Oc u lar

D raw - tu b e

' B ody T u be a Rac k Pin ion Coar se Adj u s tm e n t

N ose ie c e p ,

Mi c r om et e r H e ad of Fi ne Adj u stm e nts

Obje c ti v es

Stage _

Fin e Adj u stm e n t U pp e r Ir i s D iaphragm Pillar Sub stage Rin g

Conde nser M ou nting Lowe r Ir i s Diaphrag m ' Pr ism Washe r

Conden se r Focusin g S Mir ror Inc li nati on Joi nt

Mirr or Fork

M i r ror Bar Pillar

H orse Shoe Base

From S tevens . Illustrating the parts of a compound m icroscope . ( ) PHA RMACEUT ICA L BOT ANY

B‘Y

HEBE . . A IVI W Y N K N P . R OU G E , H G , , A SSIS T AN T P RO F E SSOR OF B OT A N Y A N D PHARMA CO’GN OSY A T T HE ME DIQO— CH T RU RGT CA L O LL E G E M E MB E R I A H H’ d N A m m A N C ; OF T HE A ME R C N P ARMA CEU T IC A L A SS OCIA , E t

A S SOCIA T ION FOR T HE A DV A N CE M E N T OF S CIEN CE, E r e ,

EDIT ED BY

A T M H D . P . F . E . T EW R . G S , , , P ROF E S S OR OF M T E R - ME DI CA DE PA RT ME N T S O F PHA RMA CY A rA ,.

' A N 'D CHE MIST RY; ME DIOO L OH I'RU RG ICA L COLLE GE ; A U T HOR ' ' OF COMPE N D OF PHA RMA CY

ILLUST RAT ED

P HI L A D E L P HI A ’

P BLA K IST O N S S O N C O . 1 0 1 2 W A LN U T S T RE E T

PREFACE

T he aim has been to eliminate from this book all those topics that are of minor importance to the student and practitioner of Pharmacy . A s a n pharmacist and teacher , the writer feels that the bota ical prepa

Pharm oco nos M M i n ration for g y and ateria edica , those colleges where

for Botany is given one year , should include mainly the structural and

th M - u . e C C systematic aspects of the science In edico hir rgical ollege ,

P s a of hiladelphia , Botany is taught the fir t year , extending over period of r 55 hours . T he au thor has introduced in this concise volume the a u import nt s bject matter of his lectures given to first year students , and has omitted laboratory directions for the obvious reason that fixed subjects for laboratory study are unnecessary . It is not a book on P harmacognosy , however , since it does not describe how one drug differs from another of the same group in all of its details . P I T he work is included in two parts . art is largely devoted to the

o m rphology (gross and minute) and , to a less extent , the physiology of A P n the ngiosperms . art II deals with the taxo omy of plants , mainly but not wholly of medicinal value , together with the parts used and the

- names of the official and non ofii cial drugs obtained from these .

T he author does not claim sole originality for the facts presented , but has consulted many sources of information , mention of which will be found in the bibliography of the text .

Dr . F A cknowledgment is here made to his esteemed friends , rancis

- M . M C C Dr . E . Stewart of the edico hirurgical ollege and John

P a v i n Macfarlane of the U niv . of enn , for aluable assistance the reading of the proofs and preparation of the index .

Y . H . W .

PHILADE LPHIA.

FO REWO RD

' a A n ew In monograph entitled Old System and a N Science ,

s 1 88 2 I publi hed in , advocated a return to the classification in which knowledge relating to the M ateria M edica is embraced under the ' ' general head Pharmacology ; in my address as Chairman of the Sec M M P T tion on ateria edica , harmacy and herapeutics , delivered at the fortye sev enth annual m eeting ( 1 896) of the A merican Medi cal A ssociation , the same was again suggested ; and in numerous papers on the subject since contributed to medical and pharmaceutical societies

and . i n press , the same plea was repeated It is therefore gratify g to note the adoption of this classification by the N ational Committee Representing the B oards and Schools of Pharmacy of the U nited ' S P S i n tates for its harmaceutical yllabus , and also to note its co rporation into the N ew York State Pharmacy Law and adOptioay the Board of Regents of the State of N ew York for the guidance of teachers of pharmacy in that state . Pharmacology in its widest scope embraces the study of dr ugs from A every possible point of V iew . s limited to the study of the changes incited in living organisms by the administration of drugs , we have h e l e Cu s n S . xcellent text books by y, o lman and others But these works demand for their proper study more extended education than required by the national syllabus or the needs of the pharmaceutical

T he S P M student . object of the tewart harmacologic anuals is to supply text books suitable for pharmacists and pharmaceutical colleges , and t prepared in accordance with he national syllabus .

E . . F . S

CONT ENT S

PA RT I

T ermi nology and M or phology

CHA PT E R I

PA G E S

DI I I — V S ON S OF OT N . I . S 2 . B A Y tructural Botany or Plant M orphology . P . . G i n n hysiological Botany 3 eograph cal Bota y . 4 . E co omic or A . . G l . 6 S pplied Botany 5 eo ogical Botany . ystematic Botany or

T . . E Vegetable axonomy 7 Vegetable cology .

CL SSIFI T — C ION OF PL T N . A A AN S . atural System : type; class ; series ; order ; family ; genus ; species ; individual ; variety ; race; hybrid

SU B DIV ISION OF T HE E GE T B LE K IN D M — P V A G O . hanerogams ; Cryptogams ; A ngiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; M onocotyledons ; Dicotyledons VE GE T AB LE CYT OLOGY (Cellular Structure) — CeU; Protoplasm ; Protoplasmic

C C N on- P ell ontents ; rotoplasmic Cell Contents .

E GE T AB LE HIST L — L f V O OGY (Plant T issues) . ist o T issues and Definition s

CHA PT E R II

‘ P L N T — a n Pl n A ORGAN S A N D ORG A N ISMS . Veget tive Orga s : Roots ; a t Hairs ;

n — Stems ; a d Leaves . Reproductive Organs : Flowers ; Fruits ; and Seeds 1 4 1 5

- D efini ti on f T HE ROOT . ; unctions ; root hairs ; root cap ; generative tissues di ff erences between root and stem

L SSIFI T I N T A T F M — P r n C A CA O OF ROO S S o OR . rima y root ; seco dary roots ; f f orms o roots ; anomalous roots ; adventitious roots ; epiphytic roots . CLASSIFICAT I ON OF P LA N T S A CCORDIN G T o DU RAT ION OF ROOT — Annual ' Bienni al ; Perenni al T HI T L — M D n ROO S O OGY. onocotyledons ; icotyledo s T HE B UD — Defini ti on ; first bud ; scaly buds ; naked buds ; leaf buds ; flowe r buds ; mi x ed buds ; bud positions 1 9— 2 0 T HE ST E EL — Defini ti on ; functions ; stem size; direction of growth ; elongation; duration; above ground stems ; underground stems ; exogenous ; endoge 2 0 — 2 nous . 3

— A . E x o e s: I . A . 2 . P D ST E M HIST OLOGY. g n nnual Dicotyls erennial icotyls L n F : Defi and their transitional changes . enticels a d T heir ormation A f : of ni ti on ; structure; function . nnual T hickening o Stems Method ' ' formation; annual ring . Bark : Definition; Distinction between

h rm co ni c and C f z n P R RM P a a g ommercial designation O o es ; E ID E . B

E ndogem : Monocotyls . X CON T E N T S

PL N T H IR I — Defini ti on f f n A A S OR T R CHOME s . ; orms ; u ctions T HE LE A R — D efini ti on ; functions ; parts ; Complete Leaf ; sessile ; petiolate ; L f : a exstipulate; stipulate; structure of blade . ea Venation par llel

reticulate; pinnately and palmately veined .

— G O i : FORMS F S and C nd . O LE AV E S . imple ompou (a) eneral utl ne ovate ; elliptical; Oblong ; oblique; orbicular ; peltate ; filiform ; obovate; Oblance A x : i a olate; cuneate ; spatulate ; acerose; deltoid . (b) pe acute; acum n te ; obtuse ; truncate ; mucronate ; cuspidate ; aristate; emarginate ; retuse ;

: f a . obcordate . (c) Base cordate; reni orm ; h state ; auriculate; sagittate

' (d) Margin : entire ; serrate; dentate ; crenate ; repand ; sinuate ; incised

F of C L . runcinate ; lobed ; cleft ; parted ; divided . orms ompound eaves LE AF T EXT U R E — M embranous ; succulent ; scarious ; coriaceous

LE A F L — CO OR Variations i n color .

' LE F F - 0 - n A SU R A CE . Gla.br us ; glaucous ; pellucid pu ctate; scabrous ; pubescent villose ; seri ci ous ; hispid ; tomentose; spinose ; rugose ; verrucose LE AF DU RA T ION — Evergreen ; deciduous ; c arducous; fugacious ; eiI ect of e climat .

LE F - Defini ti on l f A IN SE RT ION . ; radical ; cauline; rama ; per oliate; clasping ;

- f connate per oliate; equi tant .

— D fas PHYLLOT A XY . efini ti on; alternate; opposite ; verticillate or whorled ; cieled or tufted ; law of spiral arrangement ; leaf ranks — D ni VE RN AT ION . efi ti on ; i nflex ed ; conduplicate; circinate ; plicate ; involute; revolute

F L R — D n M P N O E SCE N CE OR A N T HOT AXY . e I termi ate, Indeterminate ; ixed ; arts of In r ences — 0 florescences Forms of Determinate and Indeterminate Inflo esc . 3 7 4 RE FL — ~a n 0 — 1 P ORAT ION . V lvate; vexillary ; co torted 4 4 T HE FLOWE R — Defini ti on ; floral parts ; distinguishing characteristics ; Peri 1 — 2 gone . 4 4

— D T HE CA LYx . efini ti on ; parts ; physical characteristics ; connation; kinds and forms ; persistence; adnation 4 2 — 43

— f T HE COROLLA. D efini ti on; physical characteristics ; parts ; functions ; orms of Corolla an d Perianth 43— 44

T HE A N DROE I ~- D efini tl0 n C U M OR ST AME N SYST E M . ; structure ; terms denoting number of stamens i n flower; terms denoting connection between stamens ; terms denoting position ; terms denoting attachment of another to fila

i . P ll : n f ment ; deh scence o en descriptio ; orms .

T HE GYN OE I — D efinl l n n C U M OR PIST IL S ST E M . t 0 G a d , Y ; ymnospermous A ngiospermous ; parts ; the pistil a modified leaf ; carpel : dehiscence ; compound pistil; an ovule a transformed bud ; position of ovules i n ovary ; Gymnospermous and A ngiospermous ovules ; structure of A ngiospermous ovule ; shape of ovule

T PL T — HE CE N A . D efini ti on n A ; placental arra gement . ~ POLLIN A T ION D e fin . i tion ; Close and Cross Pollination; t e rms applied to plants pollinated by various age nc i FORMAT IO N OF M A LE A N I) FE MA LE

FE RT ILI Z T ION IN A I — P ess f m a of an c m l A N G OSFE RMs . roc ; or tion embryo d o sperm 49— 50 CON T E N T S

T — D fin i HE FRU IT . e i t on fi ; modi cations ; distribution .

FRU IT T T - P S RU C U RE . ericarp ; exocarp ; endocarp ; epicarp ; sarcocarp ; meso carp ; putamen; dehiscence SO ' S I L T I — A ' C ASSIF ICA ON OF FRU IT S . Simple; ggregate; M ul tiple ; dry dehiscent dry indehiscent ; fleshy indehiscent — Defini i n T HE SE E D . t o n ; structure, appe dag es M ODE OF FORM T I ON OF D IFFE RE N T T YP E S OF U M E N — P i A ALB . erisperm c; endo Sperrni c ; perispermi c and endospermic ; exalbuminous and albumino us seeds 54 55

PA RT II

T ax onom y

T — D n . M S hi z a T H L LOPHY efi i ti on. C of A A haracters the yxomycetes , c ophyt , f f H O v r . P nt A ae Fu and L . L C lg , ngi, ichenes i e istory la iceps purpu ea la s of di ofli cial the group yiel ng drugs .

— f Deflni ti on . of the He ati caaand M . L BRYOPHY T A. Characters p usci i e history of a typical true moss

— D efini i on . h of L di E ui PT E RIDOPHYT . t C A aracters the ycopo ales , q setales

L f H of a f . P n of the an d Fili cales . i e istory typical ern la ts group yield ing Ofli cial drugs — i r f i D flni i n . of A n os e miaand o SPE RMAT OP HYT A. e t o Characters the g p the r T of ofii cial an d unofli cial classes and fami lies yielding dr ug s . ables

dr ugs with the names of plants and parts constituting the drug . Char acters of the Gym nospermi aand of the fami ly yieldi ng Ofli cial dr ugs T able of Ofli cial and unofficial drugs yielded by Gymnosperms

T E XT — BOOK OF PHA RMA CEU T ICAL BOT A N Y

PA RT I

T ERMIN O LO GY A N D M ORPHOLO GY

DIVISION S OF B OT A NY

tructural Bo an P an M h I . S t y or l t orp ology treats of the various organs or parts of a plant , as root , stem , flower, fruit , etc . , with their e e special forms and modifications . It also includes V g table Histology, that part of structural botany which considers the minute or micro

o i cal Of e e b e sc p structure plant tissues and V g ta l Cytology, which treats

Of plant cells and their contents .

Ph si o o i cal Botan s 2 . y l g y explain how the various parts of the plant perform their work of growth , reproduction and the preparation of food for the support of ani mal life from substances not adapted to that use . eo rah cal an 3 . G g p i Bot y treats of the distribution of plant life on T he Of the globe . centre distribution for each plant is the habitat or e original source from which it spreads , oft n over widely distant regions .

Eco omi c A li ed Botan rac 4 . n or pp y deals with the science from a p tical standpoint , showing the special adaptation of the vegetable king dom to the needs Of everyday life .

eo o i ca Botan - n e 5. G l g l y treats of the pla ts of former ages , trac able in their fossil remains . S s em ai c a e etab e T ax onom 6 . y t t Bot ny or V g l y considers the classi ficati on or arrangement of plants i n groups or ranks according to their resemblances or differences . e e ab e E c o 7 . V g t l ol gy treats of plants in relation to their environment .

CLASSIFICAT ION OF PLA N T S

By grouping together those plants which are in some respects simi e lar and combining these groups with others , it is possible to form som 2 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT A N Y

S thing like an orderly system of classification . uch a system based ' ' upon natural resemblances is called a natural system .

T ype s represent general plans of structure . C A Class is formed by special modification of a type . lasses re sembling each other are called Seri e s . A n rder O is a group of the same class , related by a common structure .

A Fam il s y is a group of the ame order , related by a common structure . A Genu s i s a still smaller group having the same essential structure .

A Spe cies is the smallest group whose structure is constant . A n d i a e In iv du l is a unit of organic life , forming a complet animate existence . R R A Vari ety is a peculiarity of ace . aces and varieties are both

- sub divisions of species .

A H rid - v s Of yb is a cross breed of two arieties or pecies , rarely two genera .

SUBDIV ISION S OF T ILE VEGET ABLE K IN GDOM

T he two great sub - divisions of the vegetable kingdom are Phan erogam s or flowering plants and Cryptogam s or flowerless plants . T he Phanerogams are further divided into

Angiospe rm s , characterized by having their seeds enclosed within

- a box like covering . m n s erm s a T Gy o p , which h ve their seeds borne naked . ( hey are polycotyledonous . ) T he A ngiosperms are classified according to the number of their cotyledons , or seed leaves in the embryo , into : M o c t e us ants a no o yl dono pl , which have one cotyledon , s Indian C and orn Ginger , and D t e s a ts ico yl donou pl n , which have two cotyledons , as B urdock , and Ipecacuanha .

VE GET ABLE CYST OLOGY

CELLULAR ST RU CT URE

h T e bodies of all plants are made up of one or more units of struc ture called cells .

4 PH ARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

A ccording to the position of the cells in which plastids occur and

i z : f v . the work they perform , they di fer in color , Leucoplasts are colorless plastids found in the underground portions

the . T n of a plant and also in seeds , and egg cell heir fu ction is to build up reserve starch from sugar and other carbohydrates as well as to change the reserve starch back into sugar when it is needed for the growth of the plant . Chloroplasts are plastids found in cells exposed to light and contain the green pigment , chlorophyll . Chr om oplasts are plastids found in cells independent Of their rela tion to light or darkness and contain the yellow or orange pigment called chromophyll . During cell division another protoplasmic body appears called a ce ntro som e .

N ON - PROT OP LASMIC CE LL CON T E N T S

A SSIMILAT ION . I ' Star ch

RE SE RV E .

I ulin . 2 . n Su ars DEXT ROSE LE V U L OSE S CCH RO E M LT . S OSE 3 g such as , , A A , A ,

GEN T I N OSE M N N IT OL . A , A

ll - s Ce sap color (in solution of cell sap) . i Alkalo ds .

Glucosides . s N eutral Principle .

Feebly basic substances .

Aleurone grains . ROSE T T E GGRE G T E S A A . M ON OCLIN I PRI C SMS .

m x aae R T L F . u S 1 0 Calci O l t C Y A IB RE S . R P ID A H E S .

MICRO - CR ST L Y A S .

C s iths . I r . y tol

2 T a i . 1 . nn n

um s and Mucila e . I 3 . G g

ils . I 4 . O

Resi s . I 5. n PROT E OL T IC Y . E m e s DI T z S SE S . 1 6 . n y A A N V E RT E S I AS . P LAN T T ISSU E S 5

PLAN T T ISSUE S

A i ssue n t is an aggregation of cells of commo source , structure and function in intimate union . A ccording to structure the following tissues are found in various forms of higher plants : M 1 . E RIST E M LA T ICLFE ROU S T I SSU E

2 PA RE . N CHYME CRIB IFORM OR SIEV E T I SSU E

3 . COLLE N CHYME WOODY FIB RE T ISSU E

4 . SCLE RE N CHYME HARD B AST

5. E P IDE RMIS T RACHE ARY T ISSU E E D 6 . N ODE RMIS M E DU LLARY RAYS

7 . CORK A mass of tissue so united in the plant as to constitute a distinct n i s ti u it called a ssue system . T hree systems of tissues are commonly distinguished in higher forms of plants :

T H E E P IDE RMAL OR T E GU ME N T ARY SYST E M T HE FU N DAME N T AL SYST E M T HE FIB ROV ASCU LA R SYST E M

M eri s em r n i ff t , frequently called emb yo ic tissue , is und erentiated

of e v tissue composed c lls in the state of rapid di ision . Parenchym e or Fundam ental T issue is the soft ground tissue of n i n plants co sisting of cells about equal length , breadth and thickness (isodiametric) with thin cellulose cell walls enclosin g protoplasm and

. T e : C a nucleus hre important kinds of parenchyme , viz . hlorophyll e m e par nchy e , containing chloroplasts and found in gre n parts of plants ;

e e n Of res rv pare chyme occurring in seeds , and underground parts

O . plants and containing starch , aleurone grains , fixed ils , etc ; conducting parenchyme found distributed in various parts Of plants and servin g for th r e t ansferral of food . Collenchym e consists of elongated prismatic cells whose walls are

T he a e l of cellulose . ngl s of the cells are thickened with a col oidal

It n a the e an substance . is fou d bene th epid rmis of many pl ts , rarely ' ' alongside the endodermis and forms the ribs of stems such as i n

C . . Burdock , araway , etc Its function is that of support ' ' Sclerenchym e or stony tissue is made up Of stone cells variously a e T e e e sh p d . hese were formerly par nchyme cells whos walls becam

2 6 PHA RMA CE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

n thickened by deposits of ligni , layer within layer until the cells are A n Often nearly filled with this sub stance . lumen is fou d within the centre of a stone cell which is in commu nication with radial pore canals leading outward and in communication with the pore canals of adjacent d stone cells . Stone cells are istributed in fruits as gritty particles ,

T . in bark s and seeds . hey are supporting structures

— f n I F ff 2 and f FI 2 S f . G . . tone cells rom di ere t sources , rom co ee ; , 3 4 , rom stem

f f and f - ni Of and 6 8 . From clove ; 5 , rom tea lea ; 7 , 9 , rom powdered star a se seed ( r Slezens after M oelle . )

Epidermi s is the outer covering tissue Of a plant and is protective

- in function . Its cells may be brick shaped , polygonal , equilateral or

T z wavy in outline . heir outer walls are cutini ed (infiltrated with a

- waxy like substance called cutin) . A mong the epidermal cells of leaves and young green stems may be found numerous pores or stomata

- (sing . stoma) surrounded by pairs of crescent shaped cells , called guard T he cells . stomata are in direct communication with air chambers beneath them which in turn are in communication with intercellular

T he Of spaces of the tissue beneath . function the stomata is to give ofi off watery vapor and take in or give carbon dioxide , water and WOODY FI BE RS 7

oxygen . In addition to stomata some leav es possess groups of water stomata which difl er from transpiration stomata in that they always O , e off remain pen are circular in outline , giv water in droplets directly , and lie over a quantity of small— celled glandular material which is in

n fibrov ascular bundl con ection with one or more es . Endoderm is is the starch e sheath lay r of cells , constituting the innermost layer of cortex whose radial walls are more or

less suberized . Cork or suberous tissue is com

Oi Of S posed cells tabular hape , whose walls possess suberiz ed

layers . Its cells are mostly filled with air containing a yellow or i brown sh substance . It is de rived from the phellogen or cork cam bium which cuts Ofl cork cell s

outwardly . Cork tissue is devoid Of i intercellular ar spaces . It i s

protective in function . Lati ciferous ti ssue is to be seen in many groups of plants principal among which are the A sclepia — f f FIG . . I E i o 2 3 , piderm s oak lea ; , daceae E ae A ae , uphorbiace , pocynace i of i f i f epiderm s Ir s lea , both v ewed rom U rti cacem P f of l f and apaveraceae. Its the sur ace ; 3 , group cel s rom petal Of i n Viola tricolor ; 4 , two epidermal cells are e cells elongat d, tubular , often cross - section showing thi ckened outer wall ff d branched and penetrate all the di erentiate into three layers , namely, an C niz outer uticle , cuti ed layer (shaded) , n Of orga s plants in which they are and an l and 6 inner cellu ose layer ; 5 , i n f of found . T hey contain a milky epidermal outgrowths the orm ater trasbur er and ai . S scales h rs (3 f g , 4 white or colored emulsion of gum at ac s and ater de Bar . f er S h , 5 f y ) e r sins, fat , wax, caoutchouc , and

i . in some cases , alkaloids, tann ns , salts ferments , etc Cri bif orm or Si ev e ti ssue e consists of sup rimposed , elongated ,

n - s S e are tubular , thi walled cell whose transverse walls , called iev plates ,

e ae i Of the Of a p rfor t d , perm tting passage albuminous subst nces from one cell to another .

Wood Fibre s - - li nefied y are elongated , thick walled , and taper ended g elements found in the xylem region of the fibrov ascular bundle a ecom 8 PH ARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

T he t S panying the tracheae (ducts) . walls of hese fibres how oblique

. pores . Woody fibres are the supporting elements of the xylem

- - Hard Bast is composed of elongated , spindle shaped , thick walled

T he Of elements called bast fibres . characteristic thickening the walls

FI — L f f the of Of Scorozono a G . . r 4 atici erous vessels rom cortex root hispanica . A n and B , as seen u der low power, , a smaller portion under high power . (Fr om

Stezens after Sachs. ) of these fibres is due to deposits of lignin upon the inner surface of the L cellulose cell wall . ike the woody fibres the lumina of these contain air and the fibre walls are provided with oblique pores . B ast is the supporting tissue of the phloem . ME DU LLA RY RAYS 9

T rachear i ssue ae y t consists of trache (ducts or vessels) and tracheids , both of which are found i n the xylem region of the fibrov ascular bundle and have as their function the conduction of water with mineral salts in h d. T e a: e solution from the roots upwar trache or ducts are longated , slightly lignefie d tubes with O ccasional cross - walls and having character i sti c thickenings on their inner surface . T rach em are classified as :

R - A N N U L . A , with ring like thickenings

SP IR L . A , with spiral thickenings

RE T I LAT E CU . , with reticulate thickenings R PI P O OU S or T T E D with spherical or oblique Slit pores .

