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Hippocrates in Context Studies in Ancient Medicine

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HIPPOCRATES IN CONTEXT STUDIES IN ANCIENT MEDICINE EDITED BY JOHN SCARBOROUGH PHILIP J. VAN DER EIJK ANN HANSON NANCY SIRAISI VOLUME 31 HIPPOCRATES IN CONTEXT Papers read at the XIth International Hippocrates Colloquium University of Newcastle upon Tyne 27–31 August 2002 EDITED BY PHILIP J. VAN DER EIJK BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 Cover illustration: Late fifteenth-century portrait of Hippocrates sitting, reading. Behind him, two standing philosophers dispute (Wellcome Library, London). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 0925–1421 ISBN 90 04 14430 7 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xiii Abbreviations .............................................................................. xv 1. THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE Cause and crisis in historians and medical writers of the classical period .................................................................. 3 Jacques Jouanna Hippocratic explanations ............................................................ 29 Jane Barton On Ancient Medicine and its intellectual context ........................ 49 Francis Dunn On Ancient Medicine on the nature of human beings ................ 69 Mark J. Schiefsky Art, science and conjecture, from Hippocrates to Plato and Aristotle ............................................................................ 87 Véronique Boudon-Millot Modelli espositivi relativi alla prognosi nel Corpus Hippocraticum (Prorrhetico 2, Malattie 1–3, Affezioni, Affezioni Interne, Prognosi di Cos) ................................................ 101 Daniela Fausti vi contents 2. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE The social and intellectual context of Regimen II .................... 121 John Wilkins The Hippocratic impact on healing cults: the archaeological evidence in Attica .................................................................. 135 Maria Elena Gorrini The cities of the Hippocratic doctors ...................................... 157 Hui-hua Chang Error, loss, and change in the generation of therapies .......... 173 Julie Laskaris The Hippocratic Treatise Peri Opsios, ‘De videndi acie, On the Organ of Sight’ .............................................................. 191 Elizabeth M. Craik Coan promotions and the authorship of the Presbeutikos .............. 209 Eric D. Nelson 3. ‘HIPPOCRATIC’ AND ‘NON-HIPPOCRATIC’ MEDICINE Air, pneuma and breathing from Homer to Hippocrates ...... 239 Antoine Thivel Microcosm and macrocosm: the dual direction of analogy in Hippocratic thought and the meteorological tradition .................................................................................. 251 Frédéric Le Blay About philosophy and humoural medicine .............................. 271 Paul Demont contents vii The way to wisdom in Plato’s Phaedrus and in the Hippocratic Corpus ................................................................ 287 Elsa García Novo Medici contemporanei a Ippocrate: problemi di identificazione dei medici di nome Erodico .................................................. 295 Daniela Manetti Hippokratisches bei Praxagoras von Kos? ................................ 315 Diethard Nickel Theophrastus’ biological opuscula and the Hippocratic Corpus: a critical dialogue? .................................................. 325 Armelle Debru 4. THE HIPPOCRATIC MEDICAL DISCOURSE IN ITS LINGUISTIC AND RHETORICAL CONTEXT Form and function in Prorrhetic 2 .............................................. 345 Tim Stover Special features in Internal Affections. Comparison to other nosological treatises ................................................................ 363 Pilar Pérez Cañizares On enantiôsis in the Corpus Hippocraticum: The eu-/dus opposition ................................................................................ 371 Marcos Martínez 5. THE IMPACT AND LATER RECEPTION OF HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE Greek Medical Papyri from the Fayum village of Tebtunis: Patient involvement in a local health-care system? ............ 387 Ann Ellis Hanson viii contents Celsus and the Hippocratic Corpus: The originality of a ‘plagiarist’ ............................................................................ 403 Muriel Pardon Areteo di Cappadocia lettore di Ippocrate .............................. 413 Amneris Roselli Hippocrates in the context of Galen: Galen’s commentary on the classification of fevers in Epidemics VI ...................... 433 In-Sok Yeo Galen’s Commentary on Hippocrates’ De humoribus ................ 445 Ivan Garofalo Autour de la connaissance du traité Hippocratique Des hémorroïdes à l’époque byzantine ............................................ 457 Alessia Guardasole François Tissard and his 1508 edition of the Hippocratic Oath .......................................................................................... 465 Thomas Rütten General Index ............................................................................ 493 Index of Passages Cited ............................................................ 503 PREFACE Philip van der Eijk The XIth International Hippocrates Colloquium was held on the campus of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne during five days of bright sunshine in late August 2002. Guests were welcomed to an opening reception in the Council Room of the Armstrong Building, the University’s characteristic Victorian stronghold, named after the 19th century Newcastle entrepreneur and scientist Lord William Armstrong, and situated opposite the Royal Victoria Infirmary—two buildings that aptly illustrate Newcastle University’s origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery (later the College of Medicine), established in 1834, and Armstrong College, which was founded in 1871 for the teaching of physical sciences. These two colleges, orig- inally part of the University of Durham, merged to form King’s College in 1937, and in 1963 King’s College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Forty years of expansion followed, and early in the twenty-first century, the University’s student population had risen to nearly 20,000 (including more than 2,000 overseas stu- dents), its teaching and research activities spanning seven areas: agri- culture and biological sciences, arts and humanities, education, engineering, social sciences, medicine and dentistry, and physical sci- ences. Latin and Greek have been taught at Newcastle since 1874, Ancient History and Classical Archaeology since 1910 and 1931 respectively. Academic proceedings lasted for three days, featuring a busy pro- gramme of forty-four presentations and lively discussions. Half way through the programme, the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne provided generous hospitality with a buffet lunch in the Civic Centre, while delegates were given a pre- sentation about the ambitious Newcastle-Gateshead Initiative and its impressive programme of cultural activities as instruments of urban regeneration. The Colloquium was concluded with a festive conference dinner in the splendid nautic surroundings of Trinity House on the Newcastle quayside. Those who had the time to stay for the next day enjoyed an excursion to Cragside house and gardens in the x preface delightful Northumberland countryside—another of Lord Armstrong’s remarkable creations, the first house in the world to be lit by hydro- electric power. It was the first time, thirty years after its foundation by Jacques Jouanna and Louis Bourgey in Strasburg in 1972, that the Colloque International Hippocratique was held in the English speaking world. Newcastle was a natural venue, for it was here that the subject of ancient medicine, long before it became a fashionable topic in degree programmes in Classical Studies at British universities, had been taught for many years as part of the Classics undergraduate pro- gramme—supported by precious Library resources such as the Pybus Collection (a rich collection of historical medical works from the 16th century onwards, engravings, letters, portraits and busts), and the Medical Collection (18th–19th century medical books and pamphlets). Indeed, the Hippocrates conference marked an important moment of further growth in the study of medical history at Newcastle. Building on the foundation laid by James Longrigg (who retired in 1998), the subject has rapidly expanded and has become one of the University’s major international research and teaching strengths. The combined support of the University and the Wellcome Trust, enabling inter alia the appointment of Thomas Rütten in 2002, resulted one year later in a Wellcome Trust Enhancement Award—a very gen- erous and highly competitive grant, which provided the basis for the
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