay at Bali Wunne : No, we live in village. So, we have nothing to do with the resort. Lilik : Could you teach me about your language? Wunne : I know, soto. Interviewers : What is good morning in Germany? Wunne : Gutten morgen. Krismi : Maybe about Kindergarten Wunne : Gutten morgen kindergarten it means good morning everybody. Aan : Please could you repeat after me in Indonesian language. It’s for our lecturer Krismi : Maybe in English “ Good morning” my lecturer’s name Mrs. Titi. And could you repeat after me. Selamat pagi bu Titi. Wunne : Selamat pagi bu Titi. Ok thank you. Aan : I hope you can meet with bu Titi because Mrs. Titi is very beautiful Krismi : Saya harap saya dapat bertemu dengan bu Titi Wunne : Saya harap saya dapat bertemu dengan bu Titi. Krismi : What is Germany language to say terima kasih in Germany? Wunne : Filing dun. Lilik : Maybe will you spell your name maybe? Wunne : Ok. I will spell my nick name, that very short wunne. Aan : Ok I think, thank you for spending your time. Thank you very much Wunne : It’s ok. Your English is very good. Interviewers : Ok thank you, have a nice holiday Krismi : May I take a picture with you and your husband? Wunne : sure.
TENTH INTERVIEWED
Zulima K :Excuse me, Do you speak English? Mr. Rava :Yes, little Zulima K :Would you like to be interviewed? Mr. Rava :Yes. From the collage (what college are you from?) Dewi A :Yes, From Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo Mr. Rava :Journalist? All :No, English education. Yuli R :What is your name? Mr. Rava :Rafa Yuli R :Let me introduce my friends. My name is Yuli, and then Ima, Dewi, Wiwin. Mr. Rava :Oh, nice to meet you. All :Nice to meet you too. Dewi A :Where do you come from? Mr. Rava :Spain, savija and i live in Bandung. Yuli R :How long heve you been here? Mr. Rava :Now 6 months but 2 years possible but possibly. Dewi A :Have you job? Mr. Rava :Yes, in Aerospace Indonesia. Wiwin M :About the culture. What do you think about the culture in indonesia? Mr. Rava :Culture? Wiwin M :Culture. Mr. Rava :What culture do you mean? Wiwin M :That is about our language, our attitudes Mr. Rava :Oh, that is custome. Ok but i like but very very different from my custom because the food is very pedas. Wiwin M :Oh pedas. Guide :Spicy Mr. Rava :The language is very difficult for me and the traffic is awkward but I like your country. Wiwin M :Ok, Thank you. About tourism in indonesia. Do you know about tourism in Indonesia? Yuli R :Object Tourism. Dewi A :Other Borobudur Yuli R :Other Places. Mr. Rava :Places? Yuli R :Yes Places in Indonesia. Mr. Rava :Garut. Yuli R :And then? Mr. Rava :Sukabumi, the mountain white, volcano white, and I don’t remember the name. Yuli R :What kind of food do you like here in Indonesia? Mr. Rava :Mc Donalds. No, no I like rice, rice about. Zulima K :Fried rice? Mr. Rava :Yes, but Sundanese rice is a plate Sundanese. Wiwin M :Do you ever get angry about the cultural differences? Mr. Rava :No, If you will go to Spain, you is different from you. But you enjoy it and learning about things new from you. Zulima K :What do you think about Indonesian people ? Mr. Rava :Very funny. All :Why very funny? Mr. Rava :Always smile, Mr..Mr..Mr..... Yuli R :Ok, is there any similarities between indonesia culture and your culture? Mr. Rava :Yes it’s similar. Wiwin M :What is similarities of our culture and your culture? Mr. Rava :Oh, similar..similar, little...little... It is different, but their smiling in Spanish the people smiling too. Wiwin M :Yes, About your Family or your friends? Mr. Rava :No, for job. Wiwin M :Who is the friends that waiting you? Mr. Rava :They go, I stay alone. they waiting for me in the car. Zulima K :Where will you go after this. Mr. Rava :Another, now I want to Hotel but tommorow I will go another Hindus’ famous monument. Yesterday you will interview in Prambanan? Dewi A :It’s so far. Wiwin M :I think that’s all. Mr. Rava :My handphone (answering phone). Wiwin M :I thinks it’s enough Mr. Rava :Finish? Wiwin M :Yes, thank you very much. Yuli R :Thank you for interview Mr. Rava :What is it? In what chanel? Wiwin M :Oh no. Yuli R :There is no chanel. Mr. Rava :I would you take a picture. All :Oh yes.
APPENDIX II
First Interviewed No. Answer Tenses
1 I’m here for travelling Simple Present Tense
2 I’m travelling around for one month. Present Continuous Tense
I just strarted here, so I just arrived here 3 yesterday. Past Tense,
4 And I will travel to east as well. Present Future Tense.
5 Yes, it is my first time. Simple Present Tense
A job? I want to work here? No, it is just 6 for holiday. Simple Present Tense
7 yes, for travelling. Simple Present Tense
8 I think there is a big different. Simple Present Tense
9 Just like classical relation. Simple Present Tense
10 Mm, the behaving, behavior, the climate. Simple Present Tense
I think it is really funtastic different 11 between the other. Simple Present Tense
12 i’m thirty. Simple Present Tense
13 ow, thank you. Simple Present Tense
14 I’m sorry. I think I don’t understand. Simple Present Tense
15 No, I don’t get angry. Simple Present Tense
16 It just the variaties. Simple Present Tense
It just different culture and we have to 17 accept every culture. Simple Present Tense