'

— — A . FI C of A corns calam as . G . 5 . ross section through a portion a root A t ém F . E . hlo . x C . Cortical parenchyma ; B . endodermis ; pericycle ; p ylem f n Y Y are large tracheal tubes , which were ormed last , the arrow tubes near the , , . A t the of Wi i the Ce m fir . periphery of the xylem being for ed st center the root , th n le

- i Fro a re n u i l a . m S of vascular bu dles , occ r th n wal ed parenchym tous p th cells ( y af ter Frank. )

T racheids are undeveloped ducts havi ng bordered pores and fre quently scalariform thickenings . M e dullary Rays are bands of parenchymatous cells extending radi ally from the cortex to the pith (primary med . rays) or from a part of the

r m d . xylem to a part of the phloem (seconda y e rays) . I O PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

— o of Zea a G f m s . V FIG . 6 . C L i losed bundle stem y , Bundle sheath ; , nter S A f an an SP S cellular pace ; , ring rom nular tracheal tube ; , piral tracheal tube ; M V S CP , pitted vessels ; , sieve tubes ; , companion cells ; , crushed primary sieve

F - of f tubes ; , thi n walled parenchyma the ground or undamental tissue . (From er Sayre Strasburg . )

— T of FIG . 7 . f z m o r ransverse section a concentric bundle rom the rhi o e f I i s . e l l i . T ae , ; l s Xylem surround ng the phlo m rache , protoxylem ; , sieve tubes ; g . of I e c . Fr om Sa re ater companion ells the nternal phlo m portion ( y f V i nes . )

I 2 PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

D

' — i n the ev Of the of A ro res FIG . I O . S . tages d elopment elements the xylem , p g ' ‘ n Oi atracheal 1 Ro of i n the dev elb rri e t . w sive steps p tube , procambial or cambial are k a in the f of 2 cells that to ta e p rt ormation a tube ; , the same at a later stage ' a i n all i s the s i n 2 crosste walls enl rged d mension ; 3 , cell have grown larger, their ' ' n and the a ' has e k and have bee dissolved out , w ll b come thic ened pitted ; 4 , the i n m e k an the walls 3 have beco e mor thic ened , the pits have overhanging border, li ni fied ndi and fi l th walls have become g as i cated by the stippling , na ly e protoplasts

i and the i t and . B S i n f have d sappeared , tube s ma ure dead , tages the ormation a of f al c . T he are i n A tracheids rom procambi or mbial cells steps the same as , ' the - wal rer ain and lsi n . C i n excepting that cross ‘ become pitted , steps the develop

of fi f mb al . I C 2 ment wood bers rom ca i cells , ambial cells ; , the same growth larger i n all di mensions with cells shoving past each other as they elongate; l FI BROVA SCU LAR BU N DLE S 1 3

F ro ascu ar B d e s ib v l un l are groups of fibres , vessels and cells cours ing through the various organs of a plant and serving for conduction and A support . ccording to the relative structural arrangement of their xylem and phloem masses they may be classed a b c d h as follows

I . CLOSE D COLL T E R L A A , consisting of a mass of xylem lying alongside of a

s e ma s of phlo m , the xylem facing to

ward the centre , the phloem facing to

ward the exterior . Stems of most M H onocotyledons and orsetails .

. P E N COLL T E R L II O A A , consisting of a mass Of xylem facing toward the pith and a mass of phloem facing toward the exterior and separated from each other

of by a cambium . Stems and leaves Dicotyledons and root s of Dicotyls and FI I I — S i n the G . . tages devel Gymnosperms Of secondary growth . O m ent Of e p si ve tubes , companion ICOLL T E R L z . and hl e . III B A A , characteri ed cells , p o m parenchyma A aand b T wo of rocam , , rows p by a x ylem mass being between an i n l i n c and d a i bial ce ls ; , has div ded T ner and an outer phloem mass . here longitudi nally and c i s to become n n l d be compa io cel s ; , a sieve tube , are two layers of cambium cells , one an d b hloém . B c , p parenchyma , , C ni n and d tween the xylem and inner phloem mass , ompa o cells , , a beginning f c and d the other between the xylem and outer sieve tube rom , respectively i n A T he - i n d are . cross walls

e . S b e n phlo m mass een chiefly in stems of pitted ; , phlo m pare chyma i n A C T he grown larger than , the Cncnr bi tacece. same as B with the pits i n the cross

. CON CE N T RIC z er IV , characteri ed by walls of the sieve tubes become p forati ons and n f m , the nuclei go e ro acentral xylem mass surrounded by a the cells composing the tube .

. N o phloem mass or vice versa cam (From Stevens . )

bium present .

later stage with cells longer and more pointed and walls becomi ng thickened and fi k i n the i pitted ; 4 , complete wood bers with walls more thic ened than prev ous stage

and li nified S . T he i n hi g , as hown by the stippling protoplasts t s last stage have fi ar D i n f of n e . disappeared a d the bers dead , steps the ormation wood parenchyma I G of cam bri al 2 from cambial or procambial cells . , roup or procambial cells ; , i n all i n l i k and the same enlarged d me sions ; 3 , the same with wal s th c ened pitted ; 2 and the nl l 4 and 5 show the same stages as 3 , but here cells have e arged radia ly T he of or tangentially more than they have vertically . walls these cells are apt to

li ni fi d d fi . From become g e , but the cells are longer lived than the woo bers (

Stevens . ) I 4 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

oncentri c . (a) C , with xylem central in bundle Seen in stems and

L co i a leaves of nearly all ferns and the y pod cece.

ncentri c . S e (b) Co , with phloem central in bundle een in st ms and

E x . leaves of some M onocotyledons . : Calamus

R DI L C z hl V . A A , haracteri ed by a number of xylem and p oem masses f r alternating with one another . Seen in the roots o all Spe matophytes

r and P te i dophytes . XYLE M is that part of a fibrov ascular bundle that contains wood ae cells and fibres . It may also contain trache , tracheids, seldom sieve tubes . PHLOE M is that part of a fibrov ascular bundle that contains sieve

hl O . tubes , p oem cells , and ften bast fibres

s ue s A — Classificati on of T i s ccording to Functi on . A ccording to

s their particular function , tissues may be cla sified as follows

P F arenchyme ( undamental tissue) .

Xylem cells . T ON DU CT IN G T ISSU E ae . I . C rache (ducts) Phl l oem ce ls . S ieve tubes .

Epidermis (outer cell walls cutiniz ed) II . PROT E CT IV E T I SSU E S k z Cor (suberi ed tissue) .

fi Bast bres .

H I L I fi . III . ME C AN CA T SSU E S Wood bres l Stone cel s .

PLA N T ORGA N S A N D ORGA N ISMS

A n organ is a part of an organism made up of several tissues and capable of performing some special work . A n organi sm is a living entity composed of diff erent organs or parts es with functions which are separate , but mutually dependent , and sential to the life of the individual . T he organs of flowering plants are either Vegetative or Reproduc

e . T he PL N T H IRS R T tiv vegetative organs of higher plants are A A , OO S , MS LE E T ST E V S . , and A hey are concerned in the absorption and elabo

s - ration of food materials either for ti sue building or storage . T he reproductive organs of higher plants include those structure s

e s v ia whose function it is to continue the speci , , the flower , fruit and seed . T H E ROOT I 5

T he n i s and ripe ed seed the product of reproductive processes , the e P starting point in the lif of all hanerogams . T he living part Of the i s em br o seed the y , which , when developed, consists of four parts , the S caulicle , or rudimentary tem , the lower end of which is the b eginning a e . A t of the root , or r dicl the upper extremity of the stem are two

e e n thicken d bodies , clos ly resembling leaves , known as cotyledo s , and e between thes a small bud or plumule . T he function of the cotyledon is to build up nourishment for the e l rudimentary plantl t unti it develops true leaves of its own .

T HE ROOT

T he root is that part of the plant that grows into or toward the soil , that never develops leaves, rather rarely produces buds , an d whose growing apex is covered by a cap . T he n functio s of a root are absorption , storage and support . It s

FI G 1 2 — — of r i n f r m i z C o . F o e ens . . . ross section ootlet the region the root hairs ( S ) principal function is the absorption of nutriment and to this end it generally has branche s or rootlets covered with root hairs which largely

T e . increase the absorbing Sti rface . hes root hairs are of minute and

e Of the e iderm i s of simple structure , being mer ly elongations p the root back of the root cap into slender tubes with thin walls .

T he tip of each rootlet is protected by a sheath or scale - like cover ROOT CA P ing known as the , which not only protects the delicate grow e ing point , but serves as a m chanical aid in pushing its way through

T he i : the soil . generat ve tissues in the region of the root cap are

PLE ROME fibrov ascular P E RIB LE M , producing tissue ; , producing cortex ; R T E N C L P T ROGE N DE MA OG , producing epidermis ; and A Y , producing the root cap . 1 6 P HARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

DIFFE REN CE S B ET WE E N ROOT A N D ST E M T he Root T he S tem

f I . A f L D n O . o . esce ding axis plant scending axis plant .

— 2 G i n . 2 G wi . . o . ro ng point sub apical row g p int apical C l C no . . . 3 . ontains chlorophyll 3 hlorophyl sometimes present

ranchm n . . . B u 4 arra ged irregularly 4 Branches with mathematical reg larity .

f . an fi . D not d 5 oes bear leaves or lea rudi 5 Bears leaves modi cations.

ments .

6 . r fi S S . . 6 . tructure comparatively imple Structu e better de ned

— C ass at R ts as to F m s I . PRIM R FIRST ROOT l ific ion of oo or A Y or , a direct downward growth from the seed , which , if greatly in excess of the

I E x . : M N T A P ROOT . T R lateral roots , is called the A or araxacum , adish .

2 . SE CON D R ROOT S Of A Y are produced by the later growths the stem , t such as are covered with soil and supplied with mois ure . Both pri mary and secondary roots may be either fibrous or fleshy .

T he grasses are good examples of plants having fibrous roots .

F s ma e s of D Or le hy roots y be multipl , as tho e the ahlia , may assume s f : imple forms , as ollows

Fu si orm s i ndle- sha d f , or p fi , like that of the radish or parsnip .

N a i orm turni - sha ed S pf or p p , omewhat globular and becoming ab

l ru tl S ' p y lender then terminating in a conical tap root , as the roots of the turnip .

Coni cal , having the largest diameter at the base then tapering , as in the Maple .

A M LO R T . N O U S OO S 3 A are of irregular or unusual habits , subservi ng other purposes than the normal .

A D E N T IT I O R 4 . V U S OOT S are such as occur in abnormal place s on

. E x . : R e Br o h llur the plant oots dev loping on y p y n leaves .

. EPIPH T IC ROOT S 5 Y , the roots of epiphytes , common to tropical forests , for example , never reach the soil at all , but cling to the bark and . E x . : Ro of trees absorb nutriment from the air ots of Vanilla. h 6 . T e H U roots of parasitic plants are known as A ST ORIA . T hese

penetrate the bark of plants upon which they find lodgment , known nu tri ti OiI s , . T he Mi stl t as hosts and absorb juices from them e oe, Dodder and Geradi a are typical parasites . Duration of Root — Plants are classified according to the duration : of the root , as follows

N I . A N U AL PLAN T S are herbs with roots containing no nourishment

. T for future use hey complete their growth , producing flower , fruit and seed in a single season, then die . ROOT HI ST OLO GY I 7

2 . I N I B E N AL plants develop but one set of organs the first year, and e as in the beet and turnip , etc . , a large amount of reserve food mat rial is stored in the root for the support of the plant the following season n whe it flowers, fruits, and dies .

. PE RE N N I L PL N T S l e . 3 A A iv indefinitely, as trees R C — T he oot Hi stology. M ON O OT YLE DON S . histology of mono i i cotyledonous roots var es , depending upon relat ons to their surround

- ings , which may be aquatic semi aquatic , mesophytic , or xerophytic .

— - f o . 2 . Ro I I S l M . C (3 A , F G . 3 . arsapari la, exican ross section root diam ) ot . E B k C Of D ; , n hai rs ; , cor ; , parenchyma cortex ; , endodermis wood pare chyma F F H hloém . P mi . ) ( rom Sare. and fibers ; , water tube ; , p ( hoto crograph y )

In this connection we will di scuss only the type of greatest pharma

c i . e. cogni importance , , the mesophytic type as seen in its most typical form in the transverse section of an Onion root . r Exami ni ng such a section from periphe y toward the centre, one notes the following :

E h . I . pidermis wit thin cuticle

C e e 2 . ort x , consisting of broad zone of rounded cells getting larg r I 8 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

T sa and then smaller in calibre . hese store starch and enable p to pass through . E 3 . ndodermis , or innermost layer of cells in the cortex with len ti cularly thick ened radial walls . Peri cam bi um z 4 . , a one of one , two , or three layers of rounded ,

- e . thin walled , actively dividing cells , which may give ris to side rootlets R fibrov ascular 5. adial bundle , which in most monocotyledons f consists O eight , twelve , or fifteen alternating patches of phloem with P radiating xylem arms between . hloem tissue consists of phloem cells

X e ea and sieve tubes . yl m at tips of arms , made of spiral trach the are first xylem elements to mature . Internal to these small pitted

. vessels , later, striking pitted vessels and considerable wood fibre

P . 6 . ith

— he DICOT YLE DON S . T typical dicotyl root is a tetrarch one , four xylem alternating with four phloem patches . T hese roots have an unlimited power of growth .

O P ri m ar Growth. A . f y

A trans - section of a dicotyl root in its young growth shows the fol lowing structure from periphery toward centre .

E z . I . pidermis with cutini ed outer walls

H . 2 . ypodermis

a ul . 3 . Cortex with usu lly small intercell ar spaces E radiall . v 4 ndodermis , or innermost layer of cells of the cortex with thickened walls .

Peri cam ium Of 5. b of one to two layers actively growing cells which may produce side rootlets . R fi 6 . brov ascular adial bundle of four , rarely two or three or five

i x ot or S phloem patches alternating with as many xylem arms . N uncommon to find bast or phloem fibre along outer face Of each phloem X . a . patch ylem has spiral trache , internal to these a few pitted vessels T hen , as root ages , more pitted vessels , also xylem cells and wood fibres make their appearance

. O S econdar r wt G o h. M B f y ( ost Official roots . ) A t about six weeks one notes cells di viding by tangential walls in the inner curve of phloem patches . T his is intrafascicular cambium . A Single layer of flattened cells starts to cut Off on its inner side a quan tity of secondary xylem and pushes out the patches of bast fibres , adds a little secondary phloem on the outer side . Secondary xylem finally

T he s fills up the patches between the arms . patche of bast fibres get

2 O PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT A N Y

LE AF B U DS develop leaves .

FLOWE R B U DS are unexpanded blossoms .

ME CED BU DS contain both flower and foliage .

A term i nal ax i llar s to position buds are either or y, either located at e the apex of the stem or branch or in the axils of the leaves . If th y occur on other situations on the stem , or upon roots or leaves they are

ti ti s s. O termed adven ou bud If, as ften happens , more than one bud

i accessor bud . forms in or near the ax l of the leaf, it is called an y

T HE ST E M

T he stem is that part of the plant axi s whi ch bears leaves or modi ' ficati ons of leaves and its branches are usually arranged with mathe i m at cal regularity . T he functions of a stem are to bear leaves or branches , connect roots with leaves , and conduct sap .

When the stem rises above ground and is apparent , the plant is said to be coalescent.

When no stem is visible , but only flower or leaf stalks , the plant is said to be acaulescent.

Stems vary in Size from scarcely one — twenty - fifth of an inch in

e 0 0 . . length , as in certain mosses, to a remarkabl height of 4 ft upward 2 T he giant Sequoia Of California attains the height of 4 0 ft . Directi on of Stem Growth — Generally the growth of the stem is erect . Very frequently it may be : A SCE N D IN G . , or rising obliquely upward RE CLIN IN G , or at first erect but afterward bending over and trailing

E x . : R upon the ground . aspberry . PROCU MBE N T , lying wholly upon the ground .

DE CU MBEN T s i , when the tem tra ls and the apex curves upward . E x : . Vines of the Cucurbitacea. RE PE N T , creeping upon the ground and rooting at the nodes, as the S trawberry . Stem Elongation — A t the tip of the stern there is found a group of very actively dividing cells (meristem) which is the growing point of the stem . A ll the tissues of the stern are derived from the cells of the growing point whose activity gives rise in time to three generative

: regions which are from without , inward I DE RM T OGE N ( ) A , forming epidermis ; HERB A N D T RE E 2 1

2 PE RIB LE ( ) M, forming the cortex ; and

PLE ROME the fibrov ascular e . (3) , forming lements

— Durai on Of Stem s. HE RB CE OU S the t A , dying down to ground at the close of the season . i A NN U L e . A , an herb whos l fe terminates with the season IE N N I L e i the B A , wher the stem d es at the end of first season , the underground parts perfecti ng themselves and retaining their vitality the the to next season , when seeds are produced and plant dies

completely . PE RE N N I L A , when the underground parts retain their vitality

indefinitely .

- — Abov e round Stem s. A T WIN IN G g stem winds around a support , M as the stem of a bean or orning Glory .

A CU LM is a jointed stem of the Grasses and Sedge s . A CLIMB IN G or scandent stem grows upward by attaching itself

to some support by means of aerial rootlets, tendrils or petioles. T he SCAP E is a stern rising from the ground and bearing flowers

the . but no leaves , as dandelion , violet , or blood root DRI A T E N L is a modification of some special organ , as of a leaf e stipule or branch , capabl of coiling spirally and used by a plant in a P e Pe . climbing . res nt in the Grape, , etc A SPIN E or thorn is the indurated termination of a stern tapering to

the the H L s . apoint , as thorns of oney ocu t he PRICKLE S are outgrowths of t bark only and are seen in the roses . n i A ST OLON is aprostrate bra ch , the end of which , on com ng in con

E x . : . Cur tact with the soil , takes root , so giving rise to a new plant

rant and Raspberry . A n U N DE RSHRUB or SU FFRU IT COSE stem is a stem of small size and

woody only at the base . A SHRUB B Y or FRU IT COSE stem is a woody stem larger than the pre

ceding and freely branching n ear the ground .

HE RB A N D T RE E

A T RE E is aperennial woody plant of considerable size ( 2 0 ft . or more

in height) and havi ng as the above- ground parts a trunk and a crown of

leafy branches . A n H E RB is a plant whose stem does not become woody and perma

, . nent , but dies , at least down to the ground after flowering 3 2 2 PH ARMACE U T IC AL B OT AN Y

— HIZOME n U ndergrou nd Stem s A R is a creeping underground ster ,

or off more less scaly , sending roots from its lower surface and stems _ T he z z Oh from 'its upper . rhi ome grows hori ontally , vertically or li uel i ts . q y, bearing a terminal bud at tip Its upper surface is marked with the scars of the bases of aerial stems Of previous years .

T he T UB E R is a short and excessively thickened underground stem , the Of borne usually at end a slender , creeping branch , and having the P A E x . : T numerous eyes or buds . ubers of otato , conite , and

Jalap .

FI G . 1 6 I 1 . F G . 5.

— P of - Of lk FI . I . G 5 hotomicrograph cross section very young cornsta , where the For r procambium strands have just gone over into vascular bundles . compa ison

From Stezens . wi th Fig . 1 6 . ( ) — Photorni cro ra h of - of O I 1 6 . F G . g p cross section cornstalk somewhat lder than

Fi . I and f i n . C o i s Fig . I 5 ompare with g 5, notice that the number vascular bundles x the i n and the of i n f n appro imately same both , number cells the u damental tissue h n . I i s approximately t e same Growth i Fi g . 6 has been accomplished by the enlarge i n F a E b n of i . I . a d ment the cells already present g 5 , pidermis ; , cortex pericycle ; c c f and l h , , undamental or ground tissue corresponding to pith medu lary rays wit i t Fr z om S te cns . vascular bundles interspersed through . ( )

T he CORM is an underground stem excessively thickened and solid and characteriz ed by the production of buds from the centre of the the upper surface and rootlets from lower surface . A B U LB is a very short and scaly stern , producing roots from the lower face and leaves from the upper . T U N ICAT E D BU LB S are completely covered by broad scales which

E x . : . S D ff a . form concentric coatings Onion , quill , odil HIST OLOG Y OF AN N U A L DICOT YL ST E M 2 3

SC L B U LB S eu A Y have narrow imbricated scales , the outer ones not

E L . . x : closing the inner . ily

T E R R z . U B S A N D CORMS are annual . Bulbs and hi omes are perennial

— EX E S T E M r Ex ogenous and Endogenous Stem s . OG N OU S S ae typical of Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons and can increase materially in thick

S difl erentiati on ness due to presence Of a cambium . Such stems how into an outer or cortical region and an inner or central cylinder region. E N DOGE N OU S ST E MS are typical of Monocotyledons and cannot increase mate rially in thickness due to ab e S senc of cambium . uch

’ stems Show no diff erentia tion into cortical and central regions . Hi stology of Annual

D - In n i cotyl Stem . ( both a nual and perennial dicotyl edonous stems endodermis and peri cam bi um are rarely seen since each has become so similar to cortex through

e . passag of food , etc )

— E Ci l tl nlz ed - I . f c I . P o pidermis , , FIG . 7 hotomicrograph ross section of m of A i ste ristoloch a sipho , where cambial with hairs a mi b i s ni . E activity just begin ng , pider s ; ,

2 . C C Of l n c - l Of ortex omposed col e chyma ; , thin wa led parenchyma the of W i s : cortex, the innermost cell l yer hich the three z ones an outer or exo a S i d starch heath or endoderm s ; , sclerenchyma e w thl n of i 6 hi cort x , hose cells are ring the per cycle; , t n walled parenchyma of the r Ch10 r0 _ pericycle; f , p imary medullary ray ; g, walled and contain e' h i f l phlo m; , xylem ; , inter ascicu ar cambium ; j , l m ediO asts a t . 2 0 . From S evens p ; middle or medulla or pith . X ( ) Of cortex , consisting cells of n e indurated walls giving extreme pliability and stre gth , an inner or ndo

- e z . cortex , a v ry broad one of thin and thicked walled parenchyme cells

T he the n . 3 . innermost layer of cells of the cortex called e dodermis

(N ot generally distinguishable . )

i . Peri cam bi um . N ot 4 . ( generally d stinguishable ) O e n 5. Fibrovascular bundles of pen collateral typ arra ged in a circle with primary medullary rays between the bundl es . P 6 . ith . 2 4 PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

Pi t h

— A S of an I . I d n F G 8 . diagram to how the character the tissues their disposition i a f . o i . Fr young stem the typ cal dicotyledon type ( om Stevens . ) PE RE N N IAL DI COT YL ST E M 2 5

wth f Perennia D c Stem it — A Gro o l i otyl and s Histology. perennial dicotyl stern in the first year does not difl er in structure from an annual . By the close of the year a cork cambium (phellogen) has originated be

I o

— D n n an 1 . d FIG . 9 iagram similar to the preceding but represe ti g a later stage show h f n t e . Fr t ens i g tissues ormed by the cambium ( om S ev . )

— side the epidermis . In origin of cork cambium one of two methods : (a) either the epidermis may divide into an outer layer of cells that re n a e mai s epidermis and an inner l y r of cells that becomes cork cambium , 2 6 P H ARMACE U T I CA L B OT A N Y

be or , (b) the outermost layer of cortex cells underneath the epidermis comes active after being passive for one year , and lays down walls , the

e a . inner layer b coming cork cambium , the outer becoming layer of cork T he cork cuts Off water and food supplies from epidermis outside and so T he epidermis separates and falls Off as stringy layer . cork cambium produces cork on its outer face and secondary cortex on its inner . B etween the bundles certain cells Of the primary medullary rays become very active and form interfascicular cambium which joins the cambium of the first- formed bundles (intrafascicular cambium) to form

the a complete cambium ring . By rapid multiplication of these cam bial cells new (secondary) xylem is cut Off internally and new (secondary)

first- P ROT OX LE M phloem externally , pushing inward the formed , or Y ,

first- PROT OPHLOE M n and outward the formed , or , thus increasi g the

T he . diameter Of the stem . primary medullary rays are deepened

Cambium may also give rise to secondary m edullary rays . S in H and A ometimes , as Grape Vines , oneysuckles , sclepias , instead Of cork cambium arising from outer cortex cells it may arise at any point in cortex . It is the origin of cork cambium at varying depths

s Of i Ofl T that cau es extensive sheets t ssue to separate . hat is what gives the stringy appearance to the stems of climbers .

A t close Of first year i n P erenni al Di cotyl Stem we note :

Epi derm i s— development of dermatogen or periblem— i n process Of peeling

off on . , later entirely absent

Cork tissue or periderm .

Cork cambium or phellogen . Sometimes z one of thi n— walled cells contai ni ng chloroplasts cut OI by k on f cor cambium inner ace known as phelloderm . Cortex— ln perennial stem cells of cortex m ay undergo modi fication into i l i r l l e tc . muc lage ce ls, into tann n receptacles , c ystal cel s, spiral cel s ,

F 6 . ibrovascular bundles Of Open collateral type which are now arranged and are f n f n into a compact circle, between which ound primary a d o te r ul seconda y med lary rays . F f w f . rom without inward the ollo ing tissues make up v . bundles . P l H — fi rotoph oem ard Bast long tenacious bast bres .

S P f a — econdary hloem So t B st phloem cells and sieve tubes . Cam bi um fi activ e layer giving rise to secondary phloem on outer and sec ondar on n f and of e . a y xylem i ner ace, adding to depth m d r ys .

S n r x lem fi wood fi eco da y y bres , pitted vessels , tracheids . P x — i roto ylem sp ral trachea. P ith.

2 8 PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

lessened and small ducts and much mechanical woody T the fibre are formed . hus

open , loosely arranged prod u et of the spring growth abuts on the densely ar ranged product Of the last summer and autumn growth and the sharp contrast Of marks the periods growth . T o the two di ff erent regions of growth is given the ' ' term Of annual ring . By counting the number of these rings it is possible to estimate the age of the tree

or branch . Bark — B ark or bork is a term applied to all that por tion of a woody exogenous plant axi s outside Of the

cambium line .

harm aco ni c In p g work , bark is divided into three

z e ones , thes from without inward being :

T E R R OR . I . OU B A K or C K

MIDDLE R OR 2 . BA K or C T IC L RE N A PA CHYME .

— . N N E R R 2 2 P of - 3 I BA K FI G . . art a cross section through h of C ti sus laburnum . (T e branch y branch was PHLOE M . F cut from the tree at the end of October . ) rom A E of f A C to the last annual ring wood ; rom to ommercially , bark is B the spring growth with large tracheal tubes T T T B and C and D and D divided into two zones , ( , , ) ; between are

- fibers C and D and D and E wood ; between , which are , passing from with f E F c anbi um F wood parenchyma; rom to , ; to ' : G e G H out inward , blo m portion; to , cortical parenchyma ;

M . A the medullary ray Below last wood I OU T E R BARK (CORK) . fibers and wood parenym aformed the previous

F o a re ater Haberlan t 2 . N N E R A R ORT I L . C year ( r m S y f d . ) I B K ( CA P RE N CH ME A N D P A Y HLOE M) . P LAN T HAIR S 2 9

— Peri derm . P the eriderm is a name applied to all tissue , produced e a the PH L T xtern lly by cork cambium ( E LOG E N ) . his term appears

harm aco ni c often in p g and materiamedica texts . Hi st o T i — Pa m ol gy of yp cal M onocotyl Stem s (Endoge nous) . ss g from exterior toward centre the following structures are seen

I E . pidermis whose cells are cutinized in their outer walls .

2 H . ypodermis , generally collenchymatic .

3 . Cortex .

4 . E ndodermis or innermost layer of cortex generally with greatly sub e rized cell walls .

z 5. A large central one of parenchyme matrix in which are found scattered fibrov ascular bundles of the closed collateral or rarely concentric type (am

hi v asal . p ) In this latter type , which is typical of Old mono cot l the y stems , xylem grows completely around phloem so that phloem i s found in the centre and xylem without and surrounding it .

— - ali sa a. FIG 2 . Ci nchonac C . 3 y ross sec A k B of k . C tion bar , or cells ; , cortical C D hloém PL AN T HAIRS OR T RI CHOME S parenchyma ; , stone cells ; , p por E f ba F f i tion ; , so t st ; , phellogen orm ng h l . T e k bark ; G . medu lary rays ( blac line T h6 56 out- thS O are grow f from G should be extended to the parenchyma H l e . the epidermal cells which have ce ls between the phlo m portions ) , Bast fibers' (From say') become greatly elongated and e may be unicellular or multicellular . T hey may b of various forms

le e l i e si m p , consisting of a singl row of ce ls ; branch ng ; clavat , or club

— hoOked . shaped ; stellate or star shaped ; barbed , , forked , etc

e a T h terminal cell is often modified into secretion sac for gummy ,

S landular x . E . : resinous or odorous products uch hairs are called g .

Glandular hairs from strobiles of Humulus lupulus . T he cotton of commerce which is the hairs of the seed of the

a S e cotton plant , Gossypium herbaceum , is good example of impl hairs . 30 PHA RMA CEU T ICAL B OT A N Y

B ranched hai rs can be seen upon the leaves of the common field Mu and S aflord weed , llein . Geranium the tinging nettle examples

of glandular hairs . T e Plant hairs are adapted to many di ff erent purposes . h y absorb e nourishment i n the form of moisture and mineral m att r in solution . T hose which serve as a protection to the plant may be barbed and sili cified i the e l , rendering them unfit for an mal food , or, as in n tt e ,

charged with an irritating fluid, penetrating the the skin when touched , injecting poison ’ A into the wound . dense covering of hairs also prevents the ravages of insects and the clogging of the stomata by an accumulation T of dust . hey fill an important ofli ce in the i i wi d spersion of seeds and fru ts , as th their aid such seeds as those of the milkweed are read

ily scattered by the wind . T he reproductive organs of many Cryp to am s g are modified hairs , as the sporangia f O Ferns .

T HE LE AF

FIG 2 — . 4 . D i fi e r e n t forms of epidermal out Leaves (folia) are stem appendages which

r . I H g owths , ooked hair the from Phaseolus m ultiflorus; have their origin just back of apex of the

2 , f climbing hair rom stem stem , are regularly arranged upon it , and con of H l L u umu us up lus ; 3 , rod sist of expansions of its tissues . like wax coating from th e of S ofli ci T he stem accharum functions of a leaf are photosynthesis, narum ; 4 , climbing hai r of L i assimilation, respiration and transpiration . oasa h spida; 5, stinging of U . Fi T h hair rtica urens ( g. 3 e most essential function Of plants is af ter de Bary; the remai nder rom Haberla the conversion of inorganic into organic f ndt. ) matter ; this takes place ordinarily i n the green

, l and parts containing chlorophy l , in these when exposed to sunlight . F oliage is an adaptation for increasing the extent of green surface .

T he L MIN P E T IOLE leaf when complete consists of three parts , A A , , ST IPU LE and S . T he lamina or blade is the expansion of the stem into

a more or less delicate framework , made up of the branching vessels th e of petiole .

T he T h - petiole is the leaf stalk . e stipules are leaf like appendages a ppearing at the base of the petiole . T HE LE AF 3 1

T he leaf of the T ulip Poplar or Liriodendron affords a good example Com lete Lea of a p f. Sometimes the lamina or blade is attached directly to the stem e i l sess e. by its bas and is then said to be If the petiole is present , eti olate p .

a be ex sti ulate When leaf stipules are bsent , the leaf is said to p , sti ulate when present , p .

T he petiole is seldom cylindrical in form , but usually channelled

— S of f . P of nl i s on tereogram lea structure art a vei et shown the right .

n S S . Fro t v I tercellular paces are haded ( m S e ens . )

T he on S . l the upper ide , flattened, or compressed stipu es are always in pairs and closely resemble the leaf in structure .

T he o blade of the leaf c nsists of the framework , made up of branching

e v ssels of the petiole , which are woody tubes pervading the soft tissue

o called mesophyll , or leaf parenchyme , and serve not only as supp rts but as v eins to conduct nutritive fluids . Veins are absent in Simple leav es such as many Of the Mosses .

- FU RC T E FOR E D E N T I Le af Ve nati on . A or K V A ON is characteristic

r of many C yptogam s . 3 2 PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

N M onocot ledons as P alm s PARALLE L VE N AT IO is typical of the y , ,

Li li es Grasses . , , etc E IN S z Di cot ledons RE T I CU LAT E or N E T T E D V characteri e the y , as the P oplar or Oak.

- FIN N I - V E IN E D or FE AT HE R- V E IN E D leaves consist of a mid vein with lateral veinlets extending from mid— vein to margin at frequent

E x . : C . intervals and in a regular manner . alla PALMAT E LY VE IN E D leaves consist of a number of veins of nearly

E x . : M . z . the same si e , radiating from petiole to margin aple leaf

— IMP LE LE V E S T he Forms of Leaves . S A are those having a single blade , either sessile or petiolate . COMPOU N D LE AV E S are divided into two or more distinct subdi v i sions called leaflets , which may be either sessile or petiolate . Simple leaves and the separate blades of compound leav es are de scribed as to general outline , apex , base , marginal indentations , surface and texture . (a) GE N E RAL OU T LIN E (form viewed as a whole without regard to

D . indentations of margin) . ependent upon kind of venation

e When the lower veins are longer and larger than the oth rs , the leaf

- — E . P is Ovate , or gg shaped arallel veined leaves are usually linear, e long and narrow of nearly equal breadth throughout , or lanceolat , like the linear with the exception that the broadest part is a little below the centre . E LLI PT IC L A , somewhat longer than wide , with rounded ends and

S . E x . : L P ides eaf of ear .

B LON G . E x . : M . O , when longer than broad , margins parallel atico

B LI U E S Ham am eli s O Q , margin longer on one ide than the other , as the l and E m . RB I L E CU R x . : . O A , circular in shape . N asturtium

PE LT T E - A , or shield shaped , having the petiole inserted at the

E x . : P o . N . centre of the lamina the asturtium , od phyllum

FILIFORM T HRE D- LI E as A s ara us , or A K , very long and narrow , p g leaves . V T E E x . : D . a Obovate O A , broadly elliptical igit lis . , reversely ovate . B L N E C OL T E E x . : O A A , reversely lanceolate . Chimaphila . CU N E T E A , shaped like a wedge with the point backward .

SP T U L T E s and A A , like a spatula , with narrow ba e broad rounded

. E x . : v a apex U U rsi . MARGIN OF LE AF 33

A CE ROSE CICU L R - uni r or A A , tipped with a needle like point , as J pe DE LT OID the A C di . , when shape of the Greek letter , as henopo um

b A ex af — of Le . A CU T E ( ) p , when the margins form an acute angle E x : E at the tip of the leaf . . riodictyon . A CU MIN T E A , when the point is longer and more tapering than the

E x . : acute . P ellitory . B T U SE E x . : O , blunt or round . B uchu .

T RU N C T E e A , abruptly obtus , as if cut square off . MU CRON T E A , terminating in a short , soft point . CU SPID T E A , like the last , except that the point is long and rigid . A RI ST T E A , with the apex terminating in a bristle . E M RGIN E x . P T E n . : . A A , otched ilocarpus

RE T U SE S , with a broad , shallow inus at the apex .

B C RD - O T E S . O A , inversely heart haped

- — c ase Of Leaf . ORD E E x . : . C T . L ( ) B A , heart shaped ime

— E x . RE N IFORM n . : . , kid ey shaped Ground Ivy

H ST T E - A A , or shaped, when the lobes point outward from _halbert

E x . : A S . the petiole . ristolochia erpentaria

A U RICU L T E - A , having ear like appendage at the base .

- E x . : . S GI T T T E . A A , arrow shaped Bindweed

— d Ma n Leaf . E N T IRE e a . ( ) rgi of , wh n the m rgin is an even line SE RR T E A , with sharp teeth which incline forward like the teeth

- E x . : P e e . of a hand saw . pp rmint DE N T T E n . C . A , or toothed , with outwardly projecti g teeth hestnut

CRE N T E S s A , or calloped , imilar to the preceding forms , but with

E x . : D S . the teeth much rounded . igitalis, alvia

— RE P N D U l a . A , or ndu ate , margin wavy line

SIN U T E . A , when the margin is more distinctly sinuous than the last

H . E x . : a N CI E D S . I S , cut by harp , irregular incisions wthorn

N T E l c RU CIN A , the pecu iar form of pinnately in ised leaf observed in the D andelion and some other Composita in which the teeth are recurved . A LOB E D leaf is one in which the indentations extend nearly to the

- - mid vein , or mid rib , as it is usually called , the segments or sinuses ,

E x . : S . or both , being rounded . assafras e e CLE FT is the same as lobed , exc pt that the sinus s are deeper , and

E x . : D . commonly acute . andelion A PART E D leaf is one in which the incisions extend nearly to the

- a a . E x . : e mid rib . G r nium macul tum 34 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

E D — In the DIV ID leaf the incisions extend to the mid rib , but the

E x . : . segments are not stalked . Watercress

If the venation is pinnate , the preceding forms may be described as pinnately incised , lobed , parted , or divided . If the venation is radiate , then the terms radiately or palmately lobed, incised , etc . , are employed . T he transition from Simple to Compound Leaves is a very gradual f l one , so that in many instances it is di ficu t to determine whether a T he given form is to be regarded as simple or compound . number and arrangement of the parts of a compound leaf correspond with the mode of venation , and the same descriptive terms are applied to outline ,

s . margin , etc . , as in imple leaves T Leaves are either pinnately or radiately compounded . hey are said to be abruptly pinnate or paripinnate when the leaf is terminated by a pair of leaflets ; odd pinnate or imparipinnate when it terminates

ar . e with a single leaflet When the leaflets alternately large and small ,

l P . the leaf is interrupted y pinnate , as the otato leaf When the term

z inal leaflet is the largest , and the remaining ones diminish in si e toward

o the base the f rm is known as lyrate , illustrated in the leaf of the

T urnip . Radiately or palmately compound leaves have the leaflets attached to the apex of the petiole . When these are two in number the leaf is bifoliate , or binate ; if three in number , trifoliate , or ternate ; when four in number , quadrifoliate , etc . If each of the leaflets of a palmately

bi - compound leaf divides into three , the leaf is called ternate ; if this

- i . form again div des , a tri ternate leaf results B eyond this point the E leaf is known as decompound . xample of decompound leaf seen in

Cimicifuga . Leaf T ex ture — Leaves are described as

ME MB R N OU S C . A , when thin and pliable , as oca

SU CCU LE N T A o L F , when thick and fleshy , as l es , and ive orever .

SC RI OU S . A , when dry and scaly

CORI CE OU S E v A , when thick and leathery , as ucalyptus , U aU rsi and M agnolia .

Le C — L ID n a . PE T O f olor A , whe of some brilliant color different from C the usual green , as the oleus and B egonia , and other plants which are

prized for the beauty of their foliage rather than their blossoms . Leaf Surface — A ny plant surface is :

36 PHARMA CE U T ICA L B OT AN Y

L f f . ike roots , they di fer greatly as to duration in di ferent latitudes

E vergreen trees are most common in the tropics , and it is probable that many of our deciduous trees have become such by adaptation to the colder climate .

— of Leaf Insertion . T he point attachment of the leaf to the stem is

A : called the insertion . leaf is

R DIC L . A A , when inserted upon an underground stem

U LIN E e . CA , when upon an a rial stern

M L . RA A , when attached directly to a branch When the base of a sessile leaf is extended completely around the

P E RFOLI T E n . stem it is A , the stern appeari g to pass through the blade

i Meal B ellwort . E x . : U rular aperfoliata or y

When a sessile leaf surrounds the stem more or less at the base , it is

P . E x . : P called CLASP IN G . oppy ( apaver somniferum) When the bases of two opposite leaves are so united as to form

CON N T E - P E RFOLI T E E one piece , they are called A A , as upatorium or

Boneset . Leaves are called E Q U IT AN T when they are all radical and succes

si v el . y folded on each other , as the Iris

— Phyllotaxy . Phyllotaxy is the study of leaf arrangement upon the

stem or branch , and this may be either alternate , opposite , whorled , or

verticillate , or fascicled . It is a general law in the arrangement of

leaves and of all other plant appendages that they are spirally disposed,

T he or on a line which winds around the axis like the thread of a screw . S piral line is formed by the union of two motions , the circul ar and the

o m odificatiOn longitudinal , and its m st common is the circle . In the ALT E RN AT E arrangement there is but one leaf produced at

each node . PP OSIT E O , when a pair of leaves is developed at each node , on oppo L S . E x . : M . site ides of the stem ints , ilac HORLE D E RT I CILL T E W or V A , when three or more form a circle about L ’ E x . : ul the stem . Canada ily and C ver s root . FA SCICLE D T U FT E D or , when a cluster of leaves is borne from a single L P node , as in the arch and ine .

T he spiral arrangement is said to be two - ranked when the third leaf

- is over the first , as in all Grasses ; three ranked , when the fourth is over

E x — . : T he fiv e the first . Sedges . ranked arrangement is the most

s common , and in this the ixth leaf is directly over the first two turns e . E x . : C A Pe b ing made around the stem to reach it herry, pple , ach , V E RN A T ION 37

. A s Oak and Willow , etc the distance between any two leaves is two

fifths of m fiv e - of the circumference the ste , the ranked arrangement is

s o 2 - expre sed by the fracti n /5 . In the eight ranked arrangement the s and ninth leaf stands over the fir t , three turns are required to reach it ,

ob hence the fraction expresses it . Of the series of fractions thus tai ned , the numerator represents the number of turns to complete a i cycle , or to reach the leaf which is directly over the first ; the denom a n nator , the number of perpendicul r rows on the stem , or the umber

e S of l aves , counting along the piral , from any one to the one directly above it .

i — PRE F I Vernat on . OL AT I ON or VE RN AT ION relates to the way in A which leaves are disposed in the bud . study of the individual leaf

i s enables us to distinguish the following forms . When the apex bent T l T inward toward the base , as in the leaf of the u ip ree , it is said to be IN FLEXE D or RE CLI N AT E V E RN AT ION ; if doubled on the midrib so that

i s CON DU P LIC T E the two sides are brought together as in the oak , it A ;

as when rolled inward from one margin to the other , in the Wild

C CON V OLU T E as F herry , it is ; when rolled from apex to base , in erns , it i s CIRCIN T E o e PLIC T E A ; when f ld d or plaited , like a fan , it is A ; if rolled I N V OLU T E inward from each margin , as the leaf of the common Violet , ; R E T he n RE V OLU T . when rolled outward from each margin as umex , i ner surface is always that which will form the upper surface when expanded .

fl — A In orescence or Anthotax y. typical flower consists of four whorls of leaves modified for the purpose of reproduction , and compactly placed

T he A on a stem . term Inflorescence , nthotaxy, is applied to the arrange ment of the flowers and their position on the plant , both of which are governed by the same law which determines the arrangement of leaves .

For this reason flower buds are always either terminal or axillary . In either case the bud may develop a solitary flower or a compound i n

florescence consisting of several flowers . DE T E RMIN T E C MOSE DE SCE N DIN G CE N T RIFU G L A , Y , , or A inflorescence is that form in which the flower bud is terminal , and thus determines or

E x . : R . completes the growth of the plant . icinus communis N DE T E RMIN T E SCE N DIN G CE N T RIPE T L IN FLORE SCE N CE I A , A , or A is

s i that form in which the flower bud are ax llary , while the terminal bud continues to develop and increase the growth of the plant indefinitely .

: the . E x . Geranium

M IX E D IN FLORE SCE N CE is a combination of the other two forms .

: H C e . E x . orse h stnut 38 P HARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

P E DU N CLE T he flower stalk is known as the , and its prolongation the

R CHIS s . A , or axis of the inflore cence T he flower stalk of a single flower of an inflorescence is called a

SE SSILE . PE DICE L . When borne without such support the flower is SC PE A peduncle rising from the ground is called a A , previously men tioned under the subject of stems . T T he modified leaves found on peduncles are termed B RACT S . hese vary much the same as leaf forms , are described in a similar manner , and may be either green or colored . When collected in a whorl at the

n IN V OL U CRE of base of the peduncle they form a , the parts which are T sometimes imbricated or overlapping , like shingles . his is generally

' A f A . B . T o A k . A k FIG . 2 8 . C ypes racemose inflorescence ; , raceme , spi e , cat in he n h D A . E An . T a e of t e , corymb , umbel flowers are represe ted by circles ; the g

From Ham aker . flower i s indicated by the size . ( )

D T he green , but sometimes petaloid , as in the ogwood . modified T R leaves found on pedicels are called BRA C E OLA LE AV E S . T he SPAT H E is a large bract enveloping the inflorescence and often D C f . colored, as in the alla , or membranous , as in the af odil

are In the indeterminate or axillary anthotaxy , either flowers pro duced from base to apex , those blossoming first which are lowest down

T he on the rachis or from margin to centre . principal forms of this type are : A solitary indeterminate is one in which the flowers occur singly in the axils of the leaves .

R CE ME flower- w s A , or simple cluster in which the flo er on pedicels of

s . E x . : C nearly equal length are arranged along an axi onvallaria ,

C and C . imicifuga , urrant A VE RT ICILLA ST E R 39

COR MB difl eri n e Y , a short , broad cluster , g from the racem mainly in

S e its horter axis and longer lower pedicels , which giv the cluster a flat appearance by bringing the individual florets to nearly the same level . E x : C e . . h rry

U MBE L e S and , which resembles the racem , but has a very hort axis the n early e qual pedicels radiate from it like the rays of an umbrella . Many examples of this mode of inflorescence are seen in the order

U m bell erce A F if , as indicated by the name , including nise , ennel and other ofli cial plants . A SPI E l K is a cluster of flowers , sessi e or nearly so , borne on an elon T h M P f l gated axis . e ullein and common lantain a ford good il us

trati ons .

T he C T I N A ME N T S f A K or resembles the pike , but di fers in that it has scaly instead of herbaceous bracts , as the staminate flowers of the Oak ,

H z a el , Willow , etc . T he HE D C PIT U LU M S the A or A is like a pike , except that it has rachis shortened so as to form a compact cluster of sessile flowers , as in the

D M C . andelion , arigold, lover , and Burdock T he ST ROB ILE is a compact flower cluster with large scales conceal

the e e Ho . ing the flowers , as inflor scenc of the p T he SP DIX A is a thick , fleshy rachis with flowers closely sessile or

E x . : C S t . embedded on it , usually with a pathe or shea hing bract alla ,

A C A . corus , alamus , rum triphyllum T he compound raceme particularly if irregularly compounded is calle d a P AN ICLE . D E T E RMIN AT E A N T H OT AX Y is one in which the first flower that opens

the s s is terminal one on the axis , the other appearing in uccession from

T he : apex to base or from centre to margin . principal varieties are

T he SOLIT R DE T E RMIN T E A Y A , in which there is a single flower borne

A Wi ndflower H . on the scape , as in the nemone , or , and ydrastis T he C ME the Y , a flower cluster resembling a corymb , except that

E . the e E x . : buds develop from center to circumference . lder If cym

be S . rounded , as in the nowball , it is a globose cyme A SCORP OID C ME d Y imitates a raceme , having the flowers pedicelle and arranged along a lengthened axis . A GLOME RU LE i s a cymose inflorescence of any sort which is con

— so C florida. densed into a head , as the called head of ornus I ILL ST E R re A VE RT C A is a compact , cymose flower cluster which

- sembles awhorl , but really consists of two glomerules situated in the 40 PHARMA CE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

l of are C axils of opposite leaves . C usters this kind seen in atnip ,

H P L a. o rehound, eppermint and other plants of the abiat h . T e T he . e raceme, corymb , umbel , etc , are fr quently compounded

i l . compound raceme, or raceme with branched ped cels, is ca led a panicle

the . E x . : Yucca and paniculate inflorescence of oat

T H RSU . A Y S is a compact panicle , of a pyramidal or oblong shape

E l ra. x . : L Rhus ab ilac, Grape and g A MIXE D A N T HOT AXY is one in which the determinate and i ndeter i minate plans are combined , and llustrations of this are of frequent occurrence .

T he order of flower development is termed ascending when , as in

— G A A . C i nflorescences . F m . H A 2 . FIG . 9 ymose , terminal flower , simple cy e ,

From Hamaker . compound cyme . ( )

he e t racem , the blossoms open first at the lowest point on the axis and

E x . : L A . continue to the pex White ily , and many other plants of the

same family . In the cyme the development is centrifugal , the central

florets opening first , while in the corymb it is centripetal , or from margin

to center . fl orati on — B refl rati on Pre . y p o is meant the arrangement of the

floral envelopes in the bud . It is to the flower bud what vernation is to

the leaf bud , the same descriptive terms being largely employed , as

convolute , involute revolute , plicate , imbricate , etc .

In addition to those already defined , the following are important . LV T E PREFLOR T ION VA A A , in which the margins meet but do not over the lap . Of this variety induplicate has its two margins rolled inward T HE FLOWE R 4 1

C . as in lematis In the reduplicate they are turned outward , as the sepals of A lthea .

EXILL R Pea V A Y , the variety shown in the corolla of the , where the

two lower petals are overlapped by two lateral ones , and the four in

turn overlapped by the larger upp er ones . CON T ORT E D e , where one margin is invariably ext rior and the other n interior , givi g the bud a twisted appearance , as in the Oleander and

Phlox .