18 For my family thinks? Simple Present Tense
19 I think they are jealous because they Simple Present Tense couldn’t go with me.
20 And I know it is good. Simple Present Tense
Everyone just have a good think about 21 Indonesia. Simple Present Tense
22 With my money. Simple Present Tense
23 I am working , Past Continuous Tense,
24 And now, I spent all my money. Simple Present Tense
25 I come here alone, Simple Present Tense
But today I will meet my two friends. So, 26 no more alone in a few hour. Present Future Tense
27 Yes, I have alot of friends. Simple Present Tense
28 They work here. Simple Present Tense
29 They just tell me a good thinks. Simple Present Tense
They always told me that they are really 30 friendly, really kind. Past Tense
Actually I can’t remember about the news 31 in the last time. Simple Present Tense
I think there was a really really special 32 about Indonesia. Present Tense
33 Sadly not. Simple Present Tense
34 I have to learn. Simple Present Tense
Someone told me yesterday how was good 35 morning, but actually I forgot. Past Tense
36 How was it good morning, once again? Past Tense 37 Ok, it is a bit difficult for me. Simple Present Tense
38 I don’t know it is pretty similar. Simple Present Tense
I think the letters are same, so that are 39 pretty similar. Simple Present Tense
40 I’m from Switzlerland. Simple Present Tense
41 I heard Past Tense,
Indonesian is you spell it how you can read 42 it. Is that right? Simple Present Tense
And that is not in English and German as 43 welll sometimes. Simple Present Tense
44 But you are speaking all very good english. Present Continuous Tense
45 yes. All together? Simple Present Tense
46 Your wellcome. Simple Present Tense
47 Wait I have so much things in my hand. Simple Present Tense
48 yes, about Indonesia? Simple Present Tense
Yes, I have heard about it but i haven’t see 49 it. Present Perfect Tense
50 Probably tomorrow. Present Future Tense
Second Interviewed No. Answer Tenses
1 Well, but I don’t have much time. Go on. Simple Present Tense
2 I’m Carlos. Simple Present Tense
3 To Indonesia? Simple Present Tense
4 I come to Indonesia for a job. Simple Present Tense
5 I need for my job. Simple Present Tense
6 I work for United State. Simple Present Tense
I don’t just visit Indonesia, but another 7 countries too. Simple Present Tense
8 It’s so nice. Simple Present Tense
Very nice, there are many nice places, 9 togetherness. Simple Present Tense
10 It’s nice. Simple Present Tense
11 No, I haven’t it yet. Simple Present Tense
12 I think they are respect. Simple Present Tense
13 Only TERIMA KASIH. Simple Present Tense
14 It’s so very different. Simple Present Tense
Indonesian food? When I triy it, I like it. 15 Like.... Simple Present Tense
16 Gado-gado, it’s very nice. Simple Present Tense
Yeah, gado-gado. Indonesian food, there are 17 many dishes, like small...hemm.. Simple Present Tense
18 When I walked Past Tense
19 I saw it in around street Past Tense Present Continuous 20 And we are going to dinner. Tense
21 Well, we stay in hotel. Simple Present Tense
I don’t exactly the name, but it’s Indonesia 22 name. Simple Present Tense
23 No, It’s not Garuda. Simple Present Tense
24 It’s nor far from here. Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous 25 After that we are going to Bandung. Tense
26 So, you studied English? In University? Past Tense
27 That’s good. Simple Present Tense
28 Back to Indonesia? Simple Present Tense
29 May be, but I don’t know. Simple Present Tense
No. I was in Bali for two weeks ago. Maluku, 30 hemm.... Past Tense
31 Borobudur, Bali, and what kinds of it in here? Simple Present Tense
32 So, what language do you speak? Simple Present Tense
Oh, so many. English too. So many stresses in 33 English. Good. Simple Present Tense
34 Can I take a picture? Simple Present Tense
35 Oh no, Very hot. Simple Present Tense
36 Do you know Portuguese well—known? Simple Present Tense
37 You don’t know? Cristian Ronaldo. Simple Present Tense
Third Interviewed No. Answer Tenses
1 My name is Sheraz. Simple Present Tense
I come just to spent my holiday, my long
2 weekend. Simple Present Tense
3 Yes. Simple Present Tense
4 In Jogjakarta just 3 days. Simple Present Tense
5 It is very very different. Simple Present Tense
I am from Australia and the Indonesia culture
6 and Australia culture is very very different. Simple Present Tense
Indonesian culture..I know the language and in
the bahasa language I know only “apa kabar”
7 and “terima kasih”. Simple Present Tense
8 Yeah..just greating (greeting).. Simple Present Tense
9 I just holiday and I just enjoying my holiday Simple Present Tense
10 Oh.. they are fine. Simple Present Tense
I’ve so many Indonesian friends and my
11 family have also. Simple Present Tense
12 My trip??? Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous
13 I am working full time Tense,
14 And when my holiday came Past Tense,
15 I can come to Indonesia. Simple Present Tense
16 Job in Indonesia? Oh no.. Simple Present Tense
17 Me? I am 33 Simple Present Tense My culture? excatly I’ve some Indian pattern
also so it is something similar something
18 different. Simple Present Tense
I am also also and something same something
19 different. Simple Present Tense
Yes.. I have came so many time, so I like
20 Indonesia. Present Perfect Tense
What do I like?? ehmm…I like the building,
21 the people, and the food. Simple Present Tense
22 Yeah,,,I love the foods. Simple Present Tense
For me..Cause I know to live in Singapura is
23 cost..For our flight is very cost. Simple Present Tense
24 Ok..no problem..you guys too. Simple Present Tense
25 I hope it can help. Simple Present Tense
26 Yeah you can Simple Present Tense
Fourth Interviewed No. Sentences Tense
1 My name is Sean. Simple Present Tense
2 I’m from United States. Simple Present Tense
3 I really want to see it. Simple Present Tense
4 I want to see Bali. Simple Present Tense
5 I want to see Jogjakarta and Simple Present Tense
6 Ya , I’m in holiday about 2 months. Simple Present Tense
so I go to Bali and I go to Bali and Lombok , Flores and I Simple Present Tense 7 go to Jogjakarta.