T H E FLOWE R

T he flower is a shoot which has undergone a metamorphosis so as to

serve as a means for the propagation of the individual .

— D of . A of the o . FI G . 3 iagrams floral structures , shows the relations floral

B T he i n . C T h e i n a n . , flower , parts hyp ogy ous flower same a _perigynous A Si i il i n D A t . E i i same i n an epigynous flower . , s amen , mple p st long tud nal

- ransi tonal f F T he i n i . G T section . , same cross sect on , orms between true petals H i of f co d n . S (left) and true stame s (right) , light un on two carpels to orm a mpoun K an d L - I and J U ni of . , C i of om pistil . , on carpels more complete ross sect ons c a b c a d i i e of . In B : pound pistils , three carpels , stamen; , petal ; , sep l ; , p st l ; ,

D: a l b i c fil . In E a i . In ; , ; f , ped cel , anther cel ; , connect ve ament , receptacle ‘

From Ham ake . b 6 d a . ( ) sti gma; , style ; , ovules ; , ov ry r

SE P A Ls P E T LS ST M E N S C RPE LS T he parts of the flower are , A , A , and A , all of which are inserted upon a shortene d axis called the RE CE P T ACLE T and or T ORU S . his is usually flat or convex , but may be conical fleshy

Fi w - as in the Strawberry ; conc av e as in the Rose and g ; or sho a disc like

T he e n s . , , modificatio , a in the Orange axis of a flow r cluster if short is D sometimescalled a common receptacle, as in the floral axes of the ande

lion and L ettuce . 4 2 PH ARMACE U T I CAL B OT A N Y

A Com plete Flower possesses the four whorls of floral organs arranged upon the torus .

e the essenti al T he stamens and pistils constitut organs , and a flower is said to be P erfect when these are present and functional .

A Regular Flower possesses parts of the same shape and siz e . It is Sym m etr i cal when the parts of each whorl are of the same num ber , or multiples of the same number .

’ A n I m p erfect Flower shows one set of essenti al organs wanti ng .

e When either petals or sepals , or both , are present in mor than the ' ' dou ble as usual number , the flower is said to be , the cultivated A R C . ster , ose , and arnation

If the pistils are present and stamens wanting , the flower is called

i sti llate p , or female ; if it possesses stamens but no pistil , it is described

stam i nate neutr al as , or male ; if both are absent , , as marginal flowers of i . S e o C V burnum ome plants , as the B g nias and astor oil bear both

s M onceci ou s staminate and pi tillate flowers , and are called . When the staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on diff erent plants of

Di cectons S the same species , they are termed , as the assafras and

Willow . When staminate , pistillate and hermaphrodite flowers n M are all bor e on one plant , as on the aple trees , they are

ol a p yg m ous .

T he Peri e — h or i gon . T e perigone per anth is the floral envelope con sisting of calyx and corolla (when present) .

t. e. When both whorls , , calyx and corolla , are present the flower is

said to be dichlamydeous ; if only calyx is present , monochlamydeous . T he l ~ Ca x . T he C y alyx is the outer whorl of modified leav es . Its S l C a parts are called epa s , and may be distinct ( horisepalous , from

Greek word meaning disjoined) or more or less united (Gamosepalous) .

— — T - hey are usually green foliaceous or leaf like but may be brilliantly colored , hence the term petaloid (like the petals) is applied . E x T L s C ulip , ark pur and olumbine .

G MOSE P LOU S C L X o In a A A A Y , when the uni n of sepals is incomplete , the united portion is called the tube , the free portion , the limb , the ori fice of the tube , the throat . In form the calyx m ay be regular or irregular ; regular if its parts are f evenly developed , and irregular if its parts di fer in size and shape . T he l w more common forms are tubu ar , resembling a tube ; rotate , or heel

- l - h shape ; campanulate , or bell shape ; urceo ate , or urn shape ; ypocrateri

e - a - form , or salv r shape ; bilabi te, or two lipped ; corresponding to the

44 PH ARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

T L bling each other in form and color , as in the ulip and ily , the flower i s called LILIACE OU s . A GALE AT E COROLLA is one in which the upper petal is arched in the

e A n e . shap of a helmet , called the Galea , as in co it

T he LI GU LAT E or ST RAP - SH APE D COROLLA is nearly confined to the ami l ul the f y Compositae. It is usually tub ar at base, the remainder

E x . : M A F resembling a single petal . arigold, and rnica lowers .

LABI T E Bi - L BI T E n A , or A A , havi g two lips , the upper composed of two

e . T petals , the lower one of thre his form of corolla gives name to the

LABIA T zE i ami l LE GU MIN OSE h , wh le in the f y t is arrangement is

T he be e sometimes reversed . corolla may ither ringent, or gaping, S l as in age , or personate , when the throat is nearly c osed by a

w S . projection of the lo er lip , as in napdragon

ROT T E HE E L— SH PE D A , W A , when the tube is short and the division of l E x . : the imb radiate from it like the spokes of a wheel . T he Potato blossom .

CR T E RIFORM S U CE R- SH PE D e A , A A , like the last , xcept that the margin E K i s . x . : Mt L turned upward or cupped almia latifolia ( . aurel) .

H P OCR T E RIFORM S LV E R- SH PE D e h Y A , or A A (more corr ctly , ypocrateri s n P morphous) , when the tube is long and le der, as in hlox or T railing A T h rbutus and abruptly expands into a flat limb . e name is derived

S h ocrateri um from that of the ancient alver , or yp with the stem or handle beneath . the T UBU L R When of nearly cylindrical form corolla is A , as in the

H S m . oneysuckle, and tramoniu

FU N N EL- FORM (Infundibuliform) , such as the corolla of the common M orning Glory, a tube gradually enlarging from the base upward into m an expanded border or li b .

C MP N U L T E E LL- SHA P E D A A A , or B , a tube whose length is not more i n than tw ce the breadth, and which expa ds gradually from base to apex .

E x : H . . Canterbury B ell , arebell

U RCE OL T E U RN - SHA PE D A , or , when the tube is globose in shape and

ofli cial U v aU the limb at right angles to its axis , as in the rsi, Chimaphila and Gaultheria .

T h Andrcecium or S am e — e , t n System T he Stamens or m icro s the porophylls are male organs of reproduction , and each complete an stamen consists of a filament , or stalk , and anther , or pollen sac , which is the essential portion and contains apowdery substance called pollen . T HE ST AME N S YST E M 4 5

n When few in umber , stamens are said to be DE FIN IT E ; when very m not IN DE IN T h nu erous , and readily counted, they are F IT E . e follow ing terms are in common use to express their number :

MON N DROU S ower A , for a fl with but one stamen . DI N DROU S A , with two stamens . T RI N DRO U S . A , with three T E T R N DROU S A , with four . PE N T A DR N OU s . , having five HE X N D ROU S . A , six P OL N DROU S m YA , an indefinite nu ber .

A s : to insertion , they are H P OG N OU S Y Y , situated on the receptacle . PE RI G N OU S Y , on the calyx tube or disc . E PI G N O U S . Y , on the top of the ovary N N DROU S GY A , borne upon the pistil , as in the Orchids . T he f stamens may be of equal length ; unequal , or of di ferent length . DID N MOU S Y A , when there are two pairs , one longer than the other . T E T R D N MOU S A Y A , three pairs , two of the same length , the third

shorter . T erms denoting connection be tween stamens are

MON DE LPH OU S i n Of A ( one brotherhood) , coalescence the filament n i to a tube . DI DE LPH OU S A (in two brotherhoods) , coalescence into two sets . T RI DE LPHOU S A , with filaments united into three sets . P L DE LPH S O OU . YA , when the sets are numerous S N GE N E SI OU S . Y , when the anthers cohere S be E RE CT i tamens may , extending directly upward, spread ng , pro ceedi ng upward and outward ; CON N IV E N I’ ‘ brought close together and

RE FLEXE D . turned inward ; , turned downward T he attachment of the anther to the filament m ay be in one Of sev e : ral ways , as follows t fi N N T E e o n . I A , attach d at its base the apex of the lame t

A DN T E . A , adherent throughout its length

E RS T I LE to V A , when the anther is attached near its center to the p h Of . T e l the filament , so that it swings freely adnate and versati e are

R EXT RORSE o IN T RO SE . when they face inward , when they face utward

In order that the pollen may be discharged at the proper time , the

e O s u e anth r pen along a line or sut re called the line of dehiscence , ither r l longitudinal or t ansverse , or the pol en escapes through apical or val 46 PHA RMA CE U T I CA L B OT A N Y

he ollen v ular openings . T p is usually a powdery substance which e shows under the microscope distinct grains of characteristic forms , siz s

and markings . Like starch grains , each represents a particular source , hence the variety that may be examined is limited only by the number ' to stud of kinds of flowers available for the purpose . In order y pollen de grains , take up by means of forceps a stamen whose anther is just hi scin g , or letting free its contents , and tap upon a sheet of white paper ; then examine with a Compound Microscope . T he following are some of the forms of pollen grains : FOU R SP ORE DAU GHT E R cells hanging together as in the Cat T ail

forming a pollen grain .

E L ON GAT E D sim ple pollen grains as in Zostera .

- D U MB B E LL shaped as the pollen of the Pines .

T RI N GU L R M n P . A A , as in the exica rimrose

Malv acem . E CH IN AT E . as in the

P H E RIC L . S A , as in Geranium L LE N S shaped as in the ily . m — he C RP E L T he Gynaecium ,or Pistil Syste . T A or megasporophyll S is the female organ of reproduction of flowering plants . In the pruce , P ine , etc . , it consists of an open leaf or scale which bears but does not

v l n enclose the o u es . In angiosperms it forms a closed sac which e velops

o the ovules o and pr tects , and when c mplete is composed of three parts , the ovary or hollow portion at the base enclosing the ovules or rudim en

sti m a l tary seeds , the g or apical portion which receives the pol en grains , t l h s e . T e and the y , or connective which unites these two last is non i s a essential and when wanting the stigma called sessile . T he c rpel

clearly shows its relations to the leaf , though greatly changed in form . T he f n lower portion of a leaf , when olded le gthwise with the margins ovar incurved , represents the y; the unfolded surface upon which the e ovul s are borne is the placenta , a prolongation of the tip of the leaf , the

A ea u stigma , and the narrow intermediate portion , the style . l f th s trans orm ed i nto an ovule- beari n or an i s calle r f g g d acapet. T he carpels of C Pea m l the olumbine and are ade up of single carpe s . In the latter the young peas occupy a double row along one of the sutures (seams) of

. T the pod his portion corresponds to the infolded edge of the leaf , and O the pod splits pen along this line , called the ventral suture . D ehiscence , or the natural opening of the carpel to let free the con tained s seeds , takes place al o along the line which corresponds to the

- mid rib of the leaf, the dorsal suture . T HE PL ACE N T A 4 7

COMP OU N D PI ST ILS are composed of carpels which hav e united

e n . to form th m , and therefore will have just as ma y cells as carpels e l seed~beari n When ach simple ovary has its p acenta , or g line , at the inner angle the resulting compound ovary has as many axile

a: r or central placent as there are ca pels , but all 'more or less consoli i T he dated nto one . partitions are called dissepiments and form part of the walls of the ovary . If , however , the carpels are joined by their e e the Of e dges, lik petals a gamop talous corolla , there will be but one

the . cell , and the placenta will be parietal , or on wall

T he OV U LE S s the are transformed bud , destined to become seeds in

e . T matur fruit heir number varies from one to hundreds . In position , U they are erect , growing pward from the base of the ovary, as in the Com posi tze ; ascending turning upward from the side Of the ovary or cell ;

z pendulous , like the last except that it turns downward ; hori ontal when n directed straight outward ; suspended , hangi g perpendicularly from the top of the ovary . In Gymnosperms the ovules are naked ; in A ngiosperms they are enclosed in a seed vessel . A complete angiospermous seed ovule consists of a N U CE LLU S or P RIMIN E SE CU N DIN E body ; two coats , the outer or , and the inner or ; and MBR O A FU N ICU LU S . E S C a , or stalk Within the nucellus is found the Y containing the OV U M or female reproductive cell .

T h e coats do not completely envelop the nucellus , but an opening

FOR ME N MI CROP LE . at the apex , called the A or Y admits the pollen tube T he point where the coats are attached to each other and to the nucellus

L Z T he HILU M the l is called the CHA A A . marks point where the funicu us is joined to the ovule , and if attached to the ovule through a part of its T h the RA PHE . e length , adherent portion is called the shape of the

be ORT H OT ROP OU S C MP LOT ROP OU S ovule may , or straight ; A Y , bent or

MP HIT ROP OU S N T ROP OU S . curved ; A , partly inverted ; and A A , inverted A l T he last two forms are most common . campylotropous ovu e is one whose body is bent so that the hilum and micropyle are approximated .

T H E P LACE N T A

T he placenta is the nutritive tissue connecting the ovules wit h the

T o f wall of the ovary . he vari us types O placenta arrangement (pla c entati on) are grouped according to their relative complexity as follow s : 48 PH ARMACE U T I CAL B OT A N Y

P F C . C r . 2 S . . . , B asilar , utural 3 , arietal 4, entral 5, ree entral B asilar placentation is well illustrated in the Polygonacem (Smart

P n . H R E tc . Weed, hubarb , ) in iper and Jugla s ere at the apex of the axis and in the center Of the ovarian base arises a single ovule from a small area of placental tissue . L ae Pea Sutural placentation is seen in the eguminos ( , B ean ,

Here each carp el has prolonged along its fused e dges two cord - like

v t l . placental twigs , from which start the funiculi or o ule s a ks H P i e E tc . arietal placentat on is seen in Gloxinia , Gesn ria, ere we find two or more carpels joined and placental tissue running up along edges of the fused carpels bearing the ovules . Ca a L i Central or axile placentation is seen in mpanulace ( obel a) , where the two , three, or more carpels have folded inward until they meet in the center and in the process have carried the originally T i parietal placenta with them . h s then may form a central swelling bearing the ovules over the surface . F C P a ree entral placentation occurs perfectly in the rimulace ,

Plantaginaceae and a few other families . In this the carples simply cover over or roof in a central placental pillar around which the ovules are scattered . — P Polli nation . ollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma and the consequent germination thereon . It is a necessary step to fertilization . When the pollen is transferred to the stigma of its own flower the process is called CLOSE or SE LE POLLIN AT I ON ; if to a sti gma of another

CROSS POLLIN T ION . z e flower, A If fertili ation follows, thes processes C S F z are termed respectively, lose or elf ertili ation and Cross Fertiliza C F tion . lose ertilization means in time ruination to the race and hap pily is prevented in many cases by (a) the stamens and pisti ls standing e in extraordinary relation to each oth r, (b) by the anthers and pistils ff maturing at di erent times, (c) by the pollen in many cases germ i nat ing better on the stigma of another flower than its own .

T he i agents which are responsible for cross poll nation are the wind, insects , water currents , small animals, and birds .

WIN D- P OLLIN AT E D flowering plants are called A N E MOPHILOU S ; their pollen is dry and powdery , flowers inconspicuous and inodorous , as in

P Ho . the ines , Wheat , Walnut, p, etc

- D P L N T S E N SE CT P OLLIN T E N T OMOPHILOU S . T I A A are called hese , t being dependen upon the visits of insects for fertilization, possess bril FE RT I LIZAT ION 49 liantl ee y colored corollas , have fragrant odors , and secrete nectar , a sw t liquid very attractive to insects which are adapted to this work through

- o E x . : . the possession of ap llen carrying apparatus . Orchids PLAN T S P OLLIN AT E D T HROU GH T H E AG E N CY OF WAT E R CU RRE N T S

T o as are known as HYDROPHILOU S . this class belong such plants live under water and which produce flowers at or near the surface Of

E x . the same . : Sparganium . Som e plants as the Honeysuckle and N asturtium are fertiliz ed by humming birds . B efore the pollen grain has been deposited upon the stigma a series of events aff ecting both the pollen grain and the embryo sac occur . T he MOT HE R and microspore (pollen grain) divides into two cells , the

T U B E E LL T he Of the C S of the male gametophyte . nucleus mother T h LE U S cell divides to form two generative nuclei . e N U C of the mega spore or embryo sac undergoes division until eight DAU GH T E R N U CLE I are produced which are separated into the following groups : T (a) hree of these nuclei occupy a position at the apex , the lower

o nucleus of the group being the egg or vum , the other two nuclei being

the SYN E RGIDS or ASSI ST IN G N U CLE I . (b) A t the opposite end of the sac are three nuclei known as the

AN T IP ODALS which apparently have no special function . (c) T he two remaining nuclei (POLAR N U CLE I) form a group lying near the centre of the embryo sac which unite to form a single nucleus from which , after fertilization , the endosperm of nourishing material T is derived . his stage of the embryo sac constitutes the female gametophyte .

— the Fertili zation . A fter the pollen grain reaches the stigma viscid moisture of the stigma excites the outgrowth of the male gametophyte which bursts through the coats of the pollen grain forming apollen

T he e and tube . pollen tube carrying within its walls two generativ one tube nucleus penetrates through the loose cells of the style until it

the e le reaches micropyl of the ovu , then piercing the nucellus it enters

T he e the embryo sac . tip of the tube breaks and one of the gen rative

T he Oo nuclei unites with the egg to form the oospore . spore develops

e at onc into an embryo or plantlet , which lies passive until the seed

T he undergoes germination . other generative nucleus unites with the previously fused polar nuclei to form the endosperm nucleus which soon undergoes rapid division into a large number of nuclei scattered about

T e through the protoplasm of the embryo sac . hese accumulat proto 50 P HARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

are . plasm about them , cells walls laid down , endosperm resulting T he Germination is the beginning of growth in a seed or plant . con di ti ons Of favorable to germination are warmth , moisture and presence air .

T H E FRU IT

T he Of fruit consists the matured ovary and contents , and may include

Of e other organs the flower ext rnal to the pistil , but connected with it , as C in lematis , where the long , feathery style renders the fruit buoyant , e Of T D the and , lik the fruits the histle and andelion , in which modified

e n . calyx serves a similar purpos , is easily scattered by the wi d In the S t trawberry and Q uince he receptacle becomes thick and succulent , and constitutes the edible portion of the fruit . Other modifications are seen in the hooks or spines , by means of which certain fruits

E x . : . C compel animals to assist in their dispersion ocklebur , Bur

E tc . dock , Bidens ,

D s r ut F — ru s and See s . S i t ib ion of it d ome fruits , as the cocoanut , are transported by water currents , and are adapted to withstand for a A f long period the action Of salt water . nother O the peculiar means provided by nature for the dissemination of seeds and fruits is that S T shown in the andbox ree , the fruit of which is hygroscopic , and by absorption of water bursts the pericarp with such explosive force as to cause a loud report and to scatter the seeds in every direction . Birds

- and fruit eating mammals , including man , also play a part in the work

Of distribution .

FRU IT ST RU CT U RE

T he PE RIC RP SE E D V E ssE L A , or , is the ripened wall of the ovary , and in general the structure of the fruit wall resembles that of the ovary

s but undergoes numerous modification in the course of de velopment .

T he number of cells of the ovary may increase or decrease , the external surface may change from soft and hairy in the flower to hard , f D and become covered with sharp , sti f prickles , as in the atura S tramonium or Jamestown weed . T ransformations in consistence may take place and the texture of the wall of the ovary may become hard and bony , leathery, as the rind of the Orange , or assume the forms

P . seen in the Gourd , each , Grape , etc

52 PHA RMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

A al jointed, indehiscent legume , called a loment , breaks up natur l y

- T he s . C a into transverse , one seeded divi ions ochle is a coiled or spiral

E : C . . L legume x . of oment assia fistula e A CAPSU LE is a dry dehiscent fruit of two or mor united carpels , P C and shows several forms of dehiscence, as in the oppy, ardamon , etc . en T he PYXIS is a modification of the capsule which op s transversely ,

P ul H . the upper half forming a lid, as in ort aca or yoscyamus l ae A SILIQ UE is a long slender capsu e with two parietal placent ,

C ae . the valves opening from below upward, as in the rucifer

Dry Indehi scent Frui ts (Often erroneously regarded as seeds) .

T he A EN E - i the K is a dry one chambered, indeh scent fruit , in which pericarp is firm and may or may not be united with the seed , the style remaining in many cases as an agent of dissemination, and may be F ae A E x . : i C winged , feathery , or hooked . ru ts of the omposit , nemone and Ranunculus .

T he M R — Elm A sh SA A A is a winged akene like fruit , as in the Birch , , ,

Box Elder and Maple . T he U T RI LE C is like the akene , except that the pericarp is loose and

- E x . : C o u . bladder like . hen podi m A C R OPSIS f A Y , or Grain , di fers from the last in having the cell com T pletely filled by the seed and the pericarp very thin . his fruit is /

. an . Ex . : more likely than y other to be mistaken for a seed Wheat,

R . ice , Barley, Oat, etc

A U T i s — - i N a hard, one celled, one seeded fru t , like the akene but T h . e larger, and usually produced from a compound ovary nut is C often enclosed in a kind of involucre termed a upule , as the cup of the

— - i H z acorn or the leaf l ke covering of the a el nut .

A CRE MOCARP is the characteristic frui t Of the U mbelliferae family . It consists of two inferior akenes or mericarps separated from each other

T he by a stalk called a carpophore . mericarps separate as soon as the fruit ripens and are seen to be longitudinally ribbed with numerous oil glands between the ribs .

— F esh e sce t Fru ts T he DRU PE - car elled l y Ind hi n i is a one p fruit , P P ach P S R such as the lum , f , rune , abal , hus , etc . , and called stone ' u fruit , beca se the endocarp or putamen is composed wholly of stone cells . A n E T E RIO consists of a collection of little drupes on a torus as R the aspberry . T HE SE E D 53

T he B E RRY is fleshy frui t with athin membranous epicarp and a l E x . : C succu ent interior in which the seeds are imbedded . apsicum , T a e C . omato , B elladonna , Gr p , urrant , etc T he HE SPE RIDIU M a is a variety of the berry, and the name is pplied i only to members of the Orange family . It is a fleshy fru t with leathery rind which contains numerous oil glands .

T he PE P O OU RD— ERU IT the S are or G , of which quash and Gourd

the Cucurbi tacem types , is characteristic fruit of the order , fleshy F i internally, and having a tough or very hard rind . ruits of th s family are true berries . T he POME is a fleshy frui t the chief bulk of whi ch consists Of the a . A e P are . T he dherent torus Q uince , ppl and ear examples carpels constitute the core , and the fleshy part is developed from the torus .

Mu ti e Fru ts — T he S CON IU M l e l pl i . Y is a mu tipl fruit consisting of a

ul hi are - succ ent hollow torus enclosed within w ch akene like bodies ,

E x . : Fi . products of many flowers . g T he SOROS IS M l the is represented by the u berry , grains of which are not the ovaries of a single flower , as in the Blackberry, but belong

the P - e to as many separate flowers . In ine appl all the parts are blended into a fleshy, juicy, seedless mass , and the plant is propagated by cuttings . T he ST ROB ILE CON E l e i i or is a scaly, mu tipl fru t consist ng of a

- T he e . scale bearing axis , each scal enclosing one or more seeds name

Ho u C i ae is applied to the fruit of the p, and also to the fr it of the on fer in which the naked seeds are borne on the upper surface of the woody scales .

T HE SE E D

T he e e seed is the fertilized and matur d ovul , having the embryo L th eu . e formed within it ike ovule , it consists of a nucellus or kernel

the the . closed by integuments , and descriptive terms used are same T he C ul e seed oats , corresponding to those of the ov , are two in number , th T E i f e ST T E GME N . T he A and testa , or outer seed shell , d fers greatly

an . e in form d texture If thick and hard , it is crustac ous ; if smooth and glossy, it is polished ; if roughened , it may be pitted, furrowed,

a . h iry , reticulate , etc T he testa may Often present outgrowths or seed appendages whose

ar e functions e to make the seeds buoyant , wh reby they may be dis 5 54 PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT A N Y

E e M seminated by wind currents . xamples of thes are seen in the ilk Coma , weed , which has a tuft of hairs at one end of the seed called a w a — and in the Official Strophanthus , hich has long bristle like appendage

T he - attached to one end of the seed and called an awn . wart like C S appendage at the hilum or micropyle , as in astor Oil eed , is called

the Caruncle . T he tegmen or inner coat surrounds the nucellus closely and is generally soft and

B delicate . n m A third i tegu ent , or accessory seed and C covering , is occasionally present is E E x . : called the A RIL . uonymus (suc

culent) . When such an integument arises at the Frc — 1 . S of . 3 ection a f A P a m N o , grain wheat , eric rps icropyle of the seed , as in the utmeg , it and f B la f r Of eed coats ; , y an i . . is known as ar llode cells i n endosperm contai ni ng of T he N U CE LLU S K E RN E L CODSl stS Of aleurone grains ; C, cells the or s er l m h m tissue containing albu en , when this sub zigi g arbfifilfiifijfi A stance is present , and the embryo . lbu men is the n am e given the nutritive matter stored in the seed .

M O DE OF FORMA T ION OF DIFFE RE N T T YP E S O F ALBU M E N If the egg cell within the embryo sac segments and grows into

o the embry and , stretching , fills up the cavity without food mate

e e rial laid down around it , it happens that the nutritiv mat rial lin T gers in the cells of the nucellus pressing around the embryo . his is

S P . called P eri sperm i c A lbum en . een in the olygonaceae A m In by far the greater number of ngiosper s , the endosperm nu cleus z e , after double fertili ation , divid s and redivides , giving rise to numerous nuclei imbedded in the protoplasm Of the embryo sac out side oi the developing embryo . Gathering protoplasm about them selves and laying down cell walls they form the endosperm tissue I outside Of the embryo . nto this tissue food is passed constituting l the E ndOSperm i c albumen . ae P M ae . In the arantace , iperace , etc , nutritive material is passed

he s into t nucellar cells causing them to well up , while to one side a small patch of endosperm tissue accommodates a moderate amount

n o of nourishing substa ce , thus resulting in the f rmation of abundant perisperm and a small reduced endosperm . F ORMAT I ON OF ALBU ME N 55

w hich albumen s tored ‘ w of embryo during the. gro th

l d s w he n A bum i nous se e s are tho e. in hich t nourishme t is not stored the embryo until germ ination take s place .

PA RT II

T A K ON O M Y

— T HALLOPHYT A DIV ISION I.

P o s Of f lants c nsi ting a thallus , a body undi ferentiated into root ,

r stem o leaf . T he group nearest to the beginning of the plant kingdom presenting forms C howing rudimentary structures which are modified

f . . through division of labor , di ferentiation , etc , in higher groups

— L E M LD SU D S ON I . M OM YCET ES OR S M O S B IVI I YX , I

T errestrial or aquatic organisms , frequently classified as belonging n m to the a imal kingdo and found commonly on decaying wood , leaves , T n or humous soil in forests . heir vegetative body consists of a aked mass of protoplasm called the plasmodium which has a creeping and

l out and rol ing motion , putting retracting regions of its body called pseudopodia .

D S ON II — SCH Z PHYT A SU B IVI I . I O

T his group comprises the fission plants whose members possess a common method of asexual reproduction whereby the cell cleaves or splits into two parts , each of which then becomes a separate and independent organism .

r . CYA N OPHYCE JE

P n - la ts which are sometimes termed blue green algae. T hev contain chlorophyll , a green pigment and phycocyanin , a blue pigment , a com

- bination giving a blue green aspect to the plants of this group . Found everywhere in fresh and salt water and also on damp logs , rocks , bark E e . x . : a and of trees , stone walls , etc Oscill toria , Glo ocapsa , N ostoc .

’ ‘ — 2 CI- IIZOMY E I E S A CT E RI A . S C B

n Bacteria are minute , u icellular vegetable organisms destitute of T chlorophyll . hey serve as agents of decay and fermentation and are 56 APP E ARAN CE OF B ACT E RI AL COLON IE S 57

' A i o frequently employed in industrial processes . ccord ng to the vari us Z phenomena they produce they may be classified as follows : a . ymo

P o n A ero ens . gens producing ferme tation ; b . g producing gas ; c h togens

. a ro ens ( 1 C e . S producing light ; hromogens producing color ; p g , produc

P s ing putrefaction ; f . athogens , producing disea e .

PHYSICAL APPE ARAN CE OF BACT E RIAL COLON IE S A N D IN DIV I DU A L FORMS

B ecause of their minute siz e— aspace the size of a pinhead may hold 8 billion of them— the student commences hi s study of bacterial growths i n colonies or cul r n i an tu es , each ki d possessing characteristics by which they may be distingu shed d i eren i d fl t ated .

T he a i n n k of individu ls the colony , dependi g upon the ind bacteria under ex

i - ar e di am nation, may be globular , rod shaped, or spiral . Bacteria classed accor ng

to shape, as

COCCI - (singular coccus) , globular or berry shaped .

— A CILLI S i l a i - B ( ingular , bac l us l ttle rod) , rod shaped .

I - SP RILLA s S i S k . ( ingular , pir llum) , piral or cor screw shaped Sporulation — A large n umber Of bacteria possess the power of developing into k n f S l a resting stage by a process now as sporulation or spore ormation. poru ation i s f f e i T i s s regarded as a method o resisting un avorable nv ronment . his illu trated

by the anthr ax bacilli which are readily killed i n twenty minutes by a I O per cent . n of and e i n e the solutio carbolic acid , able, wh n the spore condition, to r sist same f f r i f A o a n n o 0 er . nd disin ectant long period a co centration 5 p cent , while the vegetative forms Show little more resistance against moist heat than the v egetative f of l w n of i for orm other bacteria, the spores wil ithsta d the action l ve steam as long en as t to twelve minutes or more. W the are n f di for henever spores brought i to avorable con tion bacterial growth , r and ti f and as to temperature, moistu e nutrition, they return to the vegeta ve orm

then are capable of multiplication by fission i n the ordi nary way .

R — l and eproducti on. Bacteria mu tiply reproduce themselves by cleavage or fi A i n z of l f ssion . young individual increases si e up to the limits the adu t orm , n when by simple cleavage at right angles to the lo g axis , the cell divides into two individuals . — A i s M orphology Due to Cleavage . ccord ng to limitation imposed by cleavage di n - k an rectors , the cocci assume a chain appeara ce, or a grape li e appearance, or T arrangement i n packets or cubes having three di ameters . his gives rise to the ST AP HYLOCOCCU S u i f G f (pl ral, staphylococc ) , rom a reek word re erring to the f shape of a b unch o grapes . T RE PT OCOCCU S r f G k i n S (plu al , streptococci) , rom a ree word mean g chain

Shaped .

SA RCIN k e . A, pac ag shaped or cubical Form of Cell G roup s after Cleavage — T he individual bacteri a after cleavage av a . T he of w of cle may separ te, or cohere amount cohesion, together ith the plane f of T n . age, determi es the various orms the cell groups hus among the cocci diplo or double forms may res ult giving rise to disting uishing morphological character 58 PHA RMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y i i S f n u st cs. imilarly among the bacilli characteristic orms result as si gle individ als f and others which form chains o various lengths . — T he w c Rapidity of Growth and Multipli cation. rapidity ith whi h bacteria T he of grow and multiply i s dependent upon species and environment . rapidity i s U f and the growth surprising . nder avorable conditions they may elongate divide If c for every 2 0 or 30 minutes. they should continue to reprodu e at this rate twenty If of four hours a single individual would have 1 7 million descendants . each these

u r i n - f ur sho ld continue to g ow at the same rate, each would have twenty o hours

1 li ofls ri n and r . more, 7 mi l on p g , then the numbe s would develop beyond conception H c ul i s not fi owever , su h m tiplication possible under natural or even arti cial condi s on of of and of tion , both account lack nutritive material because the inhibition If di d of the growth of the bacteria by their own products . they multiply at this rate i n a few days there would be no room i n th e world but bacteria.

C mi m ~— T he c i he cal Co positi on of Bacteria. quantitative hem cal composition of i s a r a bacteria subject to wide v riations , dependent upon the nut itive materi ls i s o f i h . A 0 of the r urn s ed them bout 8 to 85 per cent . bacte ial body water ; pr teid W s are c of th e dr si . substan es constitute about so to 8 0 per cent . y re due hen the e c ai f i n wax i n r r c of ul extra ted, there rem n ats , some cases , some bacte ia t a es cell ose

and n of r 2 . . appear , the remainder co sists to per cent ash

T he of - and proteids consist partly nucleo proteids , globulins , protein substances ff T k di ering materially from ordi nary proteids . oxic substances nown as endotoxins to distingui sh them from bacterial poisons secreted by certain bacteria during the of process growth, also occur .

DI III — ALGfE SU B VISION .

Low forms of thallophytes of terrestrial and aquatic distribution consisting for the most part of Single cells or rows of single cells T joined end to end to form filaments . hey contain chlorophyll or some C0 H other pigment , and so can use the 2 and 20 in the same manner i e. . as higher plants , g , in assim lating and providi ng for their own nutrition .

- T H E RE E E CL SS I . CHLOROPHYCE E N A LG A , G In this group the cells are observed to possess distinct nuclei and

— bodies, whose pores contain an oil like pigment called chlorophyll ,

he : D . T S the chloroplasts following forms are typical pirogyra , iatoms , P C C leurococcus , Volvox , onferva , and hara .

- CL SS IL PI- I/E OPH YCE zE T HE ROWN A LGE A , B

Mostly marine forms showing great diversity in the form of their T u vegetative bodies . heir bodies are us ally fixed to some support in the ALG A - LIKE FU N GI 59

ifl r n water and are often highly d e e tiated both as to form and tissues . S M ome reach hundreds of feet in length as , for example , acrocystis

P off which grows in the acific Ocean the coast of California . Other E L Fucus . forms typical of the group are ctocarpus , aminaria , and

CL SS T IL — RH ODOPHYCE JE T H E RE D GAE A , A L

A a gre tly diversified group comprising the majority of marine algae . T heir vegetative bodies vary from simple branching filaments through f all gradations to forms di ferentiated into branching stems , holdfasts T and leaves . heir color may be red , purple , violet , or reddish i s brown and due to the presence of phycoerythrin , a red pigment . A N C . mong this group are classed Chondrus , emalion , orallina , etc C e S . P . hondrus is the sol Official alga in the U . and belongs to the Gi artinac family g eee .

SU D S ON I — F N I B IVI I V . U G

T his great assemblage Of thallophytes is characterized by the total absence of chlorophyll and so its members possess no independent power of manufacturing food materials such as starches , sugars , etc . , C H 0 0 . C are from 2 and 2 onsequently they either parasites , depend i n h i g for their nouris ment upon other liv ng plants or animals , called e d hosts ; or saprophyt s , depen ing upon decaying animal or vegetable

S e e matter in solution . ome forms are abl to live either as saprophyt s or parasi tes while others are restricted to either the parasitic or sapro

T he Of e . phytic habit . vegetative body a fungus is known as a myc lium h haa It consists of interlacing and branching filaments called yp , which ramify through decaying matter or invade the tissues of living organ

the a isms and derive nourishment therefrom . In case of p rasites , the absorbing connections which are more or less specialized and definite

ae are called haustoria . In the higher forms the hyph become consoli

s S the dated into false ti sues , and assume definite hapes according to

Species . Of this character are the fructifying organs which constitute M P f Cu F . the above ground parts of u f Balls , p ungi , ushrooms , etc

— H M CE T E S OR A LG - LI E F I L S I . P CO U N G C AS Y Y , A K

T he Phycomycetes represent a small group Of fungi showing close

T o o affi nity with the green algae . heir mycelium is comp sed of c enocytic 6 0 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT A N Y hyphm which suggests a close relation with the Siphonales group of T e . e gre n algae heir sexual organs are likewise similar in structur .

— P of FI G . 3 3 . ortion Horn- shaped sclerotium i ur urea Of Clas ceps p p , bearing four stalked re

a e . ceptacles . (From S yr )

F - Y . 2 lasi ce s ur u rea. A . I G 3 . C p p p oung T h e s Old s . . sclerotium , , with sphacelia, p

a f B . U pex o the dead ovary of rye . pper of A i n part , longitudinal section, showing

s . C . T sphacelia, ransverse section through he n fi . m . T the sphacelia, more highly mag i ed — F . the ae b IG . L0 n i tu di mycelium , surrounded with hyph ; , 34 g a n f off w the n al of a be ri g conidia ; p. conidia allen ; , section receptacle, a of he v i fi the t . D . G w ll o ary erminating conid a , magni ed , showing

F a e . f . rom S r r Fr a re ater Backs . s o idi a.r . om S orming p , ( y f ) perithecia ( y )

— A OOMY CE T E S SU B CLA SS .

( Sexual apparatus heterogamous)

— de I . C a fo ae s . E x . : O r r hytridi l Synchytrium , rm parasitic on

s - seed plant and forming blister like swellings .

— e 2 . Sa e e s w O rd r prol gnial s . Water m old hich attack fishes , frogs ,

E x . : S . water insects , and decaying plants and animals . aprolegnia T HE SA C FU N GI 6 1

— rder . Per o os oraes . M O 3 n p l ildews , destructive parasites , living f E x . in the tissues of their hosts and e fecting pathologic changes .

A l s e f bugo , the bli ter blight , a whit rust attacking members O the

Crucifera: P o and hytophthora , producing p tato rot .

— - LA S B Z G OMY SU B C S . Y CE T E S

(Sexual apparatus shows isogamy)

de I . M E x r uc rales . O r o , the black molds , mostly saprophytic M c M u edo R z . ucor , hi opus nigricans

— CL SS II . A SCOM CE T E S T HE SA C FU N GI A Y ,

Mycelium composed of septate filaments and life history character

— A r of Claz'i c — FI . . e s A n G 6 . 35 single pe ithecium p FIG . 3 sci contai ur u rea fi i n the lon p p , magni ed , showing the contained g g , slender asco

From Sa re . a re . . Fro S asci ( y ) pores . ( m y )

i zed by the appearance of a sac called an ascus in which ascospores are

T he a . formed . largest cl ss of fungi I Prot ascaes the S Order . o l , yeasts ( accharomycetes) (position

doubtful) .

zi zae s . E x . : P z . Order 2 . Pe l or cup fungi e iza and A scobolus

T ube ales truflles . Order 3 . r , the le ctascales E x . : A Order 4 . P , the blue and green molds . spergillus

and Penicillium . 6 2 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

e etaes Orde r 5. Pyr nomyc l , the mildews and black fungi common as T superficial parasites on various parts Of plants . o the black fungi

Of E Cl . division this order the rgot fungus , aviceps purpurea , belongs

LIFE HI ST ORY OF CLAV ICE P S PU RPU REA

T hrough the agency of winds or insects the Spores (ascospores or coni dia) of this T i ~ organism are brought to the young ovaries Of the rye (Secale cereale) . hey germ n fi ae mi n f m ce nate into lo g laments called hyph which , beco ng enta gled to orm a y i t fi f and lium, spread over the ovary , enter super cially , secrete a erment , cause decomposition of i ts tissue and the resultant formation of a yellow- mucus substance

— dew r n Of i f s k called honey , which su rou ds chains monil orm reproductive bodie nown

T he — ew n hi i i as conidi a. honey d attracts certain i sects w ch d sseminate the d sease to other heads of grain. T he mycelial threads penetrate deeper and deeper into th e ovary and soon form a dense tissue which gradually consumes the entire substance of the ovary and hard ens r Offi — the into a pu ple somewhat curved body called a sclerotium , or cial ergot

of f C . resting stage the ungus , laviceps T he ergot falls to the ground and i n the following spring sprouts into several k E f i n i ts u f nu stal ed heads . ach ( ruiting) head or ascocarp has imbedded s r ace m erous flask- shaped invaginations called perithecia from th e bases of which several W are filiform S sacs or asci develop . ithin each ascus developed eight pores (asco s and are w spores) which , when the ascus rupture , are discharged carried by the ind

fi of new . to other elds grain, there to begin over a life cycle

L III — M CE T E OR IDI F C SS . SIDIO S S U N G I A BA Y , BA A

T his large class of fungi including the smuts , rusts , mushrooms ,

. z e gill and tooth fungi , etc , is characteri ed by the occurrenc of a basid A ium in the life history . basidium is the swollen end of a hypha consisting Of one or four cells and giving rise to branches called sterig Off at mata , each of which cuts its tip a spore .

— - PROT SU B CLASS A . OBASIDIOMYCE T E S

di f — S (Basi um our celled , each cell bearing a pore)

I a e . U sti i D Ord r l g nales, the smuts . estructive parasites which

cereals attack the flowers of various , occasionally other parts of these

E x . s . : U M plant stilago aydis , the corn smut . 2 i e . e E x . : P n U aes . ram ini s Ord r r d n l , the rusts ucci ia g , one of n i n n Of the wheat rusts , livi g the i tercellular spaces young wheat .

64 PHARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

- A L F . ichenes are,like the ungi , divided into several sub groups perfect lichen usually consists of a thallus , or vegetable apparatus ; apothecia ,

fructificati on S z . or organs of , and permogonia , or organs of fertili ation

D — BRYOPHYT A IVISION II.

of n Plants Showing a beginning of definite alternation generatio s ,

i . e . , gametophyte (sexual phase) alternating with sporophyte (asexual phase of development) in their life history, the two phases being com bi ned in one plant .

— P I R R ORT S SU BDIVISION I . HE A T CZE O LIV E W

Plants of aquatic or terrestrial habit whose bodies consist Of a rather

f urchate i s flat , branching thallus or leafy branch which dorsiventral (having distinct upper and lower surface) ; the upper surface consists of the several layers of cells containing chlorophyll , which gives green color to the plants ; the lower surface gives origin to hair— like out growths oi the epidermal cells serv ing as absorptive parts and called

z U rhi oids . pon the dorsal surface of this thalloid body (the gameto phyte) cup - like structures are produced called cupules which contain

i bo a special reproduct ve dies called gemm , these being able to develop

. T he into new gametophytes sex organs are of two kinds , male and

T he female . male organs are termed antheridia , the female , arche

T he — gonia . antheridia are more or less club shaped , somewhat stalked organs consisting Of an outer layer of sterile cells investing a mass of sperm m other cells from which are formed the spirally curved biciliate

h - . T e n are flask antherozoids , or male sexual cells archego ia shaped organs consisting of an investing layer of sterile cells surrounding an a e k th xial row of c lls , the nec canal cells , ventral canal cells and e E f egg or female sexual cell . very cell O the axial row breaks down in the process of maturation with the exception of the egg whichremains in the basal portion . Both antheridia and archegonia generally arise on special stalks above the dorsal surface . A fter the egg is fertilized

z by an anthero oid, the young embryo resulting grows into a Sporo gonium (the sporophyte) consisting of a stalk portion partly im bedded in the archegonium surmounting a sporangium or capsule in which spores are produced . When mature the capsule splits Open discharging

T he the spores . spores on germination develop into a protonema or

filamentous outgrowth which later develops the thallus . MU SCI OR MOSSE S 65

rder I . Machan i ale O r t s, including Marchantia and Riccia .

r 2 rm aniales P . der . un e i O J g , the leafy liverworts , includ ng orella ae s rder . An h erot O 3 t oc l , having the most complex sporophyte gen

rati o e ns A M . among liverworts , including nthoceros , and egaceros

D O — MU SC OR M OS E SU B IVISI N II . I S S

P on and . lants found on the ground , rocks , trees in running water T heir life histories consist of two generations , gametophyte and sporo e ff phyt similar to the liverworts but di er from liverworts , generally, by the ever- present diff erentiation of the gametophyte body into distinct a stem and simple le ves , and the formation of the sexual organs at the

Of . T o e i end of an axis a shoot hey are either m no cious , when both k nds

e are s oe o of s xual organs borne on the ame plant , or di ci us , in which case th e antheridia and archegonia a rise on different plants . I ae s M rder . S ha O p gn l , or Bog osses , including the simple genus ,

P Of re Sphagnum . ale mosses swampy habit whose upper extremities peat their growth periodically whil e their lower portions die away grad M uall and P . y form peat , hence their frequent name of eat osses aal es A ndre a der 2 . A ndr e a O r , including the single genus , a xero phytic habit occurring on siliceous rock . B ales hi l Order 3 . ry , or true mosses comprising the most gh y evolved

M m . E x . : Pol tri chum F H e Of h . typ bryop ytes y , unaria , ypnum , and iniu

LIFE HIST ORY or POLYT RICHU M COMMU N E (A T YPICAL T RUE Moss)

P tr i s u i n f i - li r oly ichum commune q ite common woods , orm ng a carpet ke cove ing t t I i s of on . t i o the ground benea h tall ree canopies d ecious , the plants being two

k and f . inds, male emale n i has f l n i ts e i Begi n ng with a spore which al en to the damp soil, we ote b ginn ng T of growth (germi nation) as a green filamentous body called a protonema. his

s r — i r t f i ts protonema soon become branched , giving rise to hai l ke outg ow hs rom lower portion call ed rhi z oids and lateral buds above these whi ch grow into leafy ' nl k A t th e of of s f stems commo y nown as moss plants . tips some the e lea y stems antheridi a (male sexual organs) are formed while on others archegonia (female i sexual organs) are formed . T hese organs are surrounded at the tips by del cate l e f T he hairy processes ca led paraphys s as well as leaves or protection. antheridia z th e a i n n ni i n . W bear the a thero oids, rchego a, the eggs or ova, as the l verworts he an abundance of moisture i s present the antherozoids are liberated from the anther i r th e an a n and ck one idia, sw m th ough water to rchego ium descend the ne canal ,

T h x fertilizing the egg by uniting with i t . is completes the se ual or gametophyte T he f t i z eg now di nt an n l generation. er il ed g undergoes vision u il elo gated sta k i ts i l i s fi al i k as o bearing upon summ t a capsu e n ly produced , th s being nown the spor 6 6 6 PHA RMA CE U T ICAL B OT A N Y

T he of the i n of gonium . base stalk remains imbedded the basal portion the arche I n goni um at the tip of the leafy stalk and forms a foot or absorbing process . growi ng upward the Sporogonium ruptures the neck of the archegonium and carries i s r off i t the of c l r . T he r upward as covering the apsu e, or calypt a calyp t a th own f S e T he of the ca u be ore the por s are matured within the capsule. upper part ps le becomes converted into a li d or operculum at the margin of which an annulus or f an r of . T he ar d ring cells orms cells of the annulus e hygroscopic expand at matu ity , T throwing off the li d and allowing the Spores to escape. his completes the asexual S f l c mi n or sporophyte generation. T he pores al ing to the lamp soil ger ate into f c i n c i s an of n protonemata, thus completing the li e ycle whi h seen alteration ge era

s r nai . tion , the two phases , gametophyte alte t ng with sporophyte

DI — PT ER DOPHYT A VISION lII. I

T he most highly developed cryptogams showing a distinct alter oi T ff nation generations in their life history . hey di er from the

n - Bryophytes in prese ting independent , leafy , vascular, root bearing sporophytes .

SU D S ON I — L OPOD ALE S OR CLU M OSSES B IVI I . Y C I B

S mall perennial vascular, dichotomously branched herbs with stems

- T he thickly covered with awl shaped leaves . earliest forms of vascular f e plants dif ering from ferns in being comparatively simpl in structure , E of small size, leaves sessile and usually possessing a single vein . xcept a in a few inst nces the sporangia are borne on leaves, crowded together and forming cones or spikes at the ends of the branches . Homosporous . F MIL I . LYCOPODIA CEE L A Y , including the single genus ycopodium T h L with widely distributed species . e spores of ycopodium clavatum ffi are o cial .

F MIL 2 . SE L GIN E LL CE E n n e S A Y A A , i cluding the si gl genus elaginella , i P with spec es for the greater part tropical . lants Similar in habi t to the L c o odiacea y p but showing heterospory . F I E M L . ISO T A CE E di e A Y 3 , inclu ng the singl genus Isoetes whose species are plants with short and tuberous stems giving rise to a tuft of

n f - branching roots below and a thick rosette of lo g , sti f awl shaped l H eaves above . eterosporous .

S I — E U BDIVISION I . QU ISET ALE S

(T he Horsetails or Scouring Rushes)

T he E quisetales , commonly known as the Horsetails or Scouring rushes are perennial plants with hollow , cylindrical , jointed and fluted FILICALE S 6 7

- — e stems , sheath like whorls of united leaves and terminal cone like fru ificati t ons . T heir bodies contain large amounts of silicon , hence the

o name sc uring rushes .

In some varieties the fruiting cone is borne on the ordinary stem , in

i difl eren others on a spec al stem of slightly t form . In the latter the

S hi c un pores are provided with elaters , w h, being hygroscopic, coil and i n coil with increase or decrease the amount of moisture present , thus e T he aiding in the ej ection of spores from th sporangia . number of species is small and included under one genus E quisetum .