8 Yes, I go to Java and then Bali , and then I’m back home. Simple Present Tense
9 I wanna see it. Simple Present Tense
10 I wanna see the country in Indonesia and what they do. Simple Present Tense
11 I love Indonesia, Simple Present Tense
12 People are nice, Simple Present Tense
13 The culture is great, Simple Present Tense
14 Warm weather. Simple Present Tense
15 You mean condition the weather or? Simple Present Tense
16 It is like where I from, Simple Present Tense 17 where I from is very hot, Simple Present Tense
18 so this is the summer time? Simple Present Tense
19 People very nice. Simple Present Tense
20 I can talk to you, Simple Present Tense
21 You are very kind people. Simple Present Tense
22 I’m alone. Simple Present Tense
23 I don’t know, Simple Present Tense
24 Ya, I know nasi goreng. Simple Present Tense
25 little bit that I can speak, terima kasih Simple Present Tense
26 I like fried rice , Simple Present Tense
27 nasi goreng is very good , Simple Present Tense
28 from Bali they have very good, there are ayam betutu. Simple Present Tense
29 Ya , ayam it’s very good. Simple Present Tense
The drink, the drink is very very sweet; you put a lot of Simple Present Tense 30 sugar.
31 I don’t know. Simple Present Tense
32 Ya. Near here. Ten minutes walk. Simple Present Tense
33 A little bit, ya , ya. Simple Present Tense I know that Java is the island that most of this country is Simple Present Tense 34 moslem,
35 I know a little bit about history. Simple Present Tense
36 I just read, little bit, not very much. Simple Present Tense
37 Interesting, yeah it is very interesting. Simple Present Tense
It is very, very differ, many of island, many people in Java Simple Present Tense 38 different with people in Bali.
39 Very good history. Simple Present Tense
40 So I’m from the south of United States, Simple Present Tense
41 Different culture, you/they can live with different people. Simple Present Tense
42 Every year there is a big party there. Simple Present Tense
43 The culture is influence from the Greek, Italic, Spanish. Simple Present Tense
44 About 2 weeks there are a lot of things in. Simple Present Tense
45 The street, everybody wear costum. Simple Present Tense
46 And everybody went around with jazz music Past Tense
47 Ya, I bought some batik yesterday Past Tense
48 Beautiful, ya wonderful and so I want to make it, Simple Present Tense
49 is very interesting to me. Simple Present Tense 50 No, I just know batik in here. Simple Present Tense
51 I wish I have more time, Simple Present Tense
I will see more in this country but i just have ten days left Present Future Tense 52 and I will share to another.
53 Come back, if I have time I would come back. Present Future Tense
54 They are very interested Simple Present Tense
55 about what I’m seeing , Present Continuous tense
56 what I’m doing what kinds of food that unique. Present Continuous tense
57 I’d love too, Present Future Tense
58 ya, if they have time. Simple Present Tense
59 My opinion about Indonesian women? Simple Present Tense
60 very nice. Simple Present Tense
61 Yes ya ya. Simple Present Tense
62 Oh I don’t know. Simple Present Tense
63 Both American culture is very differ, Simple Present Tense
64 it’s like my city, Simple Present Tense
65 is very different culture and the race of the country Simple Present Tense
66 I don’t know which one I like . Simple Present Tense I like my own culture, because Indonesian culture I just Simple Present Tense 67 know a little bit about.
68 Ya, I think so, Simple Present Tense
69 I don’t know everything about your culture, Simple Present Tense
70 I think it is very differ. Simple Present Tense
71 2 weeks to take me a while. Simple Present Tense
72 I just say don’t worry. Simple Present Tense
73 Yes, this is only for vacation. Simple Present Tense
74 No working. Simple Present Tense
75 I gonna back to United State to work. Simple Present Tense
76 No. I have no trouble. No problem. Simple Present Tense
77 Very much. Don’t wanna go home but I have. Simple Present Tense
78 With my pleasure. Simple Present Tense
Fifth Interviewed No. Sentences Tense
1 I am Narc and she is Jessica. Simple Present Tense
2 Because I take around the world, so it’s one of our destination. Simple Present Tense
3 In Indonesia, Yes. Simple Present Tense
4 In Jogjakarta two days, Simple Present Tense
5 In Indonesia two weeks. Simple Present Tense
6 Jakarta, Jogjakarta, Bromo, and Bali. Simple Present Tense
7 Traditional food? Yes , but without spicy. Simple Present Tense
8 Yes , but tidak pedas. Simple Present Tense
9 No, No. I am not use it. Simple Present Tense
10 Yes, selamat pagi. Simple Present Tense
11 Not in here. Simple Present Tense
12 In French I have a job. Simple Present Tense
13 I am an Engineer Simple Present Tense
14 Ow .. It’s nice and very different from French. Simple Present Tense
15 In language have many variety and it is very different. Simple Present Tense
16 We were in Malaysia before, Past Tense
17 So we spent two weeks to close to take it. Past Tense
18 Ow ..yeah it’s very different. Simple Present Tense
19 Place is not same , Simple Present Tense
20 language is not same . Simple Present Tense
21 and people is not same. Simple Present Tense
22 We are here found the difference. past Tense
23 We want to visit place. Simple Present Tense 24 That’s very well so that we can’t be angry Simple Present Tense
25 I don’t like to dance but I like to see dance. Simple Present Tense
26 Both of them. Simple Present Tense
27 I’m not too know the music, so I don’t know about the music. Simple Present Tense
28 Sports, playing cards, watching Tv. Simple Present Tense
29 It’s wedding trip , Simple Present Tense
30 So we gonna wedding and we got money to go. Past Tense
31 I am twenty seven Simple Present Tense
32 I am twenty six Simple Present Tense
33 They know our trip. Simple Present Tense
We share our picture in facebook and we can give a coment, So 34 Simple Present Tense they know were we are.
35 Oh yes, of course. Simple Present Tense
36 Eifel tower. Simple Present Tense
I am sorry I’m write down facebook page in French, our 37 Simple Present Tense facebook page.