SU D III - F L CALES B IVISION . I I

T he group Filicales is the largest among the vascular cryptogams

o T he i and includes all the plants c mmonly known as Ferns . ma n axis of a typical fern is a creeping underground stem or rhizome which at its various nodes bears rootlets below and fronds above . T hese fronds are i — highly developed, each be ng provided with a petiole like portion called a stipe which is extended into a lamina usually showing a forked

. S a venation ome ferns possess lamin which are lobed , each lobe being called a pinna . If a pinna be further divided , its divisions are called T he f e pinnules . unfolding O a frond is circinat and it increases in length a by apical growth . On the under surface of the lamina, pinn , or pinnules may be seen small brown patches each of which is called a E sorus , and usually covered by a membrane called the indusium . ach sorus consists of a number of sporangia (spore cases) d eveloped from

l — epidermal cel s . In some ferns the entire leaf becomes a spore bearing M a organ (sporophyll) . ost sporangia have a row of cells round the a i e . E marg n , the whole b ing called the annulus ach cell of the nnulus

- has a U shaped thickened cell wall . Water is present within these l cells and when it evaporates it pulls the cell wal s together, straightening h the ring and tearing open the weak Side . T e annulus then recoils U and hurls the spores out of the sporangium . pon coming in contact e with damp earth each spore germinates , producing a green septat

T - filament called a protonema . his later becomes a green heart shaped h body called a prothallus . It develops on its under surface ant eridia or male organs and archegonia or female organs as well as num erous i rhizoids . Within the antheridia are developed mot le sperm , while ova are produced within the archegonia . T he many ciliate sperms escape from the antheridia of one prothallus during a wet season and 68 PHA RMA CE U T ICA L B OT A N Y moving through the water are drawn by a chemotactic influence to a k the archegonia of another proth llus , pass down the nec canals of T he i z z . these and fuse with the ova , fertili ing them fert li ed egg or

— — — FI P F om Sa e. li x . G . Dr o teri s mas 3 7 . y p fi lant section through sorus ( r yr )

oospore divides and redivides and soon becomes differentiated into e and . T he stem bud , first leaf, root , foot foot obtains nourishm nt

from the prothallus until the root grows into the soil , when it atrophies n U a d the sporophyte becomes independent . nequal growth and divi SP E RMAT OPHYT A 69

ff sion of labor continue until a highly di erentiated sporophyte results , ' ' the mature fern plant .

L S S I FILICIN E E OR T RU E FE R HOMOSPOROU S C A . N S ( )

F L P 1E — AMI Y OLYPODIA CE . Sporangia with annulus vertical and incompl ete .

T he rhizomes of Dryopteris fili x — mas and Dryopteris marginalis

P . T h fi rov asc l r are official in the U . S. e b u a bundles of these are con ifl r v . centric in type but d e from the concentric i . bundles of some mono cotyledons in that xylem is innermost and phloem surrounds the xylem .

2 . HYDR PT E RIDIN E zE OR T E FE RN HE E R P RO CLASS O , WA R S ( T OS O U S)

F MIL S LV IN I CE E i A Y A A , floating ferns w th broad floating leaves and

E x . : i an subm erged dissected leaves which bear sporocarps . Salv nia d

A zolla .

D N — S PERM AT OPHYT A PHA N EROGAMIA IVISIO IV . ( )

T he Plants producing real flowers and seeds . highest evolved division of the vegetable kingdom .

— AN GIOSPE RM IA OR AN GIOSPE RMS SU BDIVISION I .

(Plants with covered seeds)

— MON OCOT LEDON S CLASS A . Y

A class of A ngi osperm ia characterized by the following pecul i ari ti es :

One cotyledon or seed leaf in the embryo . Stems endogenous with closed collateral or concentric fibrov ascular

are . bundles , which scattered

Leaves generally parallel veined . ’ Flowers trimerous (having the parts of each whorl in 3 s or mul tiple thereof) .

Secondary growth in roots generally absent .

Medullary rays generally absent . 70 PHA RMA CE U T I CA L B OT A NY

E E R A RU M F MILY — P FAMILY r . A RAC O A erennial herbs with

z fleshy rhi omes or corms , and long petioled leaves , containing an acrid F or pungent juice . lowers crowded on a spadix , which is usually

F . S surrounded by a Spathe . ruit a berry eeds with large fleshy embryo .

Official drug Part used Botani cal name Calamus U npeeled rhi z ome A corns calamus U nofficial drug Skunk cabbage Rhiz ome Symplocarpus fati dus Indian turnip Corm A risama triphyllum

— M 2 R MIN CE E OR R S F MIL . FAMILY . G A A G A S A Y ostly herbs with

T he cylindric, hollow jointed stems whose nodes are swollen . leaves F are alternate, with long split sheaths and a ligule . lowers generally

i o hermaphroditic and borne n spikelets making up a spicate infl rescence . are Lowest floral leaves of each spikelet are called glumes, which empty

F i . E l i . and pa red ruit, a caryops s or grain mbryo with scutel um .

Part used Botani cal nam e Rhizome A gropyron repens Refined sugar Saccharum offici nar um and S s ? orghum p . Maltum S a H eed , partially germin ted ordeum distichum and dried Styles and sti gmas Zeamays

a OR P — — F MI L . PA LME LM F MI L A Y 3 A A Y . T ropical or sub tropical arborescent plants , having unbranched trunks which are terminated by a are crown of leaves , in the axils of which the flowers produced . T he leaves are well developed with pinnate or palmate blades and a fibrous

. sheathed clasping petiole Inflorescence lateral with small flowers .

Fruit a berry or drupe .

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e Sabal Fruit Serenoa serrulata U nofficial C oil F x oil C ocoanut i ed ocos nucifera. Carnauba wax Wax from leaves Coperni cacerifera A reca nut Seed A reca Catechu

LILI E E OR I — F MIL . C L L F MI A Y 4 A Y A LY . Herbs with regular and

- symmetrical almost always six androus flowers . T he perianth is parted

o into six segments , the calyx and c rolla being alike in color . A nthers

- introrse . Ovary three locular with a single style . Fruit a capsule or berry .

PHA RMA CE U T I CA L B OT A N Y

— F MIL ZIN GIB E R CE E OR IN GE R F MIL . T A Y 7 . A G A Y ropical plants , perennial herbs with fleshy rhizomes and large elliptical pinnately a veined leaves . T he le f sheaths are folded tightly around each other

F . so as to give the appearance of a stern . lowers , zygomorphic

Official drug Part u sed Botanical nam e Zingiber Rhiz ome Zingiber ofli ci nale Cardam om um Fruit Elettar ia repens

CLASS B —DICOT YLE DON S Plants having the following characteristics

— T wo seed leaves (cotyledons) in embryo .

N etted veined leaves .

fibro ascular l l . Open collateral v bund es , radial y arranged about pith

E xogenous stems .

Medullary rays present .

Cambium .

Roots developing secondary structure .

Flowers tetra or pentamerous (parts of each whorl , four or five or multiple thereof .

— - I L S S A A .RCH CHLA MYDE E SUB C A . T hose di cotyledonous plants in which the petals are disti nct and T separate from one another or are enti rely wanti ng . hat group of the A rchi chlam ydeawhose flowers Show the absence of petals and frequently A T he of sepals is called the petala. group whose plants have flowers showing the parts of their corolla (petals) separate and di stinct is called

hlori et la the C p a .

T he Apetala.

F OR P - MI L 1 . PIPE R CE E E PPE R F A A Y A AMILY . family of aromatic herbs and shrubs with jointed stems, opposite, verticillate , or some

i i s t mes alternate leaves without st pules , and spiked or racemose flower .

Official drug P art u sed Botanical nam e Cubeba U nripe fruit Piper Cubeba U nripe fruit Piper nigrum Matico Leaves Piper angusti folium U nofficial Methysticum Piper m ethysti cum WI LLOW FAMILY 73

F M E R — F C /E O E E H F MIL . A ILY 2 . AGA B C A Y (Cupulifera) A petalous

e trees or shrubs having alternate pinnately veined leaves , mono cious

flowers , the male in drooping aments , the female solitary, clustered , or

F - - T he in scaly catkins . ruit a one celled one seeded nut . beech , oak

u . and chestn t , are the principal genera

Ofli cial drug Par t use d Botan i cal name Galla Excrescence Quercus inf ectoria Creosotum Product of distillation Fagus ferruginea k F Quercus Bar agus sylvatica, etc . U noffi cial Quercus alba Castanea Leaves Castanea dentata

T he cork of commerce is Obtained from the bark of Q uercus Suber

S F . and Q uercus occidentalis , plants indigenous to pain and rance

— F MIL E T L E E OR IRCH F MI L . A l A Y 3 . B U AC B A Y fami y of trees or shrubs distinguished by monoecious flowers wi th scaly bracts and D f F a astringent resinous bark . i fers from agace by superior ovary

T O l z e l . and absenc of cupu e this fami y belong the ha elnuts , birches ,

hornbean . alders , the ironwood , and the

Official drug Part used Botanical nam e Oleum Betula Volatile oil Betula lenta

zE — A i U GLA N DA CE . FAMILY 4 . J fam ly of apetalous exogenous trees

— the walnut family with alternate Odd- pinnate leaves and monoecious i le flowers , the ster le in catkins , the ferti solitary or in a small cluster

T he — S or spike . fruit is a dry drupe with a bony nut hell and a four

fiv e Car H lobed seed . It embraces genera , of which y ( icoria) and S and u e U . J glans are r presented in the nited tates , about 35 species

U nofficial drug Par t used Botani cal nam e Juglans Root bark Juglans cinerea

— S LIC CE E OR ILLOW FA MILY . A il FAMILY 5. A A W fam y of apetalous Shrubs or trees— the willow family— having alternate un divided leaves and dioecious flowers (one to each bract) in catkins . It embraces two

— x the P o ulus — 1 80 genera Sali , willows , and p , the poplars and from

0 0 n to 3 species , found chiefly in orthern temperate and frigid regions , P i there being none in A ustralia or the South ac fic islands .

Ofi cial drug Par t use d Botani cal nam e al Sali cin Glucoside Sever speci es of Salix and Populus 74 P H ARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

F JE — e — MYRI T I A CE . A n AMILY 6 . S C order of apetalous tr es the

l — M ri sti ca 80 nutmeg fami y comprising the single genus y , of about species .

ri sti ca— f a M . A O y large tropical genus fragrant , petalous trees

- m the nutmegs coextensive with the nutmeg fa ily, having alternate ,

e e entire , often punctat leaves , small dio cious regular flowers , and a

- - succulent , two valved one celled fruit with a solitary seed usually covered by a lancinate aril .

M rar ans 2 0 0 Of M . f g , a handsome tree , to 3 feet high , the alay archipelago , supplies the nutmegs and mace of commerce .

Official drug Part u sed Botani cal nam e Myristica K ernel of seed Myristica fragrans Oleum Myristica Volatile oil Myristica fragrans

F MIL A E fE OR L — . A A Y 7 LA U R C AU RE L FAMILY . family of aromatic ' s tree or shrubs with alternate , coriaceous , pellucid punctate leaves

Oil containing considerable volatile ; flowers polygamous , each having

o s a calyx of four or six col red epals .

Official drug Par t u sed Botanical nam e Camphora Stearopten Cinnamomum Camphora Sassafras Bark of root Sassafras v ariifoli um Sassafras M edulla Pith Sassafras v arii foli um Cinnamomum Zeylani cum Bark Cinnamomum zeylani cum Ci nnamomum Saigoni cum Bark U ndetermined species of cinnamon Oleum Cinnamomi Volatile Oil Cinnamomum cassia U noffi cial Drimys winteri Laurus nobilis

F I M YRI A E ZE OR — M L 8 . RR FA MI C C B E LY . A A Y , BAY Y family of ever

Or e green deciduous , apetalous , mostly dio cious shrubs and trees i n M F cluded within the single genus , yrica . lowers in mostly single ,

e seldom closely set aments , leaves singl , occasionally (Myrica aspleni F . a . folia) pinnately cleft ruit , a w xy drupe T he outer waxy layer Of the fruit is used in making a superior candle while an infusion or fluid extract of the bark and leaves is used as a

o f specific in vari us a fections of the mucous membranes , diarrhoea , dysentery , etc .

F MIL P U A JE OR — . LYGON CE U C K WHE A Y 9 B AT FAMILY . A petalous

' s the sti ules herbs , shrub , or rarely trees with alternate entire leaves , p E LM FAMI LY 7 5

r e e the fo ming a sh ath abov the swollen joints of stem ; flowers , small

Si x — and with a two to parted perianth ; fruit , an angled ak ene .

Official dru g Part used Botanical nam e Rheum Ofli ci nale Rheum Rhiz ome Rheum palmatum and the variety tanguticum U nofficial Rumex Rumex crispus

P — F MIL 1 0 . H YT OLA CCA CE E A l of A Y fami y apetalous trees , shrubs , or woody herbs— the pokeweed family— with alternate entire leaves

o Chen o odi acece and flowers resembling those of the g osefoot family ( p ) , but diff ering in having the several - celled ovary composed of carpels

o . 2 1 united in a ring , and f rming a berry in fruit It embraces genera ,

— and 55 species , tropical and sub tropical .

Official dr ug Part used Botani cal nam e Phytolacca Root Phytolacca decandra

F MIL 1 1 HE D E — . A e l A Y C N OPO I ACE . family of mor or less succu ent apetalous annual or perennial herbs— the goosefoot family— with l usually alternate exstipu ate leaves and minute gre enish flowers . It

8 0 0 0 n embraces about genera and over 5 species , amo g them being

e num ber se veral garden v getables and a of weeds .

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e Oleum Chenopodii Volatile oil Chenopodi um anthelminticum Saccharum Refined sugar Beta vulgaris

— 2 A RI ST OLOCHI CE E . A FAMILY 1 . A small family of ap etalous

— — chi efl and plants the birthwort family y climbers or twiners tropical , T u O ff . e with irreg lar , dingy, ften o ensively smelling flowers h re are

2 five genera and about 0 0 species .

Official dru g Part used Botani cal nam e A ristolochi a serpentaria Serpentari a Rhiz ome and roots A ristolochia reticulata U nofli cial A sarum Rhiz ome and roots A sarum canadensis

U LM CE /E OR E LM F MILY — F FAMILY 1 3 . A A orest trees indigenous

z s z to the temperate and tropical one , characteri ed by being woody

n a e l plants , with pi n tely veined leav s and caducous stipu es and without 7 6 P H ARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

Si x milky juice . T heir flowers are unisexual or hermaphroditic with

F . or four parts to the perianth . ruit , a samara

Ofli ci al drug Part used Botani cal nam e U lmus Inner bark U lmus fulva

— M F MIL 1 M ORA CE ZE OR M LB E RR FA MILY . A Y 4 . U Y ostly shrubs or trees , rarely herbs , perennials , with small axillary , clustered or solitary unisexual flowers , variously colored ; leaves ovate with serrate margin and having caducous stipul es ; fruit an akene enclosed bv the perianth . M ilky juice present .

Official drug Par t used Botani cal nam e Cannabis Indica Flowering tops of pistil Cannabis sativa late plant Frui t Ficus carica Strobile H umul us lupulus Glandul ar trichome H umulus lupulus

- A F E U PH ORB IA E ZE OR PU RGE FA MILY . AMILY 1 5. C S vast group of

o apetal us trees , shrubs , or herbs mainly natives of warm countries , with milky acrid juice , normally alternate , entire leaves ; fruit , a three locular capsule containing seeds with 0 i endosperm . Some plants furnish rubber .

Ofli cial drug Botani cal name E lastica Hevea species Stillingi a Stillingia sylvatica Oleum Rici ni Ricinus com m unus Oleum T iglii Croton tiglium

‘ U n ofli ci al

Cascarilla Croton elu teri a T apioca M anihot utilissima K amala M allotus philipi nensi s

T he Chloripetala (P olypetala)

F o s o Of l wer have b th calyx and corolla , the latter being composed distinct petals .

M LI E OR M — F MIL 1 6 . GN O C E GN OLI T A Y A A A A FAMILY . rees and Sh rubs having alternate leaves and single large flowers with calyx and

. S s u e . corolla colored alike epals and petal deciduo s , anthers adnat P and . o istils stamens numerous B ark ar matic and bitter .

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e Oleum ani si Volatile oil Illicium verum CASHE W FA MILY 7 7

F ZE — — O A E . A AMILY i 7 . R S C family of polypetalous plants the

e l — or o ros fami y with alternate simple c mpound stipulate leaves , and regular flowers with usually numero us distinct stamens inserted on the

- 80 S . 2 0 0 0 urn haped calyx It embraces genera , and nearly species , found in all parts of the world .

T he T e a . re s , shrubs and few herbs flowers bear comparatively

T he s many petals . fruits vary greatly and may be fle hy, an akene ,

M of the berry or a drupe . any fruits are edible .

Official drug Botani cal nam e Oleum Rosa Rosa damascena A mygdala A mara Prunus amygdalus variety amara A mygdala Dulcis Prunus amygdalus variety dulcis Prunus Vir giniana Prunus serotina f R R ll R. u ubus ubus vi osus , c nei olius ,

and R. nigrobaccus Bark Quillajasaponaria Panicles of pistillate Hageni a abyssi ni c a flowers Petals Rosa gallica

Prunus laur ocerasus Cydonia vulgaris

— A A N RDI CE E OR C SHE W FA MI LY . M 1 . FA ILY 8 ACA A , A family of

l ri e lous i i ch o p ta trees or shrubs , with res nous , acrid , m lky juice , alternate E leaves , small flowers , and a mostly drupaceous fruit . xhalations of many members frequently poisonous especially from the Rhus vene

T P . n R . ata , and oxicodendron ( oison Ivy)

Ofli ci al drug Part used Botani cal name M astiche Resinous exudation Pistacia lentiscus Rhus glabra Fruit Rhus glabra U noffi cial Rhus T oxicodendron Rhus toxicodendron Rhus A romatica Rhus aromatica

L — A n RA N U N CU A CE E . FAMILY 1 9 . order of herbaceous or woody plants — the crowfoot or buttercup fam ily— with radical or alternate n palmately vei ed leaves , and terminal , racemose , or panicled flower

e l ula w un clusters , the flowers r gu ar or irreg r , ith all parts distinct and

T e 0 1 0 . connected . her are 3 genera and 35 species

- i . F M edium sized shrubs or herbs with acrid ju ces ruit is an akene , 7 8 PH ARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

S n Chiefl o s . pod or berry . y temperate or c ld climate eeds contai albuminous matter . Ofli cial drug Part used Botanical name Hydrastis Rhiz ome and roots Hydrasti c canadensis A conitum T uberous root A conitum napellus Staphisagria Seed Delphinium Staphisagria Cimicifuga Rhizome and root Cimicifuga racemosa U nofficial A nemone pulsatil a P ulsatilla Entir e herb l A nemone pratensi s Coptis E ntire herb Coptis trifolia Helleborus Rhiz ome and roots Helleborus niger A donis Entire herb A donli s vernalis

— 2 LE GU MIN OSE . A FAMILY 0 . vast family of polypetalous herbs ,

— — t shrubs and trees the bean family with alternate, s ipulate , usually

s l e compound leave and papilionaceous or sometimes regu ar flow rs , with

I O e n usually monadelphous , diadelphous , or rar ly distinct stame s , and a simple pistil becomi ng generally a legume in fruit . It embraces three

- 2 2 0 0 0 . well marked groups , 4 tribes , 4 7 genera , and 7 species Official drug Part used Botanical nam e A cacia G ummy exudation A cacia Senegal and other species T ragacantha G ummy exudation A stragalus gummifer an d other specie s Balsamum Peruvianum Balsam T oluif era pereira Balsamum T olu tanum Balsam T oluifera Balsamum Ham atox ylon Heartwood Ham atox ylon cam pechi anum Santalum Rubrum Heartwood Pterocarpus santali nus G lycyrrhi za glabra Glycyrrhiza Rhiz ome and root Glycyrrhiz a glandulifera Cassia acutifolia Cassia angustifolia Cassiafistula T amari ndus indica Copaiba species V ouacapouaararoba Physostigma v enenosum Pterocarpus M arsupium Cytisus Scoparius

T rigonella foenum - graCu m Piscidia erythrina Indigofera tinctoria T rifolium pratense Dipteryx odorata

8 0 PH ARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

E — A A F I L 2 N E LL CE . AM Y 6 . CA A small family of tropical merican

o — — ex p lypetalous , aromatic trees the canella family with alternate ,

e . stipulate , entire leaves and axillary , cymos , perfect flowers It em

two Canella Ci nnam odendron o . braces genera , and , and about f ur species

U nofficial drug Part used Botani cal nam e Canellac ortex Canella alba

— e CORN A CE ZE . A FAMILY 2 7 . family of polypetalous shrubs or tre s

] i — of the the dogwood or come fam ly all parts of world , with usually

e l alternate coriaceous entir leaves , and terminal or axi lary cymose clus

I 80 . ters of small flowers . It embraces 5 genera and species

U nofficial drug Part used Botanical nam e Cornus Bark Cornus flori da

T HYME LE A E ZE — i e F MIL 2 8 . A A Y C . fam ly of tre s or shrubs , the

z o spurge laurel or me ereum family, having very tough bark , pposite

and . entire leaves small , perfect , regular flowers

Official drug Par t used Botani cal nam e M ez ereum Bark Daphne M ez ereum

— F MIL 2 . E R N I CE E . A Y 9 G A A A family of polypetalous herbs , shrubs or trees— the geranium family— usually with lobed or dissected leaves

Of O . and axillary peduncles ften showy , perfect flowers It embraces

2 80 a seven tribes , 5 genera , and about 9 species , widely sc ttered in tem

- perate and sub tropical regions .

Official dr ug Part used Botani cal name Gerani um Rhiz ome Gerani um maculatum

F MIL 0 HA A A C ZE — . M A A Y 3 ME LID E . family of polypetalous shrubs or

— — z — trees the witch ha el family with alternate simple leav es , two

deciduous stipules , and heads or spikes of monoecious or polygamous

. 1 flowers It includes 9 genera and about 40 species . T he leaves and twigs contain highly aromatic volatile Oils .

Official drug Part used Botanical nam e Ham am elidi s foli a Leaves Hamamelis vir giniana Ham am eli di s cortex Bark and twigs Hamamelis virginiana Styrax Balsam Liquidambar orientali s

F MIL 1 LIN E /E — . C . A a A Y 3 A f mily of polypetalous herbs , shrubs , or rarely trees — the flax family— with alternate simple and usually entire P A SSIFLORA CE JE 8 1

a le ves , and regular , symmetrical , hypogynous flowers which are four

fiv e- u and to membered thro ghout , the petals blue , yellow , or white ,

. 1 o 2 s fugacious It embraces 5 genera and ab ut 35 specie , distributed over the world .

Official dru g Botani cal nam e Linum Linum usitatissimum

ZE - FAMILY 3 2 . GU T T IFE R r A family of polypetalous trees or shrubs

— — the gamboge family with resinous juice , opposite , coriaceous leaves ,

of and terminal or axillary clusters regular dioecious flowers . It em

6 0 2 and . braces genera about 37 species , all natives of the tropics

Ofii cial drug Part used Botani cal name Cam bogi a G um resin Garcinia hanburii

F L M LV E E OR MA LL w FA M LY — MI . A A Y 33 A AC o I . family of chlori a petalous herbs , shrubs , or trees abounding in mucil ge and usually with the abo ve - ground portion covered with trichomes ; the leaves are ul alternate and palmately nerved ; the flowers reg ar , the corolla beau tifull o — n y c lored , funnel or bell shaped , stamens mo adelphous ; fruit a

- several celled pod .

Official drug Botani cal nam e A lthaea A lthaaaofli ci nali s G ossypii Cortex G ossypium herbaceum G ossypium P urificatum Gossypium herbaceum Oleum G ossypii sem i ni s Gossypium herbaceum

P P V E R CE E — A MIL . i FA Y 34 A A A . fam ly of polypetalous plants

— the poppy family usually with milky or colored juice , alternate ex

on — flowered stipulate leaves , and l g one peduncles , the flowers usually

u with two caduco s sepals and four cruciate petals . It embraces about 2 0 genera and 80 species . m H . F erbs or low shrubs with ilky or colored , narcotic juices lowers

- F m ul . T showy . ruit usually a any sided caps e emperate and tropical regions .