38 It is French, everything is different. Simple Present Tense
39 Pardon me? Simple Present Tense
40 Ow Anggun , Yes I know. Simple Present Tense
41 Is she from French? Simple Present Tense
42 Yes, we know. Simple Present Tense
43 she is a judge in singing competition. Simple Present Tense
I don’t know well about Indonesian history, so I don’t know. 44 Simple Present Tense Hehe. 45 Ow..we don’t know. Simple Present Tense
46 It’s very different, so its nice. Simple Present Tense
47 Gamelan? What is it? Simple Present Tense
48 They are very nice, hehe Simple Present Tense
Sixth Interviewed
No. Sentences Tense
1 Whats your name? Simple Present Tense
2 And your name? Simple Present Tense
5 UK. England, Wales, Scotland. Simple Present Tense
6 We came to holiday to see you life,the culture. Past Tense
7 We’r travelling all the way to see Indonesia. Present Continuous
8 We started from Medan and finished at Bali. Past Tense
9 Beautiful Island Simple Present Tense
10 We’re gone to Bali Island. Simple Present Tense
We went to another country because in the UK Very cold, 11 Past Tense freezing, minus 3.
12 But,here is very hot. Simple Present Tense
13 We’re been here one week Present Perfect Tense
14 will be here for three weeks. Present Future Tense
15 We with travel company to organized Simple Present Tense
16 where we’ll stay. Present Future Tense
17 But, we decide the one we went to Simple Present Tense, 19 You learn English Simple Present Tense
21 Yes. Because we have different tenses. Simple Present Tense
22 Very different. No similiarities. Simple Present Tense
25 Traditional food? Yes, very nice. Simple Present Tense
26 Special fried rice. Simple Present Tense
28 Very different. Very different. Isn’t it ? Simple Present Tense
29 There so many cars not motor bike. Simple Present Tense
Frustated ? No.no. just very interesting to see the way you
30 live and to try to live as you do, and experience to your Simple Present Tense
culture.
31 We went to Cambodia, we went to Angkor wat. Past Tense
32 It’s similar to Borobudur. Simple Present Tense
Borobudur much better condition, Angkor wat through fall 33 Simple Present Tense down all.
34 Making they mad. Present Continuous Tense
35 We are married. Simple Present Tense
36 We have married many years. Present Perfect Tense
37 We’ve children, grandchild, great grand children. Simple Present Tense
38 Very different, about religion. Simple Present Tense 39 Mostly about religion. Simple Present Tense
40 Mostly christian. Simple Present Tense
41 Not many people practice this religion. Simple Present Tense
42 Not many people goes to church. Simple Present Tense
43 Yeah. It’s very interesting. Simple Present Tense
44 We’ve seen orang hutan in the jungle. Present Perfect Tense
45 Like the monkey. Simple Present Tense
46 I’d like terrible. Past Future Tense
47 We save for long. Simple Present Tense
48 We work, save our money to come Indonesia. Simple Present Tense
49 In one single year we have a big holiday. Simple Present Tense
50 We go to different countries. Simple Present Tense
51 We have to earn much money. Simple Present Tense
52 We just not grown on trees. Present Perfect Tense
53 How old? What do you think? Simple Present Tense
55 Oh, bad. I love you. Simple Present Tense
57 We are 68. Simple Present Tense
58 How about you? Telling how old are you? Simple Present Tense 60 We take simple souvenir. We present …….. Simple Present Tense
61 We have many pictures. Simple Present Tense,
62 We write a diary everyday about Simple Present Tense
63 We have done. Present Perfect Tense
64 So, that we will remember. Present Future Tense
65 When you get old memory, you cannot remember. Simple Present Tense
66 You can open tour diary. Simple Present Tense
67 London. London is the most popular place. Simple Present Tense,
68 Many things in London. Simple Present Tense,
69 We’re living Wales and cheap. Present Continuous Tense
70 We’re got a book to tell us all about Present Perfect Tense
71 where we are going. Present Continuous Tense
72 Could we take a photo? Simple Present Tense
73 What about you? Simple Present Tense
74 I think we have to go? Simple Present Tense
75 How many years are you doing this? Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous 76 You have been doing for 3 years. Tense 77 Do you have college here doing the same thing? Simple Present Tense
78 When you finish your college? Simple Present Tense
79 What will you do? Present Future Tense
80 How to eat? Simple Present Tense
81 Whats the taste? Simple Present Tense
82 What is the made from? Simple Present Tense
83 Very good. Did you make this? Past Tense
84 Thank you. Thank you. Have nice day. Simple Present Tense
85 What’s you going to do after finish college? Present Future Tense
86 I think its very well. Simple Present Tense
87 Thank you very much. Simple Present Tense
88 We have hat. It’s 50 rb. Simple Present Tense
Seventh Interviewed
No. Sentences Tenses
1 Here? just under? Simple Present Tense
2 We live in bali, actually from England. Simple Present Tense
3 To work, we are English teachers Simple Present Tense
Yeah. Just 3 days. On Sunday we go back to 4 Simple Present Tense Bali
5 I’m…around …. Simple Present Tense
6 Yeah, in the hotel Simple Present Tense
7 Just us together Simple Present Tense
8 In java just here, we’ve gone to Borobudur Present Perfect Tense
9 They loved it, Past Tense
10 because we can spend the holiday Simple Present Tense
Quite different, some English words are 11 Simple Present Tense used…
12 I like the culture Simple Present Tense
I think people here they care about their
13 family so they can spend time with their Simple Present Tense
family, I think people here more relax
14 Really…..hmmm….I like hot weather Simple Present Tense
Not really, I think may be some foreigners 15 Simple Present Tense do..
16 Only….only little bit, some strange words… Simple Present Tense
17 I like sate, gado-gado, nasi goreng, bakso… Simple Present Tense Flying fox, reading, travelling around to visit 18 Simple Present Tense places,
I like see another country side, so anywhere 19 Simple Present Tense I really like it.
I don’t know where, we haven’t decided it 20 Present Perfect Tense yet, just look around
21 You’re welcome Simple Present Tense
Eight Interviewed
No. Sentences Tense
1 We have the same alphabet simple present
2 But thesound is completely different. simple present
3 Like what word? simple present
4 Some words like tomat, it’s tomato. simple present
5 We heard it in few times. past tense
6 You can use that. simple present
7 ya, similar. Latin base, maybe. simple present
8 The sound is so different simple present
And to understand it almost impossible, unless you 9 simple present know some.
10 it’s very different. simple present
I think like religiously, a large of Moslem in Indonesia
11 whereas in United States it’s a minority , just small simple present
amount.
Actually I think most people are Christian but even 12 simple present Christian don’t show their Christianity strongly.
13 So, religion is a part of everyday life in United States. simple present
14 Happy. They happy to see me visit new place. past
15 ya, they happy past
my mom support us. I intentionally travelling alone, so 16 simple present she feels a little scare, but she’s very supporting me.
Indonesia is very cool, and you have a beautiful 17 simple present scenery.. 18 And you people really. (Two thumbs up ) simple present
19 I did like the food. past
20 well..spicy food. simple present
ya..you can find a lot of Indonesian food in United 21 simple present States.
I don’t know, but I like all the spicy food. I know a lot 22 simple present of the spicy food here.
23 I was excited about it. past
24 Favorite ?I like sambals, All kind of sambals. simple present
25 Nasigoreng ?is it like Mie goreng? simple present
26 Ow..I like everything. Everything. simple present
27 I like miegoreng. simple present
28 we don’t speak very well. simple present
29 I don’t speak much. Very little. simple present
30 yes, very little. simple present
31 because this is a short time we visit. simple present
32 that’s the point of traveling. simple present
To learn about the traditional way, and ya…I learn lot 33 simple present just in few days .
34 Jake and Julia : Yes. simple present,
we’re going from Jogja to Bromo. And then from 35 simple future tense Bromo to Bali.
36 o.. really ? simple present
37 could it be Giliisland? simple present 38 o.. really? Ok.. simple present
39 I’m a student. simple present
So I just saved up the money and….you know, spent the 40 past tense last package from United States. Saved up
41 and now I’m choosing at all. Present continuous tense
42 I have a part time job. simple present
43 I was working. past tense,
44 And now my holidays. simple present
45 I am leaving first. present continuous
46 On april 2ndand I’ll spend for 7 more days. future tense
47 I arrived on april 2nd past tense,
48 In jogja? Oh..in jogjaI’ll stay 2 more days. future tense
49 ten days? Yes, ten days. simple present
50 the people here are very nice. simple present
you know, when some places you go… if you don’t
know the culture , they will be rude to you, they got ( 51 future tense will be) frustrated with you, so you (will be )go
frustrated with them,
52 but here, there’s so nice so simple present
53 we’ll not get frustrated. future tense
54 I am 28. simple present
55 I am 23. simple present
56 and I’m 26. simple present
57 yes, we brothers. simple present 58 yes, I’m working and we’re savings. simple present
59 yes, I’ve just working and I got money every day, present perfect tense,
60 so ya..i’m savings a lot for the past three months. simple present,
Usually not a fresh from Indonesia, usually their parent
61 came to United States, so they are Americanized. You simple present,
know..umm..
62 I haven’t meet anybody that from Indonesia. perfect tense
63 its Asia, like Thai, Vietnamese, it’s not Indonesia. simple present
64 I heard about the political struggle? past tense
65 But now it’s getting better ? simple present
66 so, it’s already past.. simple present
it’s a lot of corruption, everywhere, in every country, so
67 it’s not surprising to hear about it In here anymore in simple present
any other place.
umm..ya.. everything is more slow down in here 68 simple present Indonesia.
69 The western is very on time. simple present
70 it’s very bad.. simple present
71 You better to cancel it . simple present
72 I think we really accepting. simple present
Like you..coz the university is a cool spot when you 73 simple present have that.
74 that you have a lot different people to coming together . simple present
75 so I mean you.. you just more understanding about simple present ..umm.. the university is about learning.. that it’s about
learning right?
76 So learning is the books also the people .. simple present
and so you have different people from different places 77 simple present that you wanna get to know.
78 So you accepting. simple present
79 ya, it’s just like in other spectrum. It’s good simple present
80 It’s nice. simple present
It’s very different wardrobe because..ummm.. it’s very 81 simple present respectful outfit.. umm.. Elegant.
82 It’s very elegant. It’s nice. Ya. simple present
83 and it’s like ..what I’ve like Indonesian are . simple present
84 I don’t know simple present
85 more accepting. simple present
Like you can see somebody is in Hijab, and somebody is 86 simple present not in Hijab.
Cos it’s a lot of Moslem country that’s not okay, so I 87 simple present like here more accepting the different.
oow..ok.. what do you think about my clothing? is it 88 simple present too… ???
89 how old do you usually wear Hijab for the first time ? simple present
how traditional umm..like an orthodox moslem .. how
90 the girl and the boy meet and then… become you know.. simple present
get together.. I don’t know..date..umm.. ya..dating ??I mean dating in moslem ?or maybe the 91 simple present scale..orthodox and normal ?
92 so, it’s secretly. simple present
93 interesting.. simple present
we will go to Bromo together and then Bali together and 94 future tense then fly out from Bali.
I’ll be there in 2 or 3 days. But they gonna be there 95 future tense about a week.
96 is it quick? simple present
yeah, I think he’s already in there parking near the 97 simple present market.
Facebook? I never use mine. I have one but I never use 98 simple present it.
99 Instagram ?I have it… simple present
no..I use Instagram, but facebookI have it but never use 100 simple present it..