Official drug Part us ed Botani cal nam e Opium Concr ete milky exudate Papaver somni ferum Sang ui naria Rhiz ome Sangui nar ia canadensis

L E — P S IF OR CE . A a F MIL . S A Y 35 A A f mily of polypetalous shrubs ,

— — - flower n trees , or rarely herbs the passion family often climbi g , with ae a e n e and a a altern t , palm tely lob d or compou d leav s solit ry or r cemose , 8 2 P H ARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

n . ofte handsome , flowers with five monadelphous stamens It embraces

- 2 2 . five tribes , 7 genera , and 35 species , all tropical or sub tropical

U noffi cial drug Part use d Botani cal nam e Papain Carica papaya Passiflora Pas sifloraincarnata

M — M E N I PE RM CE /E OR M OON SE E D F IL . C F MIL 6 . S A Y 3 A , A Y hlori e petalous woody, climbing tropical plants with alternate simpl leaves ;

— T flowers green to white ; fruit a one seeded succul ent drupe . hey usually contain tonic , narcotic or poisonous bitter principles .

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e Calumba Jateorhiz a palmata Pareira Chondodendron tomentosum U nofficial Fruit A nami r ta pani culata Rhiz ome and roots M eni sperm um canadense

M A fE OR M R L F — FAMILY 37 . YRT CE Y T E AMI LY Evergreen trees or

O shrubs of warmer climates , with pposite , entire exstipulate leaves of an A ll elliptical shape and having a vein running close to the margin . the organs provided with roundish glands containing hydrocarbon prin

ci les F p , giving them an aromatic odor . lowers with imbricate calyx l obes , numerous stamens and an inferior ovary .

Offic ial drug Par t used Botani cal nam e E ucalyptus E ucalyptus globulus E ucalyptol E ucalyptus globulus Caryophyllus E ugenia aromatica E ugenol E ugenia aromatica Pimenta Pimenta ofli ci nali s U nofficial Myrcia Volatile oil and leaves Myrcia acris

— F MIL 8 . POLY A LA /E G CE . A A Y 3 family of polypetalous herbs,

— — shrubs , or rarely small trees the milkwort family having alternate simple entire leaves and irregular hypogynous flowers with four to eight

diadelphous or monadelphous stamens .

Offi al ru Par us ci d g t ed Botani cal nam e. Senega Polygala Senega

RU T CE E OR E — F MIL . RU F I M L . A i A Y 39 A A Y fam ly of pellucid ,

punctate , polypetalous woody plants , rarely herbs having ex stipulate

opposite , simple or compound leaves and variously shaped i nfl orescences

84 PH ARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

1 8 1 1 0 o or yellow flowers . It embraces genera and species , mainly tr p ical in distribution .

Official dru g Part used Botani cal name f G ui ac um Oflfici nale G ui acum Resin l G ui acum sanctum

E — A Of T E RN ST ROE MIA CE . FAMILY 44 . family polypetalous trees

— i — or shrubs the tea or camell a family having alternate simple leaves ,

O fiv e - m and ften large , showy , mostly parted flowers with nu erous

s s 1 1 0 n stamen . It embrace 4 genera and 3 species , nearly all atives of the tropics .

Ofii cial drug Part used Botani cal nam e ' Cafl ei na Feebly basic principle T hea chinensis

E — A S PIN D CE . FAMILY 4 5. A A family of polypetalous trees or shrubs

s - O the oapberry family having alternate , ften evergreen , compound

o . leaves , and small unsymmetrical odorless fl wers with eight stamens

1 2 2 0 . It embraces genera , and 95 species , mainly tropical

Official drug Part used Botani cal name G uarana P aste of crushed seeds Paullinia Cupana

M E — F I L 6 . ST E RCU LI CE A A Y 4 A . family of polypetalous shrubs or

~ — trees the — cola nut or sterculia family having usually opposite ,

— i nflores single , or three to nine foliate leaves and a variously shaped cence of regul ar perfect flowers with frequently monadelphous stamens

i - hav ng two celled anthers .

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e Oleum theobrom ati s Fixed oil T heobroma Cacao

U nofficial Cola acuminata

F M MB E LL F OR — IL . E RJE A Y 4 7 U I PARSLE Y FAMILY . A family of polypetalous herbs or shrubs characterized as follows :

Inflorescence , an umbel (simple or compound) of small flowers , each ,

two- with five petals and five stamens and ovary celled , inferior , calyx adnate to o vary .

F — k ruit , a cremocarp , consisting of two seed li e dry carpels or meri E carps which often separate when fruit is ripe . ntire plants possess a e romatic volatil oils . RU BI ACE E 8 5

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e A ni sum Ri pe fr uit Pimpinella A nisum Foeni culum N early ripe fruit Fasni c ul um vulgare Sumbul Rhiz ome and roots U ndetermined Carum Frui t Carum Carvi Coni um U nripe frui t Conium maculatum A safoetida G um resin Ferula foetida Coriandr um Ripe fruit Coriandrum sativum U nofficial A ngelica archangelica A pium petroseli num A pium graveolens Dorema A mmoniacum

E RYT H R XYLA E [E — FAMILY 48 . O C L Chloripetalous shrubs or trees

z w fiv e - with small ygomorphic flo ers exhibiting a lobed calyx,five petals ,

I O hypogynous stamens and a superior ovary ; fruit adrupe . Indige

z nous to torrid and temperate ones .

Offi cial dru g Part used Botan ical nam e E rythroxylon Coca Leaves l E rythroxylon T rux illense

M L I E /E OR R E — I T C P FA MILY . h r e l s FA Y 49 . V A G A C lo ip taou shrubs

s with abundant watery sap , whose stem climb by means of tendrils

h o Opposite t e leaves ; fl wers hypogynous ; fruit a berry .

Official dru g Part used Botanical nam e Vinum A lbum Fermented jui ce of frui t Vitis vinifera Vinum Rubrum Fermented juice of fruit Vitis vini fera i n of i k presence the r s ins .

P N E OR P OME GRA N T E F MIL — hlori eta F MIL 0 . U IC CE C A Y 5 A , A A Y . p

e ze O - lous tre s of small si with pposite ovate lanceolate , entire leaves ,

' e scarl t receptacle , calyx and corolla ; fruit an edible berry with hard

rind .

Official drug Part used Botani cal nam e Granatum Bark of stem and root Punica Granatum

- LA SYMPE T A LE G MOPE T LE SUB C SS B . A A

A division of di cotyledonous plants i n which the flowers possess both

calyx and corolla , the latter with petals more or less united into one

piece .

E E — A I RU B I C . F MIL . e o A Y A larg family of gam petalous trees ,

— M — shrubs , or herbs the adder family with simple opposite or whorled 86 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

s e e h leave , connected by int rposed stipules , and p rfect , often dimorp ous ,

e . 2 0 0 flow rs It embraces 5 tribes , 37 5 genera , and 4 5 species in all parts of the world .

U suallycontain valuable alkaloids .

Offi cial drug Part used Botani cal nam e Cinchona ofli ci nali s Cinchona B ark j Cinchona Cali saya C l ed eri ana i s l inchona g , ar d hybrid B ark Cinchona succi r ubra f C ephali s Ipecacuanha Root l Cephaelis acuminata Extract Our ouparia G ambir Feebly basic substance Coff ea arabica ~ F M L 2 L LA E JE — A idel s of CON V O V U C . w A I Y . large v di persed family

i — gamopetalous , chiefly cl mbing herbs , rarely shrubs or trees the con

l — s vo vulus or bindweed family with alternate leave , and showy pen

m r 6 8 0 . ta e ous axillary flowers . It embraces about 3 genera and 7 species

s Contains milky juice .

Botani cal nam e Exogoni um Pur ga Convolvulus Scammonia

— LE RI N CE AE. A FAMILY 3 . VA A A family of gamopetalous herbs the valerian family— having Opposite exstipulate leaves and cymes of O n small fte irregular flowers with stamens fewer than the corolla lobe ,

T are 2 . and inserted on its tube . here nine genera and 7 5 species V aleri ana n i n , the type ge us , distinguished by its triandrous flowers , cludes the com mon or official valerian .

Official drug Part used Botanical nam e Valeriana Rhizome and roots Valeriana offici nali s

~ — F MIL . A P OT A E E A i m A Y 4 S C . fam ly of ga opetalous plants the star— apple or the sapodilla family— being mainly trees or shrubs with milky juice , alternate leathery leaves , and large flowers with perfect 8 . and 0 0 stamens It embraces 3 genera , 4 species , all natives of the a i w rmer countr es .

A n — n i important resin produci g fam ly .

U nofficial drug Part used Botani cal nam e G utta— percha Concrete exudation Palaquium gutta

88 PH ARMACE U T ICAL B OT AN Y

- northern hemisphere , having opposite lobed or odd pinnate leaves , the l inflorescence usually cymose with perfect regu ar or irregular flowers ,

1 2 0 0 and a baccate or drupaceous fruit . It includes 3 genera and about

s V . pecies , the honeysuckle , iburnum , elder , etc

Official dru g Part used Botani cal nam e Viburnum Opulus Bark Viburnum Opulus f Viburnum prunifoli um Vi burnum Pr uni fohum Bark Viburnum lentago

Flowers Sambucus canadensis

F L ZE — A I O A N A CE . AM LY I o . S family of gamopetalous , frequently

so s — n e — o o narcotic , poi nou plants the ightshad family having c l rless juice , alternate simple leaves , regular pentamerous and pentandrous

s 2 1 0 s flower and many seeds . It embraces 7 genera , and 7 5 specie ,

lan zm z A . S o found in all warm countries , particularly merica , the type ' M elon ena tu erosum o S . s S . b genus , include , the cultivated p tato ; g , the

- Dul am ar a i r m S . c S . n u egg plant ; g , the black nightshade ; , the bitter

ar s C oli nen e Ho s . S . N sweet ; , the r e ettle

Official dr ug Part used Botani cal nam e BelladonnaFolia Leaves A tropa Belladonna B elladonnaaRadix Root A tropa Belladonna Stramoni um Leaves D atur a Stramonium Hyoscyamus Leaves and flower Hyoscyamus niger Scopola Rhizome Scopola Carni oli ca Capsicum Fruit Capsicum fastigi atum U noffi cial D ulcamara Solanum dulcamara D uboisia D uboisia m yOporoi des T abacum N i coti anatabacum

F A ~ CA MP N U LA E E . A of AMILY I I . C family gamopetalous herbs

— of t the bellwort family nor hern temperate regions , with alternate

- fiv e- simple leaves and regular blue or white bell shaped parted flowers ,

’ Lobelzaceae embracing 53 genera (including the ) and a thousand species .

Official dru g Part used Botanical name Lobelia Le aves and flowering tops Lobeliai nflata

F M IL E I A E ZE — I 2 . R A a r C C . a o o s e es hr s A Y f mily of g m petal u t , s ub ~ ~ , herbs the fam il wi th o na um or perennial heath y c mmonly alter te ,

of s divided , often evergreen leaves , variously shaped clusters ym m et MI N T F AMILY 89

ri cal l or tetramerous or pentamerous flowers , and capsu ar , baccate dru aceo us . T p fruit hey are natives of temperate or cold climates . L eaves have a bitter astringent taste due to glucosides . Blossoms

- w — bell shaped or en shaped .

Offi cial drug Part used Botani cal name C i himaph la Chi m aphilaumbellata U V aU rsi A rctostaphylos U v aU rsi Oleum Gaultheria G aultheria procumbens

F I L — M L I . O E A E zE A s A Y 3 C . family of gamopetalou erect or climb

— — O ing shrubs , trees , or rarely herbs the olive family with pposite , simple or pinnate leaves and perfect or unisex ual flo wers with four- lobed

- s ~ calyx , four cleft corolla , and two or rarely four free tamens . It em

s 1 o 0 0 brace 9 genera , and ab ut 3 species , distributed over the warm or temperate regions of the world .

Part used Botani cal name Fixed oil Olea europea Saccharine exudate Fraxinus ornus

MIL SCROPHU LA RI A CE JE — F I . A i A Y 4 . fam ly of gamopetalous plants — the figwor t family— chi efly herbs with various form s of leaves and

fl s e fiv e inflorescence , the ower distinguish d by having a persistent

- lobed calyx and a two lipped corolla with four didynamous stamens , a and often one staminode inserted on its tube , and the fruit two

- le ae. celled, usually many seeded capsule with axi placent It embraces ar 1 66 e 2 0 0 0 . C gen ra , and more than species ontains bitter , c id , poisonous principles .

P art used Botani cal nam e Leaves Digitali s purpur ea z ni v i Rhi ome and roots Vero ca irgin ca.

Leaves Verbascum thapsus

R ~ LAB IA T zE O MIN T FA MILY . A FAMILY I 5. cosmopolitan family ' of e symp talous herbs , rarely shrubs , with quadrangular stems , opposite or s s i whorled aromatic leaves , and u ually thyr oid or vertic llate clusters

s — of flower , each with a two lipped corolla , didynamous or diandrous

— A ll s a s . t men , and a four lobed ovary of the members of this family are rich in volatile Oils . 90 PH ARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

Part use d Botani cal nam e Leaves Salvia Ofli ci nali s Dried plant Scutellaria lateriflora Leaves and flowering tops M arrubium vulgare Leaves and flowering tops Hedeo ma pulegioides Leaves and flowering tops M entha Spicata Leaves and flowering tops M entha piperita Volatile oil from leaves and T hymus vulgaris flowering tops Oleum Rosmarini Volatile oil from fresh Rosmarinus ofli ci nali s flowering tops Oleum Lav endula: Flor um Volatile oil from fresh Lav endulaofli ci nali s flowering tops

Leav es and tops M eli ssa offici nali s Herb Ori ganum majorana

F MIL E ZE — ST YRA C . A A Y 1 6 . family of gamopetalous trees or shrubs

— the storax fam ilyfi hav i ng alternate simple leaves and u sually white racemed flowers with a corolla of four to eight more or less united

2 petals . It embraces seven genera and 35 species , natives of all parts of the world .

Official drug P art used Botani cal nam e B enzoi num Balsamic resin Styrax Benz oin

F MIL I E — l COMP OSIT . T he A Y 7 . largest fami y of plants embracing 8 A s s . 35 genera , and over pecie family of gamopetalous herbs , shrubs and rarely trees found in all parts of the world , having their

s flower in a head or capitulum on a common receptacle , surmounted by an involucre , with five (rarely four) stamens inserted on the carolla ,

s i . C n their anther , syngenesious alyx tube crowned by a pappus the form of bristles , teeth or scales , etc . Corolla either ligulate or tubular .

- i s . F In the perfect flowers a two cleft style present ruit , an akene . T he i plants of this family contain nulin , a substance isomeric with starch .

Botani cal nam e A nthemis nobili s A rnica montana Matricaria Chamomilla Calendula ofli ci nalis A rctium lappa. A nacyclus Pyrethrum T araxacum ofli ci nale

9 2 PHARMACE U T I CAL B OT AN Y

T pharmaceutic importance . his, the largest group of Gymnosperms , includes the pines , firs , spruces , hemlocks , junipers , balsams , cedars ,

ae T h o and arbor vit . e f llowing Gymnospermous plants yield products of pharmaceutic and medici nal value

' FI — Infloresc f r l t G . . T n 8 ences o . . erm i a wi 2 3 the pine g ; . ovulate cone ; 3 .

- — Fr . om amake . staminate cone ; 4 two year old cone . ( H r )

Botanical name Products Pinus str‘ obus White pine bark Pinus palustris Pinus glabra P i T u t and inus ech nata rpen ine, rosin tar Pinus tae da and other species of Pinus J A bies balsamea Balsam of fir Larix decidua Veni ce turpentine Picea excelsa ( A bies excelsa) Burgundy pitch T suga occi dentalis Volatile oil Juniperus Oxycedrus Oil of cade Juniperus communis Juniper berries and volatile oil Sa T and il f Juniperus bina ops _ volatile o o savin Calli tri s quadri v alv i s Sandarac Pinus sylvestris Volatile oil P IN A CE as 93

E ~ l . T he . F MIL PI A E . A Y I . N C O d name Coniferae pine family

C - T or m ostl ( one bearing family . ) rees shrubs , with resinous juice , v

- l - o e awl shaped or need e shaped leaves , and mon ecious or rarely dio cious

s T - i s flowers in catkin , destitute of calyx or carolla . hree sub fam lie ,

A bi eti nem Cu ressi nem , or proper pine family ; p , or cypress family ; and

T x n A ll L . ai eae i . , or yew fam ly are evergreen excepting the arches

Part use d Botani cal name Concrete Oleoresin Pinus palustris and Resin other species Destructive di stillate Other species product Other species T erebinthi na Canadensis Liquid Oleoresin A bies balsamea Sabina T ops Juni perus Sabina Oleum Cadi nu m Oily product Juniperus Oxycedr us Oleum Juniperi Volatile oil Juni perus communis U nofficial Pi x Burgundi ca Resinous exudate A bies excelsa Sandaraca Resinous exudate Resi nous exudate Callitris q uadri v alv i s Dammar Resinous exudate A gathis lor anthi foli a Pix Canadensis T suga canadensis Succinum (amber) Pini tes succi ni fer T erebinthi na Veneta Larix eur opea Juniper us Juniperus com munis BIBLIOG RA PHY

’ ' and Decaisne s D r and A l al Le M c . aout _ esc iptive na yti Botany

‘ L h de S e N l S c and c hi m er ehrbuc r by trasburg r, o l, chen k S p . ’ ' Bastias College Botany .

' ' ‘ Macfarlane s Lectures On the Comparative Morphology and T ax onom y of

’ ' ‘ - n K ramer s Bota y and Pharmacognosy . ’ ' ’ - A a Steven s Plant n tomy . ’ ' Ham aker s Outlines of Biology . ' ' A T k of . b r C . ext Boo Botany, vol I, y Coulte , Barnes, owles ' ' f n P b E n ad M r L. C n . leme ts o Botany harmacognosy, y a y reighto

anzenfa ien on A . En l c en fl l rantl. Die N atur i h P mi v _ gler und K . P ' ' ’ s a m S c P . War ing s y temati Bot ny , translated by otter

96 I N DE X

P C Balsamum eruvianum , actus , 7 9 T o u an um 8 C ff 8 86 l t , 7 a eina, 4 , 2 C 0 Balsams , 9 alamus , 7

k 2 8 - 1 1 Bar , root , cross section, 9 , 2 8 C outer, alcium oxalate, 4 2 8 Ca offici nali s 0 middle, lendula , 9 2 8 C l uadr iv alvi s 2 inner, al itris q , 9 , 93 betuli na 8 C 8 2 Barosma , 3 alumba, di F 6 2 C 66 Basi a ungi , alyptra, di 6 2 C 1 2 Basi omycetes , alyx, 4 , 4 d 6 2 fi 1 2 Basi ium , de nition, 4 , 4 fi 8 a 1 2 Bast bers , p rts , 4 , 4 F 1 2 Bayberry amily , 7 4 shapes , 4 , 4 F 8 chl ori se alous 1 Bean amily , 7 p , 4 , a F 88 1 2 Belladonn olia, gamosepalous , 4 , 4 R i 88 C 8 1 ad x, ambogia, Benz oi nu m 0 Ca 2 6 , 9 mbium , ae C F 8 Berberidace , 79 amellia amily , 4 A f Cam anulac em 88 Berberis qui olium , 7 9 p , F C Berch amily , 7 3 amphora, 7 4 r C ae 80 Ber y , 53 anellace , C n l 8 0 Beta Vulgaris, 7 5 a e la alba, a n C n a C x 8 0 Betul le ta, 73 a ell orte , ae C i 6 Betulace , 73 annabis Ind ca, 7 1 6 Biennial plant, 7 sativa, 7 F 86 C Bindweed amily , apitulum , 39 F C fasti iatu m 88 Birch amily , 73 apsicum g , r F C 8 2 Bi thwort amily , 7 5 arica papaya, k N 88 Ca l 6 Blac ightshade, rpe , 4 , 4 7 G n A ae 6 fini 6 Blue ree lg , 5 de tion, 4 , 4 7 M 6 a 6 Bog osses , 5 P rts , 4 , 4 7 cartern 6 Boswellia , 7 9 dehiscence, 4 , 4 7 k a F 6 B uc whe t amily, 7 4 compound , 4 , 47 k F 8 C 2 B uc thorn amily , 3 arpophore, 5 8 C Wax 0 B uchu, 3 arnauba , 7 2 0 C C 8 Bud, arum arvi, 5 2 0 Ca 8 2 accessory , ryophyllus , 2 0 C 1 adventitious , arthamus tinctorius, 9 l 2 0 C 6 axil ary , ascarilla, 7 2 0 C F flower , ashew amily , 7 7 f 2 0 C if 8 lea , assia acut olia, 7 x 2 0 n f 8 mi ed, a gusti olia, 7 k 2 0 fi 8 na ed, stula, 7 2 0 C scaly , astanea dentata, 73 u 2 2 C B lb , atkin, 39 , 7 3 2 C u 1 scaly , 3 a licle, 5 2 2 C 2 tunicated, edars , 0 n 1 0 C ae Bu dle, elastrace , 79 l 1 0 C 8 collateral c osed , elery , 5 1 0 C concentric , ell sap colors , 4 B urseracem C ae a 86 , 7 9 eph lis Ipecacuanh , P 2 m 86 B urgundy itch , 9 acu inata, C m Brassica nigra, 7 9 entroso e, 4 A ae 8 C randifl orus Brown lg , 5 ereus g , 7 9 6 C i ae Bryales, 5 henopod ace , 7 5 6 Ch iu m Bryophyta, 4 enopod m anthelminticu , C ll 8 himaphila umbe ata, 9 C ae C 8 actace , 7 9 hirata, 7 IN DE X 97

Chlor etalze 2 6 C n S 86 ip , 7 , 7 o volvulus cammonia, C a 8 C 8 hlorophyce e, 5 opaiba, 7 Chl l 6 Co erni ca f 0 orophyl , 5 , 4 p ceri era, 7 C r C f 8 h omoplast , optis tri olia, 7 hrom o last C m 8 p , oriandrum sativu , 5 C r c k hondodend on tomentosum or ) S, 7 Ch us C 2 2 ondr , 59 orm , C m C ae 8 0 hro atophores , 3 ornace , C u 1 C fl ori da 8 0 hrysanthemum rose m , 9 ornus , c arneum 1 C S 6 2 , 0 orn mut , Chr sarobi nu 8 C n k 2 2 y m , 7 or stal C d 6 0 C hytri iales , orolla, 43 , 44 C 1 fi ichorium intybus , 9 de nition, 43 , 44 C m f a 8 a i ici uga racemos , 7 P rts, 43 , 44 C 8 0 innamodendron, shapes , 43 , 44

C C chlori etalous . innamomum assia, 7 4 p , 43 , 44 C e amphora, 7 4 gamop talous , 43 , 44 Sai oni cum C r g . 74 o ymb , 39 Ze lani cum C y , 74 oto , 74 C n C 86 C I incho a alisaya, otyledons , 5 Led eriana 86 C 2 g , remocarp , 5 offici n i s 86 Creoso um al , t , 7 3 succi rubra 8 6 Cribi for m , , 7 R 8 6 u ubra, tiss e, 5 i 1 C u Coloc nth s C , 1 itr llus y , 9 rocus sativus 7 C A 8 C eluteria 6 itrus urantium , 3 roton . 7 L 8 6 imonum, 3 tiglium , 7 l 8 C wf F i vu garis, 3 ro oot am ly , 7 7 C 6 Crucif era lavaria, 3 , 7 9 Clav ari aes 6 C 2 l , 3 ryp togams, av i ce s r u a 60 — 6 2 C 2 p pu p re , , ubeba, 7 f 6 0 6 2 C P 1 li e history , , ucurbita epo, 9 C 1 0 C ae 1 losed collateral bundle, ucurbitace , 9 C M 6 6 C if ae lub osses , upul er , 7 3 C 8 C 2 1 oca, 5 ulm , C f 0 C 2 6 ocos nuci era, 7 upules , 5 , 4 C Oil 0 C u F 6 1 ocoanut , 7 p ungi , 59, C f 0 C ocos nuci era, 7 usso , 7 7 C l C ae 6 occu us, yanophyce , 5 Cofl ea 86 C 1 arabica, ycads , 9 C l 8 C u o a acuminata, 4 ydonia v lgaris , 7 7 C n 1 C olchicum autum ale, 7 ydonium , 7 7 C C 1 C olchici ormus , 7 yme, 39 S n 1 C eme , 7 ypress , 93 C C r di 1 ollenchyme, 5 yp ipe um , 7 Coloc n i s 1 n 1 y th , 9 pubesce s , 7 C o 1 ar v iflorum 1 alyptr gen, 5 p , 7 C M C 8 ommiphora yrrha, 79 ytisus scoparius , 7 C es 0 C omposit , 9 ytoplasm , 3 C l I O oncentric bund e, C u 8 D 8 ond rango , 7 amiana, 3 C D one, 53 ammar , 93 C 6 2 D M z 8 0 onidia, aphne e ereum , C f e 1 D S n 88 oni er , 9 , 93 atura tramo ium , C l 8 D i S a i 8 onium macu atum , 5 elphin um t phisagr a, 7 C 1 D 1 2 0 onvallaria, 7 ermatogen, 5, i 1 D n — 40 majal s, 7 eterminate Infloresce ce, 3 7 — -ul eaa8 6 fi 0 Conv olv ac , de nition, 3 7 4 98 IN DE X