Ninth Interviewed
No. Sentences Tenses
1 My name is desiratov. Simple Present Tense
2 desiratov . It’s little bit difficult. Simple Present Tense
3 We’re from Germany. Simple Present Tense
4 Many reason. No for my pleasure. Simple Present Tense
5 Maybe about 3 weeks. perfect tense
6 It was 21st March. Past Tense
7 Maybe about 5 weeks. Future Tense
8 we have come here for 20 years ago. Past Perfect Tense
9 very long time. Simple Present Tense
10 actually Bali. Simple Present Tense
11 Bali, also Borobudur Temple. Simple Present Tense
12 in Indonesia? Actually Bali, Bororbudur. Simple Present Tense
13 Many years ago we go to Ambon? Past Tense
14 Because of my curiosity. Simple Present Tense
to know about the different country, different people and 15 Simple Present Tense culture.
16 No, they are friendly. Simple Present Tense
17 because we just in Bali. Bali is different from Indonesia. Simple Present Tense
18 what do you mean? Bali and Java? Simple Present Tense
19 People are different culture are different. Simple Present Tense
20 You know that people here more friendly. Simple Present Tense
21 Not yet. People in the Germany are not friendly. Simple Present Tense 22 I know about …, soto ayam, nasi goreng, bebek , I Simple Present Tense
23 To learned? It’s not difficult, it’s not too difficult. Simple Present Tense
24 Where did you get it? Past Tense
to make other people to understand something, 25 Simple Present Tense something like that.
26 With my husband. Simple Present Tense
In Germany, people don’t have children is no problem 27 Simple Present Tense while people in Indonesia is a problem.
I know for Indonesian woman are terrible, in Germany is 28 Simple Present Tense not problem.
People in the Germany when they 20 they go to study 29 Simple Present Tense get a job.
they go to different places to learn. So they go to US to 30 Simple Present Tense live … so they are separated. So, it’s complicated.
31 I just want to live in Bali. Simple Present Tense
32 Why I like Bali is because of the nature. Simple Present Tense
No, we live in village. So, we have nothing to do with 33 Simple Present Tense the resort.
34 I know, soto. Simple Present Tense
35 Gutten morgen. Simple Present Tense
Gutten morgen kindergarten it means good morning 36 Simple Present Tense everybody.
37 Selamat pagi bu Titi. Ok thank you. Simple Present Tense
38 Saya harap saya dapat bertemu dengan bu Titi. Simple Present Tense 39 Filing dun. Simple Present Tense
40 I will spell my nick name, that very short wunne. Future Tense
41 It’s ok. Your English is very good. Simple Present Tense
Tenth Interviewed
No. Sentences Tenses
1 Yes. From the collage. simple present
2 Journalist? simple present
3 Oh, nice to meet you. simple present
4 Spain, savija and i live in Bandung. simple present
5 Now 6 months but 2 years possible but possibly perfect tense
6 I’ll be here for 2 years future tense
7 What culture do you mean? simple present
8 Yes, in Aerospace Indonesia. simple present
9 Oh, that is custome. simple present
10 Ok but i like but simple present
very very different from my custom because the food 11 simple present is very pedas.
The language is very difficult for me and the traffic 12 simple present is awkward but I like your country.
13 Places? simple present
14 Sukabumi, the mountain white, simple present
15 Volcano white, simple present
16 and I don’t remember the name. simple present
17 Mc Donalds. No, no I like rice, rice about. simple present
18 Yes, but Sundanese rice is a plate Sundanese. simple present
No, If you will go to Spain, you is different from 19 future tense you. But you enjoy it and learning about things new from 20 simple present you.
21 Very funny. simple present
22 Always smile, Mr..Mr..Mr..... simple present
23 Yes it’s similar. simple present
Oh, similar..similar, little...little... It is different, but 24 simple present their smiling in Spanish the people smiling too.
25 No, for job. simple present
26 They go, I stay alone. they waiting for me in the car. simple present
27 Another, now I want to Hotel simple present
but tommorow I will go another Hindus’ famous 28 future tense monument.
29 Yesterday you will interview in Prambanan? future tense
30 My handphone (answering phone). simple present
31 What is it? In what chanel? simple present
32 I would you take a picture. past tense
APPENDIX III
The Error Analysis
1. First Native Speaker
The researcher also found some grammatical error made by the first native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 5 (five) error. This is one of
example of errors made the first native speaker :
a. First Native Speaker, sentence 12
“No, i don’t get angry. It just the variaties. It just different culture and we have to
accept every culture.”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “No, I didn’t get angry. It just the variaties. It just different
culture and we have to accept every culture.”
b. First Native Speaker, sentence 18
“With my money. I am working ,and now, I spent all my money.”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “With my money. I was working ,and now, I spent all my
money.”
c. First Native Speaker, sentence 20
“I come here alone, but today I will meet my two friends. So, no more alone in a few
hour.”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “I came here alone, but today I will meet my two friends. So,
no more alone in a few hour.”
d. First Native Speaker, sentence 23
“Yes, I have alot of friends. They work here. They just tell me a good things.” Type of error : Miss-formation
“Yes, I have alot of friends. They work here. They just told me a good things.”
e. First Native Speaker, sentence 43
“Yes, I have heard about it but I haven’t see it.”
Type of error : Omission
“Yes, I have heard about it but I haven’t seen it.”
2. Second Native Speaker
The researcher also found some grammatical error made by the second native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 6 (six) errors. This is one of
example of errors made the second native speaker:
a. Second Native Speaker, sentence 13
“Indonesian food? When I try it, I like it. Like....”
Type of error : Miss-formation
“Indonesian food? When I tried it, I like it. Like....”
b. Second Native Speaker, sentence 13
“Indonesian food? When I try it, I like it. Like....”
Type of error : Omission
“Indonesian food? When I tried it, I liked it. Like....”
c. Second Native Speaker, sentence 16
“I saw it in around street”
Type of error : Addition
“I saw it around the street”
d. Second Native Speaker, sentence 18
“Well, we stay in hotel. I don’t exactly the name, but it’s indonesian name”
Type of error : Omission “Well, we stay in a hotel. I don’t exactly the name, but it’s indonesia name”
e. Second Native Speaker, sentence 18
“Well, we stay in hotel. I don’t exactly the name, but it’s indonesian name”
Type of error : Omission
“Well, we stay in a hotel. I don’t exactly remember the name, but it’s indonesian
name”
f. Second Native Speaker, sentence 21
“So, you studied english ? In University”
Type of error : Omission
“So, do you studying English ? In The University”
3. Third Native Speaker
The researcher also found some grammatical error made by the third native
speaker. After analysing the data, the researcher found 2 (two) errors. This is one of
example of errors made the third native speaker :
a. Third Native Speaker, sentence 10
“I’ve so many Indonesian friends and my family have also”
Type of error : miss-formation
“I’ve so many Indonesian friends and my family has also”
b. Third Native Speaker, sentence 18
“Yes, i have been came so many time, so I like Indonesia”
Type of error : Omission
“Yes, i have came so many time, so I like Indonesia”
4. Fourth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the fourth native speaker. After
analysind the data, the researcher 14 errors. This is one of example of errors made the
third native speaker :
a. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 12
“people are nice”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The people are nice”
b. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 14
“warm weather”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The warm weather”
c. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 15
“You mean condition, the weather or ?”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Do you mean the condition, the weather or ?”
d. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 19
“People very nice ?”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The people is very nice ?”
e. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 25
“Little bit that I can speak ?”
Type of error : Missordering
The correct sentece is “I can speak a little bit ?”
f. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 38 “It is very, very differ, many of island, many people in Java different with people in
Bali.?”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “It is very, very different, many of island, many people in
Java is different with the people in Bali.?” g. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 39
“Very good history”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “It is very good history ?” h. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 49
“is very interesting to me”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “It is very interesting to me?” i. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 60
“Very nice”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “They are very nice?” j. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 63
“Both American culture is very differ”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Both American culture is very difference” k. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 65
“is very different culture and the race of the country”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “It is very different culture and the race of the country” l. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 70
“I think it is very differ”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I think it is very different”
m. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 75
“I gonna back to United States to work”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I’m gonna back to United States to work”
n. Fourth Native Speaker, sentence 77
“Don’t wanna go home but I have”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I Don’t wanna go home but I have”
5. Fifth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the fifth native speaker. After
analysing the data, the researcher found 5 errors. This is one of example of errors made
the third native speaker :
a. Fifth Native Speaker, sentence 11
“Not in here”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “Not here”
b. Fifth Native Speaker, sentence 19
“Place is not same”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The place is not same”
c. Fifth Native Speaker, sentence 20 “Language is not same”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The language is not same”
d. Fifth Native Speaker, sentence 21
“and people is not same”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “And the people is not same”
e. Fifth Native Speaker, sentence 30
“So we gonna wedding and we got money to go”
Type of error : Missordering
The correct sentece is “So, we’ve got married, and we got money to go”
6. Sixth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the sixth native speaker. After
analysing the data, the researcher found 11 errors. This is one of example of errors
made the third native speaker :
a. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 6
“We came to holiday to see you life, the culture”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “We come to holiday, to see your life, and the culture”
b. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 10
“We’re gone to Bali Island”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “We’re going to go to Bali Island”
c. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 11
“We went to another country because in the UK Very cold, freezing, minus 3” Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We went to another country because in the UK is Very
cold, freezing, minus 3” d. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 13
“We’re been here one week”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “We’ve been here for one week” e. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 14
“Will be here for three weeks”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We will be here for three weeks” f. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 33
“Borobudur much better condition, Angkor wat through fall down all.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Borobudur is in much better condition, Angkor wat
through fall down all.” g. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 46
“I’d like it terrible”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “I’d like it terribly” h. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 52
“We just not grown on trees”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We’ve not grown on trees”
i. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 69
“We’re living wales”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We’re living in Wales”
j. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 70
“We’re got a book to tell us all about”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We’ve got a book to tell us all about”
k. Sixth Native Speaker, sentence 85
“What’s you going to do after finish college”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “What are you going to do after finish your college”
7. Seventh Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the seventh native speaker.
After analysing the data, the researcher found 4 errors. This is one of example of errors
made the third native speaker :
a. Seventh Native Speaker, sentence 2
“We live in Bali, actually from England”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “We live in Bali, but actually we’re from England”
b. Seventh Native Speaker, sentence 4
“On Sunday, we go back to Bali”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “On Sunday, we have to/will go back to Bali”
c. Seventh Native Speaker, sentence 16
“Only little bit”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Only a little bit”
d. Seventh Native Speaker, sentence 19
“I like see another country side, so anywhere I really like it.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is ““I like to see another country side, so anywhere I really
like it.”
8. Eight Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the eight native speaker. After
analysing the data, the researcher found 33 errors. This is one of example of errors
made the third native speaker :
a. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 9
“And to understand it almost impossible, unless you know some.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “And to understand it is almost impossible, unless you
know some.”
b. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 14
“They happy to see me visit new place.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “They are happy to see me visit new place”
c. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 15
“They happy.”
Type of error : Omission The correct sentece is “They are happy” d. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 16
“My Mom support us”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “My Mom supports us” e. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 16
“I intentionally travelling alone . . . .”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I am intentionally travelling alone” f. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 18
“And you people really”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “And you people are really also” g. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 19
“I did like the food.”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “I like the food” h. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 23
“I was excited about it.”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “I am excited about it” i. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 35
“we’re going from Jogja to Bromo. And then from Bromo to Bali.”