D — 0 E u 8 2 eterminate Inflorescence, kinds , 37 4 genol , D tr E r ur r 7 ex ose, 4 uonymus at op pu eus , 9 D of E r f 1 iagram a cell, 3 upato ium per oliatum , 9 D 8 E ae 6 iatoms , 5 uphorbiace , 7 D 2 2 Ex ocortex 2 icotyledons, , 3 , 3 h of E u P 86 c aracteristics , 7 xogoni m urga, D 2 2 6 E 2 8 icotyl stem , 5, xogenous stem , 2 characteristics, 7

- of I I F c a cross section , aga e e, 73

- H uli 8 n s . 1 6 l Difierences between roots a d stem Fagara C ava erc s, 3 D ur 8 F f igitalis p purea, 9 agus erruginea, 73 D o c 2 6 i e ious , 4 , 5 sylvatica, 7 3 D r 8 F i 2 ipte yx odorata, 7 am ly, D 1 6 F c 6 odder , ern, stru ture, 7 D F 8 u 6 ogbane amily, 7 ann lus , 7 D F 80 6 ogwood amily , antheridia, 7 D c 8 6 orema ammonia um , 5 archegonia, 7 D f 6 rimys winteri, 74 rond , 7 D 2 6 rupe, 5 indusium , 7 D i filix — 68 6 6 ryopter s mas, , 9 lamina, 7 li 6 6 margina s, 9 pinna, 7 D m O oroi des 88 u 6 uboisia y p , pinn le . 7 D 8 6 ucts , prothallus, 7 Du 88 6 lcamara, protonema, 7 a 6 sporangi , 7 6 true, 9 E l u E 1 6 cbal i m laterium, 9 water , 9 E 88 F z gg plant , ertili ation, 49 E 6 F fre ti da 8 lastica, 7 erula , 5 E 1 F u laterium, 9 ibrovasc lar , 5 E 88 1 6 lder, bundle, 3 , 9 Elletaria s 2 al 1 repen , 7 bicollater , 3 Elm F l l 1 ami y, 7 5 closed col ateral . 3 E r 1 r 1 1 mb yo, 5 concent ic, 3 , 4 E 8 1 ndodermis, 5, 7 , 4 open collateral , 3 E 2 1 ndocortex, 3 radial , 4 E 2 F c 6 ndogenous stem, 3 icus cari a, 7 E 0 F F 8 ndosperm , 5 igwort amily , 9 E 8 F 6 ntomophilous , 4 ilicales , 7 E z F c a 6 n ymes , 4 ili ine e, 9 E F 2 pidermal , 5 irs, 9 E r F F 8 0 pide mis , lax amily , of oak f F 1 lea , 7 lower , 4 , 4 of ri f l 1 2 I s lea , 7 comp ete, 4 , 4 of fi i i 1 2 violet petal , 7 de n t on, 4 , 4 of a of 1 2 epiderm l outgrowths , 7 diagrams , 4 , 4 E i 6 1 2 qu setum , 7 double, 4 , 4 E u 66 i f 1 2 q isetales , mper ect , 4 , 4 E ae 88 1 2 ricace , parts , 4 , 4 E n 1 f 1 2 rigeron ca adense, 9 per ect , 4 , 4 E i f c 1 l 1 2 riod ctyon cali orni um, 9 pisti late, 4 , 4 E ae 8 u r 1 2 rythroxylace , 5 reg la , 4 , 4 E C 8 a 1 2 rythroxylon oca, 5 stamin te, 4 , 4 trux illense 8 r 1 2 , 5 st ucture, 4 , 4 E aeri 2 m 1 2 t o , 5 sy metrical, 4 , 4 E 8 2 Fo um G a 8 ucalyptol , en r ecum , 7 E 8 2 Fo u lg 8 ucalyptus , enic lum Vu are, 5 Eu n c 8 2 F 66 6 8 ge ia aromati a, oot, ,

I 0 0 IN DE X

T 0 L 1 Indian urnip , 7 eaves , exstipulate, 3 8 Indigo, 7 imparipinnate, 34 n f 8 I digo era tinctoria, 7 lyrate, 34 6 nn Indusium , 7 paripi ate, 34 I nflor esences — 0 1 , 37 4 petiolate ; 3 i — 0 1 ascend ng , 3 7 4 sessile, 3 r f — 0 2 cent i ugal , 3 7 4 simple, 3 — 0 l 1 centripetal , 37 4 stipu ate, 3 - 0 L f 6 cymose, 37 4 ea arrangement , 3 — 0 6 determinate, 3 7 4 alternate, 3 — 0 f 6 indeterminate, 3 7 4 ascicled , 3 — 0 6 mixed , 37 4 opposite , 3 In f i ar 1 c l 6 ter ac cul cambium , 9 , verti i late , 3 H 1 Inula elenium, 9 apex, 33 8 a Involucre, 3 cute , 33 i n Inul , 4 acuminate, 33 86 Ipecacuanha, aristate, 33 ae 1 Iridace , 7 cuspidate, 3 3 F n Iris amily , 7 emargi ate, 33 florenti na 1 u , 7 m cronate , 33 1 germanica, 7 obcordate , 33 l 1 pal ida, 7 obtuse, 3 3 a 6 6 Isoetace e, retuse , 33

truncate, 33 86 Jalapa, base, 33 z 8 2 Jateorhi a palmata, auriculate , 33 un erm ani ales 6 J g , 5 cordate ; 33 n a a Jugla dace e , 7 3 hast te , 33 f Juglans cinerea, 73 reni orm , 3 3 i 2 Juniper Berr es , 9 sagittate, 33 2 Junipers , 9 margin, 33 u O dr Juniper s xyce us , crenate, 33 S 2 f abina, 9 cle t , 33 u comm nis, 93 dentate, 33

divided, 34

entire, 33

incised, 33

lobed , 33 L 1 abellum , 43 , 7 parted , 33 L ae 8 abiat , 9 repand, 33 L 1 n actuca virosa, 9 ru cinate, 33 L 1 actucarium , 9 serrate, 33 L mi 0 i n a na, 3 outl e, 33 L 0 appa, 9 acerose, 33 L 1 arches , 9 acicular , 33 L x 2 2 ari decidua, 9 cuneate, 3 E ( uropea) , 93 deltoid , 33 Lacti ciferou s l tissue, 5 e liptical , 3 8 filiform 2 vessels , 7 , , 3 Lauracem 2 , 7 4 oblong , 3 Lav endulaofii ci n ali s 90 2 , ovate, 3 L il obfi ue 2 aurus nob is , 74 q , 3 L ifi f 8 eaves, mod ed orms , 3 orbicular , 33 8 2 bracts , 3 oblanceolate , 3 bracteolar 8 e 2 , 3 pectai , 3 0 t 2 complete, 3 spatula e, 3 n 2 compou d , 3 duration, 3 5 uc decompound , 34 cad ous , 3 5 IN DE X 1 0 1

L f i acroc is ea duration, dec duous, 35 yst , 59 3 5 F 88 evergreen, adder amily , M e 6 persistent, 35 agnoliace , 7 n 6 M F 8 1 i sertion, 3 allow amily, u 6 Ma u ca line, 3 lt m , 7 0 a 6 M cl sping, 3 annitol , 4 c — f 6 Malv ceaz onnate per oliate, 3 a , 8 1 ui 6 M l hili i nensi s 6 eq tant, 3 a lotus p p , 7 f l a 6 Mani l a 6 per o i te, 3 hot uti issim , 7 i 6 M n 8 rad cal, 3 an a, 9 l 6 M t 6 rama , 3 archan ia, 5 f ce M chan 6 sur a , 34 ar tiales, 5 s M u a 0 glabrou , 3 5 arrubium v lg re, 9 M glaucous , 3 5 astiche, 7 7 s M r c C a mi 0 hi pid, 3 5 at i aria h mo lla, 9 M pubescent, 3 5 acrocystis , 59 e — M edi oc r 2 p llucid punctate, 3 5 o tex , 3 M ul rugose, 3 5 ed lary rays , 5, 9

scabrous , 3 5 primary , 9 seri ci ous , 3 5 secondary 9 M 6 spinose, 3 5 egaceros, 5 M s tomentose, 3 5 ega pore, 49 ll M 6 vi ose, 3 5 egasporophyll , 4 r o M l ofli ci nali s 0 ve ruc se, 3 5 e issa , 9 r M n ae 8 2 textu e, 34 e ispermace , c r a o M r a 8 2 o i ce us , 3 4 enispe mum can dense, an M 0 membr ous , 34 entha spicata, 9 d 0 scarious , 34 viri is , 9 u ul M 2 s cc ent , 34 ericarp , 5 ' 1 2 M en stem venation, 3 , 3 , 5 furchate 1 2 M e m 2 , 3 , 3 thysti cu , 7 l 1 2 M z m 8 0 paral el, 3 . 3 e ereu , i nni 1 2 M p , 3 , 3 icrospore, 49 a 1 2 M l p lmate, 3 , 3 icrosporophyl , 44 1 2 M l 6 1 reticulate, 3 , 3 i dews , L r 8 M F il 8 eptand a, 9 ilkweed am y , 7 L ae 8 M rt F l 8 2 eguminos , 7 ilkwo ami y, L s M F m 8 eucopla t, 4 int a ily, 9 L u M I 6 ev lose, 4 istletoe, L of 6 6 M i 6 ichens , structure , 3 , 4 n um, 5 L 6 onocot ledons 2 6 ignin, y , , 9 L l ae 0 of 6 i iace , 7 characteristics , 9 L F mil 0 M e u 6 6 ily a y, 7 ono cio s , 3 , 5 Lim oni s C 8 M F mil 8 2 ortex, 3 oonseed a y , S us 8 M ae 6 ucc , 3 orace , 7 L ae 80 M s l f is 6 inace , os , i e h tory , 5 L u 8 1 M s 6 inum sitatissimum, osse , 5 L a r tal 80 M m ucedo 6 1 iquidam b r o ien is , ucor , ‘ L r r n I M ul F i 6 i iodend o , 3 berry am ly, 7 L 6 M l 6 1 iverworts , 4 ucora es , L el i nflata 88 M 6 ob ia , usci , 5 L ni ae 8 M 6 oga ace , 7 ushrooms , 59 , 3 L 6 M umen, ycelium, 59 L ul 6 M a 8 2 up inum, 7 yric acris, di es 6 M c c a Lycoper al , 3 yri a e e, 7 4 ea 6 6 M r t c ae Lycopodi ac , y is ica e , 74 L a s 66 M r f ycopodi le , y istica ragrans , 74 1 0 2 IN DE X

M O 6 yrrha, 79 scillatoria, 5 M rtacem 8 2 O G 86 y , urouparia ambir , M F l 8 2 O efin yrtle ami y , vule, d ition, 4 7 6 Myxomycetes , 5 position, 4 7

shape, 47

structure, 4 7 N 2 atural system, N ectar, 49 N F 6 P 86 est ungi , 3 alaquium gutta, N P n Palm eaa 0 eutral ri ciples , 4 , 7 N T 88 P l F l 0 icotiana abacum, a m ami y , 7 N u 6 P i id lariales , 3 an cle, 39 N F i 88 P n 8 2 ightshade am ly , apai ,

N on - protoplasmi c cell contents , 4 N 6 ostoc, 5 P ae 8 1 N apaverace , ucleus , 3 f 8 1 Papaver somni erum , endosperm , 49 P 6 araphysis , 5 generative, 49 P arasite, 59 P , 49 olar P 8 2 areira , tube , 49 P , 5 N uclear lasm arenchyma p , 3 2 8 cortical , N ut 52 , P l F 2 4 N Fa i ars ey amily , utmeg m ly , 7 4 Passifl oraceaz, 8 1 N ux 8 Vomica, 7 - fl wer F i 8 1 Passion o am ly , Pa ifl ra ana 8 2 ss o inc r ta, O a a 8 P l Cu ana 8 le ce , 9 aul inia p , 4 O e A n 6 P M 6 l um isi , 7 eat osses , 5 Cadi ni P 8 , 93 edicel , 3 heno odi i P n 8 C p , 7 5 edu cle, 3 C P i i 6 1 innamomi, 7 4 enic ll um , i r n i s 1 P F i 2 E r ge o t , 9 epper am ly , 7 G 8 P I aultheria, 9 epo , 53 , 9 G oss ii Sem i ni s 8 1 P 1 yp , erennial , 7 u i eri P 2 J n p , 93 erianth , 4 v en u ae Florum 0 P 1 2 1 La d l , 9 eriblem , 5, O ae 8 Pericam bi um 1 8 liv , 9 , R 6 P 2 icini, 7 eriderm , 9 Rosae P 2 , 7 7 erigone, 4 Rosam ari ni 0 P 6 1 , 9 eronosporales , T heo rom ati s 8 P 0 b , 4 etiole, 3 T 0 Phao h cem 8 hymi , 9 p y , 5 T i lii 6 P 6 g , 7 hanerogamia, 9 Oil of C 2 P o 2 6 ade, 9 haner gams , , 9 O P 6 1 libanum , 7 9 hellogen, O F 8 P l 2 8 8 live amily , 9 h oem , , 3 Oo P 6 spore , 49 hycocyanin, 5 ' Oo 6 0 P mycetes , hycomycetes , 59 O 66 P perculum , hycoerythrin, 59 O 8 1 P 1 pium , hysiological Botany , O F i 1 P v enenosum rchid am ly , 7 hysostigma , O a 1 P a rchidace , 7 hytolaccace e , 7 5 O 2 P rder , hytolacca decandra, 7 5 O 1 P 6 1 rgan, 4 hytophthora, r 1 P 2 rep oductive , 4 icea excelsa, 9 1 P a 8 vegetative , 4 icr sma, excelsa, 3 O I P u 6 rganism , 4 ile s , 3 O 0 P 8 riganum majorana, 9 ilocarpus Jaborandi , 3 O 1 8 rris , 7 microphyllus , 3

1 0 4 IN DE X

R P 8 S 2 hamnus urshiana , 3 andarac, 9 Fran ula 8 S g , 3 andaraca, 93 8 S i 8 1 cathartica, 3 anguinaria canadens s , R z 6 S R b 8 hi oids, 4 antalum u rum , 7 R z 2 2 S 1 hi ome, antonica, 9 R z n 6 1 S ae 8 hi opus igricans , apindace , 4 R ofli ci nale Sa otacem 8 6 heum , 7 5 p , S r 60 palmatum , 7 5 ap olegniales , S v ar . tanguticum , 7 5 aprophyte, 59 R ae S l I 1 hodophyce , 59 arsapari la, 7 , 7 R n S f a hus vene ata, 7 7 assa r s , 7 4 l glabra 7 7 medu la, 74 n v arii foli u m toxicode dron, 7 7 , 74 Scam m oni u r 8 6 aromatica, 7 7 n, R n un 6 S 8 ici us comm is , 7 cape, 3 R S l 1 osa damascena, 7 7 ci la, 7 S z 6 gallica, 7 7 chi omycetes , 5 R ae S z 6 osace , 7 7 chi ophyta , 5 R m fii cinali s 0 Schlerench m e os arinus o , 9 y , 5 R 2 Scro hulari acem 8 osin, 9 p , 9 R 1 6 S -i oli ca 88 oot, copola carn , n 1 6 S 8 adve titious; coparius , 7 1 6 Scor oi d anomalous , p cyme, 39 1 6 S i 6 6 conical , cour ng rushes , lateri flora 0 n o 1 6 S a. duratio f , cutellari , 9 i 1 6 S 2 6 ep phytic , econdary cortex, f f 1 6 usi orm , medullary rays, 9 f 1 6 S — napi orm , eed , 53 55 1 6 mi — primary, albu nous , 53 55 1 6 — secondary , albumen, 53 55 1 6 — tap , appendages , 53 55 R 1 1 6 — oot , 5 , coats , 53 55 I cap , S exalbuminous , 53 1 — hairs , 5 structure, 53 55 l 1 S la ae 66 histo ogy , 7 elaginel ce , R ae 8 S ne 6 6 ubiace , 5 elagi lla , R f S n 8 2 ubus cunei olius , 7 7 e ega, i S n 8 n grobaccus , 7 7 e na, 7 ll S n 0 vi osus , ere oa serrulata, 7 Rue F 8 2 S 2 amily , eries , 2 1 e v e Rutaceaz 8 , 7 , ' R 1 umex crispus , 7 5 tubes , 5, 3 R 6 2 Si m arubaceae 8 usts , , 3 S i inap s , 7 9 S a 0 ab l , 7 alba, 7 9 S i n ab a, 93 nigra, 7 9 ‘ Sa Sk k 0 ccharose, 4 un cabbage, 7 S a 0 S i 6 acch rum, 7 , 7 5 l me moulds , 5 officinaru m 0 S l 1 , 7 mi ax medica, 7 S 6 1 n 1 accharomycetes , or ata, 7 Sac F n 6 1 ofli ci nali s 1 u gi, , 7 S f 1 a raceae 1 a ron, 7 p py , 7 Sali caceaz S 6 2 , 7 3 muts , S S F 8 alix, 73 oapberry amily , 4 S ofli ci nali s 0 S n s alvia , 9 olitary determinate i flore cence , S 6 e n e 8 alvinia, 9 ind terminate infloresce c , 3 eee 6 o an e Salv i ni ac , 9 S l ac m, 88 S S C n n 88 ambucus canadensis . olanum aroli e se , IN DE X 1 0 5

S ul 88 S olanum d camara , tem , underground, bulb , M 88 2 2 elongena, corm , 88 z 2 2 nigrum, rhi ome, 88 2 2 tuberosum , tuber, S u 0 z 2 0 orgh m, 7 si e, S er orosis, 53 St c uli aceze , 84 s S 6 2 padix, 39 terigmata, S 8 S ll 6 pathe, 3 ti ingia sylvatica, 7 S 2 S 6 pecies , tipe, 3 S 6 S 0 permatophyta, 9 tipules , 3 S m 6 S 2 1 per ogonia, 4 tolon, S 6 S 6 phagnales , 5 toma, S i c 8 S 6 pigelia mar landi a. 7 tomata, S S n — l f coEee 6 pike, 39 to e cel s , rom , S ae f 6 piral trache , 9 rom clove stem , S i 2 8 f 6 p rogyra, , 5 rom tea, S n 6 f s 6 pora gia, 7 rom star ani e, S u 6 S n 88 porangi m, 4 tramo ium , S 6 6 S porogonium , 4 , 5 trobile , 39 S 6 6 S r t u 8 porophyte, 4, 5 t ophan h s hispidus , 7 S ur F l 6 S 1 p ge ami y , 7 tructural B otany, L F l 80 S I natii 8 aurel ami y, trychnos , g , 7 S 2 N ux a 8 pruce, 9 Vomic , 7 S f 8 tamens , 44, 45 toxi era , 7 fi St rac eae 0 de nite, 45 y , 9 fi S 8 0 inde nite, 45 tyrax, z 0 insertion, 45 Ben oin, 9 e F i 0 numb r , 45 am ly, 9 i S pos tion, 45 uccinum, 93 Suff 2 1 structure, 4 5 ruticose, S 8 S taphisagria, 7 ugars , 4 S S u 8 tarch, 4 umb l , 5 S ir of 2 0 S i tems , d ection growth , ycon um, 53

- 2 1 S ae 8 above ground, ympetal , 5 ul 2 S ar fwti dus 0 c m , 1 ymploc pus , 7 cl 2 1 S 1 imbing , ystematic Botany, f t 2 1 S Chi rai ta 8 ru icose, wertia y , 7 c 2 1 s ape, sufiruti cose 2 1 T 88 , abacum , r l 2 1 T r s 8 tend i , ama indu indica, 7 2 1 T u a 1 stolon, anacetum v lg re, 9 r of 2 0 T 6 du ation , apioca, 7 2 2 T ar 2 underground, , 9 and 1 6 T aa ofii ci nale 0 stem root, r xacum , 9 S caul s 2 0 T x 1 tem, a e cent, a onomy, a 2 T ri 2 1 annu l dicotyl , 3 end l, u c 2 0 T n h ca les ent, erebi t ina, 93 i of t 2 0 C d rection grow h, anadensis , 93 r t 2 1 du a ion, veneta, 93 e 2 0 ernstroemiacea 8 longation, , 4 2 T 6 endogenous , 3 hallophyta, 5 e 2 T l 6 xogenous , 3 hal us , 5 f of 2 0 T i i 8 unctions , hea ch nens s, 4 of n d T hele horales 6 histology an ual icotyl, p , 3 2 T 8 monocotyl, 9 heobroma cacao, 4 2 2 6 T 2 1 perennial, 5, horn, n di 2 2 6 T h m eleaceae 80 peren ial cotyl , 5, y , u 2 2 T ul ari 0 undergro nd, hymus v g s, 9 1 0 6 IN DE X

T . 1 2 hyrsus , 39 Vegetable cytology , T 1 issue, 3 , 4 histology, i n i i T r 2 arrangement, d cotyl stems , Ven ce u pentine, 9 fi 1 1 classi cation, 4 Veratrina, 7 1 1 conducting, 4 Veratrum , 7 f of 1 A 1 unction , 4 lbum , 7 f 1 1 undamental 4 Viride , 7 1 a 8 mechanical , 4 Verbascum th psus , 9 1 a protective, 4 Vern tion, 3 7 1 generative , 5 conduplicate, 3 7 o produced by c rk cambium , convolute, 3 7

systems , 5 circinate, 3 7 i rrfl ex ed epidermal , 5 , 3 7 f n undamental , 5 i volute, 3 7

fi - bro vascular , 5 plicate, 3 7 T oadstools , revolute, 3 7 T f Perei rae n 1 — 2 olui era , 7 Venatio , 3 3 8 furchate 1 — 2 Balsamum , 7 , 3 3 T rach eze l 1 — 2 , 9 palmate y veined, 3 3 nnul r 1 — 2 a ar , 9 pa allel , 3 3

— i n ni - 1 2 pitted, 9 p veined , 3 3 r 1 — 2 reticulate, 9 eticulate, 3 3 i V n 8 ‘ spiral , 9 Veron ca irgi ica, 9 T 8 racheids , Verticillaster , 39 T L a 88 racheary tissue, 9 Viburnum ent go , T 8 O u 88 ragacantha, 7 p lus , T 2 1 f i 88 ree, pruni ol um , T 0 A 8 riticum, 7 Vinum lbum , 5 T f 8 R 8 ri olium pratense, 7 ubrum , 5

T f - ae 8 a 8 rigonella oenum gr cum , 7 Vitace , 5 T h 2 i f 8 ric omes , 9 Vitis vin era, 5 n l 2 8 gla du ar , 9 Volvox, 5 2 V ouaca ou aA 8 simple, 9 p raroba, 7 T F 6 rue erns, 9 T rufiles 6 1 W F , alnut amily, 7 3 T 2 W F 6 suga occidentalis , 9 ater erns , 9 T 2 2 S 6 uber, tomata, 7 T r ae 8 W t P k 2 u nerace , 3 hi e ine Bar , 9 T adi fiu sa 8 W F i urner , 3 illow am ly , 7 3 T W H z F 80 urpentine, 9 itch a el amily , T 2 W F 8 ype, oody ibres , 5, 7 ,

U a n 8 lmace , 7 5 Xanthoxylum america um, 3 U f 6 1 2 lmus ulva, 7 Xylem , U 1 2 1 2 6 mbel , 39 elements , , 4 , U l f ae 8 1 2 6 mbel i er , 4 secondary , 9 , U i 6 2 red nales , U 1 rginea maritima, 7 U l 6 2 sti aginales, U 6 2 stilago Maydis , U v aU 8 Zea 0 rsi, 9 , 7 M 0 ays , 7 r ae 86 Z ae 2 Vale ianace , ingiberace , 7 offici nali s 86 Z 2 Valeriana , ingiber , 7 ofli cin ali s 2 Vanilla, 7 , 7 la f li 1 Z 6 1 p ni o a, 7 ygomycetes , 2 Z o h llaceze 8 Variety , yg p y , 3