Type of error : Omission The correct sentece is “we’re going to go to Bromo. And then from Bromo we are
going to go to Bali.” j. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 46
“On April 2ndand I’ll spend for 7 more days.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I arrived on April 2ndand I’ll spend for 7 more days.” k. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 51
“you know, when some places you go…
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is ““you know, when you go to some places … ” l. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 51
“....if you don’t know the culture , they will be rude to you, they got frustrated
with you, so you go frustrated with them,”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “... if you don’t know the culture , they will be rude to you,
they will be got frustrated with you, so you will be got frustrated with them,”… ” m. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 57
“Yes, we brothers”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Yes, we are brothers” n. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 59
“I got money everyday.”
Type of error : miss-formation
The correct sentece is “I get money everyday”
o. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 61
“usually not a fresh from Indonesia, ...... ”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “usually it is not a fresh from Indonesia, ...... ” p. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 61
“....usually their parent came to United States, so they are Americanized.”
Type of error : miss-formation
The correct sentece is “...., usually their parent come to United States, so they are
Americanized. “ q. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 62
“I haven’t meet anybody that from Indonesia”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “I haven’t met anybody that from Indonesia” r. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 62
“I haven’t met anybody that from Indonesia”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “I haven’t met anybody from Indonesia” s. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 67
“...it’s not surprising to hear about it in here anymore . . .”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “it’s not surprising to hear about it anymore” t. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 68
“Everything is more slow down in here Indonesia”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “Everything is more slowly here in Indonesia” u. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 71
“you better to cancel it”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “You’d better to cancel it” v. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 72
“I think we really accepting”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I think we are really accepting” w. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 74
“That you have a lot different people to coming together”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “That you have a lot of different people to coming together x. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 75
“. . . You just more understanding about . . .”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “. . . You just have to more undersatnding about . . .” y. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 76
“So learning is the books, also the people”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “So learning is about the book and also the people” z. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 78
“So you accepting”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “So you accept”
aa. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 87
“Cos it’s a lot of Moslem country that’s not okay, so I like here more accepting
the different.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Cos it’s a lot of Moslem country that’s not okay, so I like
here because more accepting the different.” bb. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 87
“Cos it’s a lot of Moslem country that’s not okay, so I like here because more
accepting the different.”
Type of error : miss-formation
The correct sentece is “Cos it’s a lot of Moslem country that’s not okay, so I like
here because more accepting the difference.” cc. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 88
“What do you think about my clothing ?”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “What do you think about my cloth?” dd. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 89
“how old do you usually wear hijab for the first time ?”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “How old are you when you wear hijab for the first time ?” ee. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 97
“I think he’s already in there parking near the market”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “I think he’s already there parking near the market.” ff. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 97 “I think he’s already there parking near the market.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I think he’s already there. He’s parking near the market”
gg. Eight Native Speaker, sentence 100
“. . . but facebook, I have it but never use it”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “. . . but facebook, I have it but I never use it.”
9. Ninth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the ninth native speaker. After
analysing the data, the researcher found 11 errors. This is one of example of errors
made the third native speaker :
a. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 4
“Many reason. No for my pleasure.”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “Many reasons., for my pleasure”
b. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 13
“Many years ago we go to Ambon”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “Many years ago we went to Ambon”
c. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 17
“Because we just in Bali.”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “Because we’ve been in Bali.”
d. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 19
“people are different, culture are different” Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “The people are different, and the culture are different
also” e. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 21
“People in the Germany are not friendly”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “The people in Germany are not friendly” f. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 23
“To learned ?”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “To be learned ?” g. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 27
“In Germany, people don’t have children is no problem. While in Indonesia is a
problem ?”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “In Germany, it is no problem wether people do have
children or not. while in Indonesia, it is a problem ?” h. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 28
“I know for Indonesian woman are terrible, in Germany is problem ?”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “I know it is terrible for Indonesian woman, but in
Germany it is not a problem ?” i. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 33
“We live in Village . . . ?”
Type of error : Omission The correct sentece is “We live in a Village . . . ?”
j. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 36
“Gutten morgen kindergarten it means good morning everybody ?”
Type of error : Addition
The correct sentece is “Gutten morgen kindergarten means good morning
everybody ?”
k. Ninth Native Speaker, sentence 40
“I will spell my nickname, that very short ?”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I will spell my nickname, that’s very short ?”
10. Ninth Native Speaker
The researcher also found some error made by the tenth native speaker. After
analysing the data, the researcher found 19 errors. This is one of example of errors
made the tenth native speaker :
a. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 1
“From the college?”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “What College are you from?”
b. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 2
“Journalist?”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I’m a journalist”
c. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 5
“Now 6 month but 2 years possible”
Type of error : Misordering The correct sentece is “I’ve been here for 6 month” d. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 9
“That is custom”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “That is a Custom” e. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 11
“very different from my custom because the food is very pedas”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “It’s very different from my custom because the food is
very pedas” f. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 14
“Sukabumi the mountai white”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “Sukabumi the white mountain” g. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 15
“Volcano white”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “The white volcano” h. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 17
“No, I like rice, rice about”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “No, I like rice, all about rice” i. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 19
“If you will go to Spain, . . .”
Type of error : Miss-formation The correct sentece is “If you want to go to Spain, . . .” j. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 19
“You is different from you”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “You will be different” k. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 20
“But you enjoy it . . .”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “But you will enjoy it . . .” l. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 20
“Learning about things new from you”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “Learning about new things from you” m. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 26
“They waiting for me in the car”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “They are waiting for me in the car” n. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 27
“now I want to hotel”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “now I want to go to Hotel” o. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 28
“I will go another hindu’s famous monument”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I will go to hindus’ famoues monument” p. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 29
“Yesterday you will interview in Prambanan”
Type of error : Misordering
The correct sentece is “Tomorrow, will you interview in Prambanan” q. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 32
“I would you take a picture”
Type of error : Omission
The correct sentece is “I would you to take a picture” r. Tenth Native Speaker, sentence 32
“I would you take a picture”
Type of error : Miss-formation
The correct sentece is “I want you to take a picture”